the king. He died Dec. 28. 1817. His library was purchased by parliament, and presented to the British Museum. His publications are-1. Appendix ad Lexicon Græco-Latinum a Joan. Scapulam, 1789. 2. Remarks on the Greek verses of Milton, 1791. 3. Richardi Bentleii et doctorum virorum epistolæ, 4to. 1807. 4. Tentamen de metris ab Eschylo in opericis cantibus adhibitis, 8vo. 1809. 5. Bishop Pearson's Exposition of the Creed, abridged, 12mo. 6. Philemonis Lexicon Græcè, 4to. 7. A Sermon at the anniversary of the Sons of the Clergy at St. Paul's, 4to. 1813.-Annual Biog.

BURNS (Robert), a poet, was the son of a small farmer and gardener, near the town of Ayr, and born in 1759. He received a scanty education, and was early employed in the labours of the field. At intervals, however, he cultivated his mind by reading, and even wrote some verses which excited the wonder of the neighbouring rustics. After some time spent in agricultural occupations he became partner with a flax-dresser, which ended by an accidental fire. On the death of his father, he took a farm, in conjunction with his brother, but this project also failed. While thus engaged, Robert formed a connection with a young woman, in consequence of which he was about to leave Scotland for Jamaica, and was only prevented by the want of money to pay his passage. At this time he was advised to print his poems by subscription, and accordingly a small volume appeared from the Kilmarnock press in 1786, with such success, that Burns visited Edinburgh to superintend a new edition. Having realised near 5001. he now took a farm near Dumfries, and married the object of his affection. A love of conviviality, however, disarranged his affairs, and to repair them he obtained a place in the excise, on which he gave up his farm and went to live at Dumfries, where he died July 21. 1796. Burns was the poet of nature. An edition of his poems was published by subscription for the benefit of his family, in 1800, in 4 vols. 8vo., since which many of his letters have been printed. Life by Chalmers.

BURROUGH (Edward), a preacher among the quakers, was born in Westmoreland in 1634. He was at first a member of the church of England, afterwards a presby terian, and lastly a quaker. He had the courage to remonstrate with Cromwell; and he obtained from Charles II. an order for stopping the persecution raging against the quakers in New England; but he was thrown into Newgate for preaching, and died there in 1668. His works and life have been printed in one volume, folio.

BURROUGHES (Jeremiah), a puritan divine, was born in 1599 and educated at Cambridge, which university he was obliged to quit, on account of nonconformity.

He

then went to Holland, and became pastor of a congregation at Rotterdam till the Rebellion, when he returned to England, and was chosen preacher by two congregations, one at Stepney, and the other at Cripplegate. He died in 1646. He published A Commentary on Hosea; and a work on Patience and Resignation, 4to. - Neale's Puritans. BURROUGHS (Sir John), garter king at arms, was born at Sandwich in Kent. He studied in Gray's Inn, and in 1623 was made keeper of the records in the Tower, and secretary to the earl-marshal, previous to which appointment he was knighted. In 1633 he was made garter, and at the beginning of the civil war received the degree of doctor of laws at Oxford, where he died in He wrote-1. Impetus Juveniles et quædam sedatioris aliquantulum animi epis tola, 8vo. 2. The Sovereignty of the British Seas, 12mo. - Wood, Ath. Oron.

1643.

BURROW (Sir James), an English lawyer, and master of the crown-office, was born in 1701. On the death of Mr. West, in 1772, he was appointed to act as president of the Royal Society till the anniversary election in 1773, and the society addressing the king at that time, his late majesty conferred on him the honour of knighthood. He published 4 vols. of Reports; and one of Decisions in the court of King's Bench. He also wrote an Essay on Punctuation, and some Anecdotes of Oliver Cromwell and his family. He died in 1782. — Nichols's Bowyer.

