AGRESTI (Livio), an Italian painter, who died in 1580. He was a disciple of Pierino del Vaga, and many of his works, both in fresco and oil, are in the Vatican, and some of the churches in Rome. Vasari.

AGRICOLA (Cneius Julius), a Roman commander, was born A. D. 40. His father, Julius Græcinus, an orator, was put to death by Caligula, for refusing to plead against Silanus Agricola served first in Britain, under Suetonius Paulinus, and on his return to Rome married a lady of rank. He was next made quæstor of Asia, and became tribune of the people, and prætor, under Nero. In the commotions of 69, his mother, Julia Procilla, an excellent woman, was murdered, and her estate in Liguria plundered by the fleet of Otho. Agricola being informed on his journey thither, that Vespasian had assumed the government, espoused his cause. The twentieth legion having mutinied in Britain, he was sent to reduce them to obedience, in which he succeeded. On his return to Rome, he was raised to the rank of patrician, and made governor of Aquitania, in Gaul. In the year 77 he was chosen consul with Domitian; and the same year gave his daughter in marriage to Tacitus the historian. Next year he was appointed governor of Britain, where he rered tranquillity, and brought the natives love of the Roman language and manBers. He extended his conquests into Scotland, and built a chain of forts from the Clyde to the frith of Forth, to prevent the incursions of the inhabitants of the North. He defeated Galgacus on the Grampian hills, and then made peace with the Caledonians. On the accession of Domitian, Agricola had a triumph decreed him, but was recalled and sent governor to Syria, where he died, not without suspicion of poison, A. D. 93, aged 34.- Tacitus.

AGRICOLA (George), an eminent metallurgist and physician, was born at Glaucha, in Misnia, in 1494. He wrote a number of books, chiefly on metals and subterraneous animals. He died in 1555. The Lutherans held him in abhorrence as an apostate, and refused his remains Christian burial. Mor. AGRICOLA (John), a German divine, was born at Isleben, in 1492, and studied theology at Wittemberg, where he embraced the sentiments of Luther. He acquired reputation as a preacher; but gave offence to the Protestants by broaching antinomianism. He died at Berlin in 1566. He wrote commentaries on St. Luke, and a collection of German proverbs. — Moreri.

AGRICOLA (Rodolphus), a learned writer of the 15th century, was born in Friesland, in 1442, and educated at Louvain, after which he settled at Ferrara, and taught La

AGRICOLA (Michael), bishop of Abo, in Finland, was the first who translated the New Testament into the language of that country; printed at Stockholm in 1548. He died in 1557. Gen. Dict.

AGRIPPA (Camille), an architect of the 16th century. He was a native of Milan, and employed by Pope Gregory XIII. in removing a stupendous obelisk to St. Peter'ssquare, which undertaking he accomplished, and published an account of it at Rome in 1583, 4to. His other works are-1. Trattato di scientia d'Arme, con un Dialogo di Filosofia, 1553. 2. Dialogo sopra la generatione de Venti, 4to. 3. Dialogo del modo di mettere in Battaglia, 4to. 4. Nuove invenzioni sopra il modo di Navigare, 4to. Dict. Hist.

AGRIPPA (Henry Cornelius), an extraordinary character, was born at Cologne in 1486, of a noble family. He became secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by whom he was knighted for his bravery in the Italian wars. He next travelled through various parts of Europe, and, while in England, wrote a commentary on St. Paul's epistles. In 1518, he settled at Metz, which place, however, he was obliged to quit, at the instigation of the monks, whom he had provoked: from thence he went to Cologne in 1520, and the year following to Geneva. Having taken his doctor's degree, Francis I. appointed him physician to his mother, which situation he lost for not gratifying his mistress's curiosity by an astrological judgment. From France he went to Antwerp in 1528, and was taken into the service of Margaret of Austria, governess of the Low Countries. In 1530, he published his treatise of the Vanity of the Sciences, and soon after his Occult Philosophy. In 1535 he was at Lyons, where he was imprisoned for defaming the King's mother, his former mistress, but soon obtained his discharge, and died the same year at Grenoble. All his works were collected and printed at Lyons, in 1550, in 3 vols. 8vo. Bayle. AGRIPPA (Herod), grandson of Herod the Great, who appointed him governor of Tiberia, where he lived so extravagantly as to incur Herod's displeasure. He then went to Rome, and attached himself to Caius, the son of Germanicus, who succeeding Tiberius, made Agrippa tetrarch of Batanæa and Trachonitis; to which Claudius added the kingdom of Judea, where he commenced

a persecution against the Christians to please the Jews, and put St. James the Great to death. Going soon after to Cesarea, to celebrate games in honour of the emperor, he made a pompous appearance on his throne, and when he spoke, his flatterers exclaimed it was the voice of a god, which impious adulation he was weak enough to receive with pleasure; and was immediately smitten with a disorder, of which he died, A. D. 44. He was succeeded by his son, before whom St. Paul pleaded his cause with so much eloquence, that Agrippa acknowledged he had "almost persuaded him to be a Christian." He died at Rome about A. D. 94. Josephus. Lardner.

quired great fame by his military exploits, for which triumphs were decreed him, which he refused to accept. He died B. C. 12. -Sueton. Velleius Paterc.