BURROW (Reuben), a mathematician, was born at Hoberley in Yorkshire. He received a common education; after which be became clerk to a merchant in London, and next usher to a writing-master in Bunhill10w. From thence he removed to Portsmouth where he kept a school some time, but without success, on which he returned to London, and was employed by Dr. Maskelyne, whom he accompanied in making observations on the mountain of Schehallian. After this he was appointed drawing-master in the Tower, and while in this situation became editor of the Gentleman and Lady's Diaries. In 1773 he published a Restitution of Apollonius on Inclinations; and a tract on Projectiles. In 1782 he went to Calcutta, where he taught mathematics, and was one of the first members of the Asiatic Society. In 1790 he was employed on a trigonometrical survey of Bengal, but while engaged in this important work he died, in 1791. In 1796 appeared "A short Account of the late Mr. Burrow's Measurement of a Degree of Longitude, and another of Latitude, near the Tropic, in Bengal." Several of his papers are in the Asiatic Transactions.

New Monthly Mag. Vol. i.

BURSERIUS (John Baptist), a physician, was born at Trent, of a very ancient and honourable family. He studied first at Padua, and next at Bologna, where he contracted an intimacy with Beccaria, at whose

recommendation he went to Faenza, where he practised many years, in high favour with several popes, till Clement XIV. appointed him professor of medicine in the university of Ferrara; from whence he removed to Pavia, and lastly to Milan. He died in 1785, aged 61. His Institutions of Practical Medicine were published in Latin, at Leipsic, in 4 vols. 8vo., with his life prefixed.

BURTON (Henry), a puritan divine, was born in 1579 at Birsal in Yorkshire. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, but took his degree of B. D. at Oxford. He was afterwards clerk of the closet to prince Henry, and next to prince Charles; but was turned out for a libel against the bishops. After this he obtained the rectory of St. Matthew, Friday-street; and in 1636 he was prosecuted in the high commission court for two seditious sermons, sentenced to the pillory, fined five thousand pounds, and ordered to be imprisoned for life. In 1640 he recovered his liberty, and was restored to his living. He died in 1648. He wrote many pamphlets, chiefly controversial, and abusive. Biog. Brit.

BURTON (Hezekiah), an English divine, who was successively fellow of Magdalencollege, Cambridge, prebendary of Norwich, rector of St. George, Southwark, and of Barnes in Surrey. He died in 1681. He wrote the preface to bishop Cumberland's Laws of Nature, and after his death Dr. Tillotson published two volumes of his Sermons.-Biog. Brit.

In

BURTON (John), a learned divine, was born in 1696, at Wenbworthy, in Devonshire, and educated at Okehampton in that county, after which he studied some time under Mr. Samuel Bentham at Ely, and in 1733 removed to Corpus Christi college, Oxford. Here he was appointed a college tutor, and read a Greek lecture, when he was only bachelor of arts. In 1720 he took the degree of master, and in 1729 that of B. D. In 1733 he was elected fellow of Eton-college, and about the same time obtained the vicarage of Maple-Derham in Oxfordshire, where he married the widow of his predecessor, Dr. Edward Littleton, though she was wholly unprovided for, and had three daughters, whom he regarded as his own. 1752 he took his doctor's degree, and in 1766 was presented to the rectory of Worplesdon, in Surrey. At the close of life he collected his scattered pieces under the title of Opuscula Miscellanea. He died in 1771, and was buried in the chapel of Eton-college. The university of Oxford was much indebted to him for his exertions in promoting discipline, and particularly for his attention to the Clarendon press. Besides his Opuscula already noticed, he published-1. Occasional Sermons, in 2 vols. 8vo. 2. A Latin poem, entitled Sacerdos Parœcialis Rusticis. 3. The Genuineness of Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion vindicated. 4. Dis

sertatio et Notæ critica spectantes ad Tragædias quasdam Græcas editas in Pentalogia. 5. Papists and Pharisees compared; occa sioned by Phillips's Life of Cardinal Pole, &c.-Life, by Dr. Edward Bentham.

BURTON (John), an antiquary and physician, was born at Rippon, in Yorkshire, in 1697. He was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, but took his degree of M. D. at Rheims; after which he settled at York as a physician, where he became eminent, till, by falling into the hands of the rebels in 1745, his loyalty was called in question; and some severe reflections were thrown upon him, from which he defended himself in a pamphlet, called "British Liberty endangered." Before this he published "A Treatise on the Non-Naturals, with an Essay on the Chincough," 8vo. In 1751 he printed "An Essay towards a New System of Midwifery," 8vo; and in 1753 "A Letter to Dr. Smellie, containing Remarks on his Treatise of Midwifery." But his greatest work is entitled "Monasticon Eboracense; and the Ecclesiastical History of Yorkshire," folio, 1758. He died in 1771.- Gough's Topography.

BURTON (Robert), a learned writer, was born at Lindley, in Leicestershire, in 1576. He was the younger brother of the Leicester antiquary, and was educated at Sutton-Coldfield; after which he became a commoner of Brazenose-college, Oxford, from whence he removed to Christ-church, on being elected to a studentship. In 1614 he took his degree of B. D., and in 1616 was presented to the vicarage of St. Thomas, in Oxford, to which was afterwards added the rectory of Segrave, in Leicestershire. Burton was an hypochondriac, and much given to astrology. He died in 1639-40, and was buried in Christ-church. His "Anatomy of Melancholy," was printed first in 4to., and afterwards in folio. It is a storehouse of learning on all kinds of subjects, intermingled with quaint observations and witty illustrations, from which several modern writers have drawn amply, without acknowledgment. Among these wholesale plagiaries, Sterne was the most barefaced, and the best of his pathetic, as well as humourous passages, are literally copied from Burton.- Wood, Athen. Oxon. Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne.

BURTON (Robert), the assumed name of an author who published a number of small volumes, at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, which were usually called Chapmen's books, because they were commonly sold by hawkers. The original publisher was Nathaniel Crouch, and he is said by Dunton to have been the compiler of them.

Humble as these pieces are, they have lately risen extravagantly in price, and been sought for with ridi culous avidity by book collectors. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

X 2

Græcas editas in Pentalogia compared; occa Pole,

Note critice spectantes ad Tra

(John), a native His brother of Besançon, and obtained for him several 10yments. He died in 1517, Considerable property for founding professorships at Louvain. He was the friend of Erasmus and More.. 1 Gen. Dict. BESSIERES (John de), a French Jesuit, was born in 1607, and died in 1678. His Latin poems are elegant, particularly Scanderbeg, in eight books. He also wrote a History of France, 2 vols. 4to.; and an Abridgment of Universal History. Moreri. Bussy. See Rabutin.

BUTLER (Alban), a divine of the Roman church, was born at Appletree, in Northamptonshire, in 1710. He received his education at Douay, where he became professor of philosophy, and afterwards of divinity. While in this situation, he published "Letters on Bower's History of the Popes." Soon after this he was appointed to the English mission, and settled in Staffordshire, till the duke of Norfolk chose him for his chaplain, and employed him also as tutor to his nephew, Mr. Edward Howard, whom he accompanied to Paris. During his stay there he published his "Lives of the Saints," in 5 vols. 4to. Some years afterwards Mr. Butler printed "The Life of Mary of the Cross," an English nun, in the convent of pour Clares, at Rouen. On his return from his travels he was chosen president of the English college at St. Omer's, where he died in 1773. His other works are, "Treatise on the Moveable Feasts of the Church;" a "Treatise on Natural and Revealed Religion;" and three volumes of Sermons.-Life, by his Nephew, Mr. Charles

Butler.

a

BUTLER (Charles), an English divine, was born in 1559, at High Wycomb, in Buckinghamshire. He received his education at Oxford, where he became bible clerk of Magdalen-college; but soon after was appointed master of the grammar-school at Basingstoke. About 1600 he was presented to the vicarage of Lawrence Wotton, in Hampshire, where he died in 1647. His works are-1. The Feminine Monarchy, or a Treatise on Bees, 1609. 8vo.; 1623. 8vo.; and 4to, 1634. This very curious book is quoted by Dr. Johnson in his Dictionary.