AGRIPPA (Menenius), was consul of Rome B. C. 503. He is celebrated for having appeased a commotion among the Roman people, by the fable of the belly and the members. - Dion. Hal. Liv.

AGRIPPINA the elder, was the wife of Germanicus Cæsar, whom she accompanied in his military expeditions. He died at Antioch, A. D. 19. and his ashes were brought home by his disconsolate widow, accompanied by two of her children. She was banished by Tiberius to a barren isle, where she died A. D. 33. Her daughter Agrippina, after losing two husbands, married her uncle Claudius, whom she poisoned, A. D. 54. to make way for her son Nero, who caused her to be assassinated, and exhibited to the senate a list of all the crimes of which she had been guilty. Tacitus.

AGUADO (Francis), a Spanish Jesuit, was born in 1566. He became confessor to Olivarez, prime minister to Philip IV. and died at Madrid in 1654. His works, in 6 vols. folio, in Spanish, were printed at Madrid in 1629, and several times afterwards. - Moreri.

AGUCCHIO (John Baptista), archbishop of Amasia, in Natolia, was born at Bologna in 1570. His brother Jerom Agucchio was made a cardinal by Clement VIII., which, with his own merit, procured him preferment. He became secretary to Pope Gregory XV., and Urban VIII. sent him nuncio to Venice. He died at Friuli in 1632. He wrote a treatise on comets, a history of Bologna, and other works. Gen. Dict.

AGUESSEAU (Henry Francis de), was born at Limoges in 1668. His father, who was intendant of Languedoc, was his first instructor. In 1691 he was admitted advote-general of Paris; and in 1700 named

procurator-general, in which office he ap peared to great advantage, by preserving a strict discipline in the tribunals, improving the proceedings in criminal matters, and making several excellent regulations; but what he set himself most upon was the administration of the hospitals. After the death of Louis XIV. the regent, duke of Orleans, made him chancellor; but in 1718 he was displaced. The seals, however, were restored to him two years afterwards, and with short intervals, he held them till the year before his death, which happened in 1751. His works, in 13 volumes quarto, are held in great estimation. D'Aguesseau never passed a day without reading some portion of Scripture, which he said was the balm of life. - Nouv. Dict. Hist.

AGUILLON (Francis), a mathematician and Jesuit, was a native of Brussels. He became successively professor of philosophy at Douay, and of theology at Antwerp. He is known by two Latin treatises, one on optics, and the other on projections of the sphere, printed at Antwerp in 1613, folio. He died at Seville in 1617. — Moreri.

AGUIRRE (Joseph), a Spanish Benedictine, was made cardinal by Innocent XI., and died at Rome in 1699, aged 69. He compiled a collection of the councils of Spain, in six vols. folio. - Bayle. Moreri.

AGYLAUS (Henry), an eminent lawyer and general scholar, was born of an Italian family at Bois-le-Duc, in 1533. He distinguished himself in the war against Spain, and became a member of the States General; but is best known by his publications, which are-1. Novellæ Justiniani Imp. Constitutiones, 4to. 2. Justiniani Edicta, 8vo. 3. A Latin Version of the Nom-ocanon of

Photius, folio. 4. Inauguratio Philippi II.

8vo. He died in 1595.- Moreri.

AHLWARDT (Peter), a learned German, was the son of a shoemaker at Greifswald, where he was born in 1710, and died in 1791. He was the founder of the Society of Abelites, the object of which was to promote sincerity. His principal works are 1. Meditations on Thunder and Lightning, 8vo. 2. Reflections on the Augsburgh Confession, 3 vols. 4to. 3. Sermons and Philosophical Dissertations on the Human Understanding. 4. The Immortality of the Soul. Schlichtegroll's German Necrol. AHMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed El Razi, an Arabian lexicographer and lawyer, who wrote some works on jurisprudence, and compiled an Arabian dictionary, entitled " Moudjmil Alloghat," the MS. of which is in the public library at Leyden. Ahmed died about A. D. 999. — D' Herbelot.