2. Rhetoricæ, lib. duo, 1618. 3. De propinquitate matrimonium impediente regula generalis, 4to. 4. Oratoriæ, lib. duo, 4to. 5. English Grammar, 4to. 6. The Principles of Music, 4to. This last is highly praised by Dr. Burney. Gen. Biog. Dict.

His

BUTLER (James), duke of Ormond, was the son of Thomas Butler, of London, and born at Newcastle-house, in Clerkenwell, in 1610. He succeeded to the earldom of Ormond on the death of his grandfather, Walter Butler, in 1632. At the commencement of the Irish rebellion, in 1641, he was appointed lieutenant-general of an army of three thousand men, with which force he succeeded in impeding the progress of the insurgents, for which the king created him marquis of Ormond. In 1643 he defeated the rebels commanded by general Preston; but for want of support he was obliged to conclude a cessation of hostilities, after which he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. On the ruin of the royal cause he went to France; but after the murder of his sovereign, thinking a favourable opportunity offered to rouse the people, he returned to Ireland for that purpose. endeavours, however, failed; and when Cromwell landed, the marquis embarked again for France. He returned with Charles II. at the Restoration, and was raised to the dukedom; but on account of his attachment to lord Clarendon, he fell under displeasure at court, and was deprived of his situation of lord-lieutenant. In 1670 a desperate design was formed by colonel Blood, whom he had imprisoned in Ireland, to seize his person, and hang him at Tyburn but the duke, by his personal exertions, saved himself from the villain, and, at the desire of the king, consented to forgive him, saying, "that if his majesty could pardon him for attempting to steal the crown, he might easily do so for an attempt upon his life." At length, he was again appointed to the vice-royalty; and in 1682 advanced to an English dukedom. He died at Kingston-hall, in Dorsetshire, in 1688, and was buried in Westminsterabbey. His son, Thomas Butler, earl of Ossory, was born at Kilkenny in 1634. He fought gallantly in the Rebellion, and in 1666 was summoned to the House of Peers by the title of lord Butler, of Moore Park. The same year he bore a distinguished part in the great engagement with the Dutch flect, and in 1673 was made full admiral. In 1677 he commanded the English troops in the service of the prince of Orange, and was at the battle of Mons. He died in 1680, on which his father said that "he would not exchange his dead son for any living son in Christendom.". - Carte's Life of the Duke

of Ormond.

BUTLER (John), bishop of Hereford, was born at Hamburgh in 1717. On entering into orders, he became a popular preacher

BURTON (William), a topographer, was born at Lindley, in Leicestershire, in 1575, and educated at Nuneaton in Warwickshire, from whence he removed to Brazenose-college, Oxford, and next to the Inner Temple, where he was admitted a barrister, and became a reporter in the court of Common Pleas. He died at Falde, in Staffordshire, in 1645. His "Description of Leicestershire" was published in 1622, folio. He also compiled a work in MS. entitled "Antiquitates de Dadlington;" and left a great number of heraldic and topographical collections. His only son, Cassibelan Burton, born in 1609, and died in 1681, translated Martial into English verse, published in 1658.-Biog.

Brit.

BURTON (William), another antiquary, was born in London and educated in St. Paul's school, from whence he removed to Queen's college, Oxford, in 1625. On taking the degree of bachelor in civil law he left the university, and became usher to Thomas Farnaby; but afterwards he was appointed master of the grammar-school at Kingston-upon-Thames. He died at London in 1657. His works are-1. Laudatio funebris in obitum D. Thomæ Alleni, 4to. 2. Annotations on the First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, 4to. 3. Græcæ Linguæ Historia. 4. A Commentary on Antoninus's Itinerary, or Journey of the Roman Empire, so far as it concerneth Britain, folio. This last is a very valuable work. He also translated Alstedius on the Millennium, 1643, 4to.- Wood. Gough.