AHMED BEN-MOHAMMED, OF ABOU AMBOU, a Spanish Moor, who wrote small poems in the eastern style, the fragments of which have been published by Dobi in his Biblio theca Arabica Espagnole. There is also, by the same author, an historical work on the

annals of Spain. He died in the year 970.

Gen. Dict.

AICHER (Otho), a Benedictine monk, was professor of the belles lettres and history at Saltzburgh, where he died in 1705. The principal of his works are—1. Theatrum Funebre, a collection of epitaphs, 4 vols. 4to. 2. Hortus variarum Inscriptionum, 8vo. S. Iter Oratorium, 8vo. 4. Iter Poeticum, 8vo. 5. De Principiis Cosmographiæ. 6. De Comitiis Veterum Komanorum. 7. Ephemerides ab 1687 ad

1695.- Biog. Universelle.

AIDAN, bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, was originally a monk in the monastery of Iona or Icolmkill. In 634, he came to England at the request of Oswald, king of Northumberland, who employed tam to instruct his subjects in the Christian religion. By his advice, the episcopal see was removed from York to Lindisfarne, where a beautiful monastery was erected, the ruins of which are still in being. Here Aidan laboured with great assiduity and success, till his death in 651. Some miracles are ascribed to him, and among others be is said to have calmed the sea in a storm, by pouring upon it consecrated oil. Yet the virtue of oil in such a case was mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History. Big. Brit.

AIGNEAUX (Robert and Anthony), two brothers, who were natives of Vire in Norandy, where, in conjunction, they dewisted themselves to poetry, and died arly about the same time, at the close of the sixteenth century. They translated Virgil and Horace into French verse; the former published in 1582, 4to. and the latter in 1588. Biog. Univ. AIGREFEUILLE (Charles d'), a French antiquary, and canon of the church of Montpelier in the eighteenth century. He is known by a History of the City of Montpelier, 1737, 2 vols. fol. He also wrote an Ecclesiastical History of the same place, fol. 1739. Biog. Universelle.

AIMAN (William), a painter, was born at Cairney, in North Britain, in 1682. He was intended for the law by his father, who was an advocate; but the strong taste which he evinced for painting overruled that design, and he was suffered to indulge his inclination. He became the friend of Allan Ramsay, and the patron of Thomson, who was indebted to him for an introduction to Sir Robert Walpole. Mr. Aikman, after finishing his education in Edinburgh and England, went to Italy, thence to Turkey, and next to Smyrna. In 1712 he returned home, and being resolved to follow painting as a profession, was encouraged by the duke of Argyle, through whom he was employed at court, and by the principal nobihity. He died in 1731. His portraits have mach of the manner of Kneller, with whom

AIMON, a French Benedictine, who wrote a history of France, which is in the third volume of Duchesne's Collection. He lived in the ninth century.

Moreri.

AINSWORTH (Henry), an English divine, who, having embraced the notions of Brown on church government, in 1590 went to Amsterdam, where he and one Johnson gathered a congregation; but being both men of violent temper, a quarrel ensued, and the assembly was divided; one part excommunicating the other. At length Johnson removed to Embden, where he died, and his congregation separated. Ainsworth for some time retired to Ireland; but when the heat of controversy was over, he returned to Amsterdam, and continued there to his death in 1622. An idle story has obtained a place in all our biographical collections, attributing his death to poison, given him by a Jew, who had made a promise to him, which he could not perform. The truth, however, is, Ainsworth died of the stone in the bladder, an enormous one being extracted after his death. His principal work is a Commentary on the Pentateuch, printed at Amsterdam in 4to., 1618, and again in folio, with his Commentary on Solomon's Song and the Psalms, in 1639, folio. - Biog. Brit.

AINSWORTH (Robert), a learned grammarian, was born at Woodyale, in Lancashire, in 1660. He received his education at the grammar-school of Bolton, in which town for some time he also kept an academy. Afterwards he removed to London, and opened a boarding-school at Bethnal-green, from whence he removed to Hackney, and successively to other villages near the metropolis. Having at length acquired a competency, he retired from teaching, and amused himself in collecting old coins, in which he had good knowledge, and turned it to his advantage. He died in 1743, and was buried with his wife at Poplar. was a fellow of the Antiquarian Society, and published - 1. Monumenta Vetustatis Kempiana, 8vo. 2. An Account of the Monument of Isis, 4to. 3. De Clypeo Camilli Antiquo, 1734. 4. An Institution to Latin Grammar, 8vo. But his greatest work is the Latin and English Dictionary,

He

AIRAY (Christopher), a relation of the above, was also fellow of Queen's college, and had the vicarage of Milford, in Hampshire. In 1642, he took the degree of B. D. and died in 1678, aged 69. He wrote a few books in Latin and English. — Ibid.