Bus (Cæsar de), a French divine, and founder of a religious order called the Fathers of the Christian Doctrine, was born at Cavaillon in 1544. He was very gay in his youth, but afterwards reformed, entered into orders, and became a canon. His order, which was designed to effect a reform among the clergy, was approved by the pope, who made him general of it. He died in 1607. His Familiar Instructions on the Christian Doctrine were printed in 1666, 8vo. -Moreri.

BUSBEQUIUS, OF BUSBEC (Auger Gislen), a learned writer, was the natural son of the lord of Busbec, and born at Commines, in Flanders, in 1522. On account of his extraordinary genius he received letters of legitimation, and was employed in several embassies, particularly to Constantinople. He died in 1592. His works are 1. De re militari contra Turcam instituenda consilium. 2. Monumentum Anciranum, pub lished in Grævius's Suetonius; and again by Gronovius, with notes, in 1695. 3. Letters to the emperor Rodolph, 12mo. 4. Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum, 1582. 4to. 5. Legationis Turcica Epistolæ, 1595. 8vo. — Moreri.

BUSBY (Richard), a learned school-master, was born at Lutton, in Lincolnshire, in 1605. He was educated at Westminster-school,

from whence he was elected student to Christchurch, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1631. On entering into orders he obtained the prebend and rectory of Cudworth in Somersetshire. In 1640 he was appointed master of Westminster-school, which office he discharged above fifty-five years. In 1660 the king gave him a prebend in the church of Westminster, and the same year he took his doctor's degree. He was also made treasurer, and canon residentiary of Wells. He died in 1695, and was interred in Westminster-abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory. Among his benefactions, which were numerous, be founded a catechetical lecture in one of the churches of Oxford. He composed several books for the use of his school. - Biog.

Brit.

BUSCH (John George), a writer on commerce, was born at Luneburg, in 1728. He was director of the commercial academy at Hamburgh, and published, in the German language-1. The Theory of Commerce, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. On Banks, 8vo. 3. On the Circulation of Money, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. Essays on Commerce, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. On Mathematical Studies, as applicable to Civil Life, 8vo. 6. Encyclopædia of Mathematics, 8vo. 7. Experience and Observations, 5 vols. 8vo. 8. An Account of the Commercial Academy of Hamburgh, 12mo. 9. The Merchant's Library, a periodical work. He died after 1800.- Dict. Hist.

BUSCHETTO DA DULICHIO, an architect of the seventh century, was a native of the isle of Dulichio. He built the cathedral of Pisa, one of the finest in the Gothic style in Italy. Surprising things are related of his mechanical inventions; and his disciples were very numerous. — Ibid.

BUSCHING (Anthony Frederic), a geographer, was born at Stadthagen, in Germany, in 1724. He studied first at Copenhagen, and next at Halle; after which he became tutor to a nobleman's son, whom he accompanied to Petersburgh. While in Russia he planned his System of Geography, to complete which he went to Copenhagen, where he edited a work on the arts and sciences. In 1759 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Gottingen; but two years afterwards he became pastor of a Lutheran church at Petersburgh, where, also, he established a public school. Having a dispute with his congregation, he removed to Altona, and next to Berlin, where he died in 1793. He compiled above a hundred works, the principal of which is the System of Geography, in 6 vols. 4to. This has been translated into English. He also published a Magazine of History and Geography, 17 vols. 4to. — - Ibid.

BUSHEL (Thomas), was born in 1594 in Worcestershire, and educated at Baliol-college, Oxford. He was taken into the service of lord Bacon, on whose fall he settled at