AITON (William), an eminent gardener and botanist, was born near Hamilton, in Lanarkshire, in 1731. He was brought up to horticulture, and in 1754 visited the metropolis in quest of employment; when the celebrated Miller discerning his merit, procured him a situation in the royal gardens, and in 1759, he was appointed superintendant of the botanical one at Kew. In 1783, he obtained the charge of the kitchen and pleasure gardens. In 1789, he published an ample catalogue of the rare plants in that valuable collection, under the title of "Hortus Kewensis," 3 vols. 8vo. Of this valuable work, a second edition was published by his son and successor, in 1810. Mr. Aiton died in 1793. Thunberg honoured him by giving his name to au Oriental plant. Gent. Mag.

AITZEMA (Leo de), was born at Doccum, in Friesland, in 1600. He was appointed by the Hanse Towns their resident at the Hague, where he died in 1669. He wrote a history of the United Provinces, in Dutch, in 16 vols. 4to. - Moreri.

He

AKAKIA (Martin), professor of physic at Paris, was a native of Chalons, in Champagne. He translated into Latin Galen de Ratione Curandi, and Ars Medica. died in 1551. His son Martin was physician to Henry III., and wrote a treatise De Morbis Mulieribus, et Consilia Medica, published after his death, which happened in 1588. Ibid.

AKBAR, sultan of the Moguls, succeeded his father Himaoon in 1556. He recovered Delhi from the Patans, and quelled several rebellions. He also made an expedition into Bengal, and conquered all the country. Next he invaded and obtained possession of Kashmeer, took the kingdom of Scindi, and was preparing for further conquests, when the attempt of his son Selim to dethrone him diverted his attention. Selim made his submission and was pardoned. Akbar died in 1605.- Maurice's Hist. of

Hindoostan.

AKENSIDE (Mark), was born at New-tle-upon-Tyne in 1721. His father was

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a reputable butcher, which profession the son was ever after studious to conceal, though a halt in his gait, occasioned by the fall of a cleaver on his foot, was a constant memorial of his origin. Being a dissenter, he was educated for the ministry in that way at Edinburgh; but while there he turned his thoughts to physic, and in 1741 visited Leyden, where he took his doctor's degree in 1744, his thesis on which occasion being on the origin and growth of the human fœtus. The same year his poem on the Pleasures of the Imagination was published; a note in which edition, favourable to Shaftesbury's principles, brought upon him the censure of Warburton, who was answered by the poet's friend, Jeremiah Dyson. the revisal of his poem, Akenside left out the obnoxious note, though he ever retained the keenest hatred to Warburton. In 1745 he published a collection of odes, and a severe satire against Pulteney, earl of Bath. He commenced practice as a physician at Northampton; but not meeting with success, and having a powerful rival in Dr. Stonhouse, he removed to Hampstead, and settled in London, Mr. Dyson allowing him three hundred a year, till he should be enabled to support himself. Having taken his doctor's degree at Cambridge, he was admitted fellow of the London College, and elected one of the physicians of St. Thomas's hospital. On the establishment of her late majesty's household, he was appointed one of the physicians, and was rising in his profession, when a putrid fever carried him off in 1770. His remains were interred in the parish church of St. James Westminster. Akenside was a man of warm passions, vain, and irritable, but his learning was various, and his poem on the Imagination possesses great beauty. In the line of his profession, he published-1. Dissertatio de Dysenteria, 1764. 2. Papers in the Philosophical Transactions; one on the Use of the Lymphatics, and another a Case of a Blow on the Heart. 3. A Defence of the Paper on Lymphatics, from some Observations of Dr. Monro. 4. Oratio Harveiana, 4to. 1760. 5. Three Papers in the Medical Transactions. He has also some poems in Dodsley's collection.

- Johnson's Poets.

AKIBA, a Jewish rabbi, who was at first a shepherd, but at the age of forty devoted himself to learning, and that with such success, as to become one of the most celebrated teachers of his age. But when Barchochebas declared himself the Messiah, Akiba espoused his cause with such fervour, that the troops sent by adrian to quell the insurrection flayed him alive, at the age of one hundred and twenty years. Jews hold his name in great veneration, though he was a gross impostor; and his book entitled "The History of the Creation," is a mass of lying fables. It was translated into Latin by Postel, and pub

The

Eished at Paris in 1552, 8vo., and again at Basil, folio, 1587.- Gen. Dict. ALABASTER (William), an English divine, was born at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, and educated in Trinity college, Cambridge. He accompanied the earl of Essex to Cadiz, where he turned papist; but on his return home rejoined the church of England, and had some preferment. He applied to the study of the Hebrew language, and became enthusiastically fond of the Cabala. On taking his doctor's degree, he preached a mystical sermon from this text, "Adam, Seth, Enoch." He was the author of a Latin tragedy called Roxana, and of a Lexicon Pentagiotton, folio, 1637. He died in 1640. -Fuller's Worthies.

ALAIN (John), a Danish author, was born in 1569, and died in 1630. He wrote "On the Origin of the Cimbri,” and other treatises-Moreri.

ALAIN (De l'Isle), or Alanus de Insalis, a native of Lille in Flanders, who became in the twelfth century the disciple of St. Bernard, by whom he was made abbot of Rivour in Champagne. Afterwards, the same patron procured for him the bishopric of Auxerre, which he resigned at the end of sixteen years, and reired to Clairvaux, where he died in 1181. He wrote the Life of St. Bermard; Explanations of the Prophecies of Merlin, and some other pieces. There was mother of the same name, who obtained the title of Universal Doctor. He was a lave of L'Isle, in the Comtat Venaissin, or the peninsula of Madoc, in the Bordelais. He died at the beginning of the 13th centry. His works in verse and prose were prated in one volume folio, 1654. Mereri

ALAIN (Nicholas), a French dramatic author of the eighteenth century. His performances are only some trifling comedies. Nour. Dict. Hist.

ALAIN (Chartier), a French writer of the fourteenth century, who wrote several pieces; the most esteemed of which is his Chronicle of Charles VII." to whom he was secretary. Ibid.

ALAMANNI (Louis), a poet, was born at Florence in 1475, of a noble family. Having conspired to assassinate his friend, cardinal Julio de Medici, the plot was discovered, and Alamanni sought safety in fight. After many vicissitudes, he returned to Florence on the capture of Rome by Charles V.; but when the Medici family regained their power, he was obliged to leave his country once more, and going to France, was fortunate enough to find a patron there in Francis I., who, in 1544, sent han ambassador to the Imperial court. He died in 1556. His principal works -1. Opera Toscana, a collection of poems, and a tragedy, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. La Cultivazione, a poem in imitation of the

Georgics, 4to. 3. Girone il Corteze, an heroic poem on the romance of Gyron Courtois, 4to. 4. La Avarchide, or the Siege of Bourges, an epic poem, 4to. 5. Flora, a comedy, 8vo. Alamanni had two sons, one of whom, Baptiste, became almoner to queen Catherine de Medicis, and successively bishop of Bazas and Maçon. He died in 1581. Two others of this family, and both called Louis, became distinguished in the world of letters. One was a colonel in the French service, and consul of the Florentine academy. The other wrote three Latin eclogues and a funeral oration. - Gen. Dict.

ALAMOS (Balthazar), was born at Medina del Campo, in Castile, and educated at Salamanca. He entered into the service of Anthony Perez, secretary of state to Philip II., and when that minister fell into disgrace, Alamos was sent to prison, where he lay eleven years. On the accession of Philip III. he obtained his liberty, and was employed by the duke of Olivarez. After enjoying several important stations, he died in the eighty-eighth year of his age. He translated Tacitus into Spanish, and left other works in MS.- Moreri.

ALAN, ALLEN, or ALLYN (William), a cardinal, was born at Rossal, in Lancashire, in 1532, and educated at Oriel-college, Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1550. In 1556 he was chosen principal of St. Mary-hall; and in 1558 he became canon of York, but on the accession of Elizabeth he went to Louvain, and was appointed head of the English college. Here he wrote in defence of the Romish church

with considerable ability, and it was a proof of his powers, that the government interdicted the importation of his books. In 1565, Alan visited England privately for his health; but though concealed, he still continued to exert himself in making proselytes, in which he had so much success, that an active search was made for his apprehension. On this he returned again to Flanders, where he obtained considerable preferment, and by his exertions, procured English colleges to be founded at Douay, Rome, and in Spain. By his suggestions also, Philip II. was induced to undertake the invasion of England, and to facilitate it, Alan published the pope's bull against Elizabeth, with an exhortation to her subjects to rise in favour of the Spaniards. For these services he was made archbishop of Mechlin, and a cardinal. He died at Rome in 1594. His works are wholly polemical. - Biog. Brit.

ALAN of Lynn, so called from the place of his birth, was a doctor of divinity in the fifteenth century, and a member of the university of Cambridge. He flourished abcut the year 1420, and became a Carmelite. His works are numerous, but of no peculiar merit. — Ibid.

ALAN of Tewkesbury, an English writer,

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