CRELLIUS (John), a socinian writer, was born in Franconia in 1590. He received his education at Nuremberg, but having embraced heterodox notions, he withdrew to Cracow, where he became professor of Greek, and wrote a number of books in defence of Socinianism, which make 2 vols. folio. He died in 1633. - Ibid.

CREMONINI (Cæsar), professor of philosophy at Ferrara and Padua, was born at Cento in the Modenese in 1550, and died at Padua in 1630. He wrote-1. Aminta e Clori, favola silvestre, 4to. 2. Il nascimento di Venetia, 12mo. 3. De physico auditu, folio. 4. De Calido innato. 5. De sensibus et facultate appetiva, 4to. He held the materiality of the soul. - Ibid.

CRENIUS (Thomas), a voluminous writer of Brandenburg, was born in 1648. He taught philosophy at Giessen, was minister near Zell, schoolmaster in Hungary, corrector of the press at Leyden, and lastly a private teacher in the latter city, where he died in 1728. Notwithstanding his various employments he published-1. Fasciculi Dissertationum et Dissertationes philologica, 2 vols. 12mo. 2. Commentationes in varios autores, 3 vols. 12mo. 3. Musæum Philologicum, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. Thesaurus Librorum Philologicorum, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. De furibus Librariis, 12mo. 6. Consilia et Methodi Studiorum optime instituendorum. 7. De Philologia. 8. De Eruditione comparanda. The three last are the best of his works. Ibid.

CRESCENTIUS (Peter), or as he called himself De Crescentiis, was born at Bologna in 1233. He was an eminent lawyer in his native country, and amused himself by the improvement of agriculture, on which subject he wrote a treatise, entitled "Ruralia Commoda," the first edition of which appeared in 1471 at Augsburgh, folio. The best edition is that of Naples in 1724, 2 vols. 8vo. He died in 1320. — Ibid.

CRESCIMBENI (John Mario), an Italian poet, was born at Macerata in Ancona, 1663.

He was the founder of the Arcadian Society, and on entering into orders, obtained some ecclesiastical preferments. He died in 1728. Among his works the principal are1. Rime di Alfesibeo Cario, (his Arcadian name), 8vo. 2. Istoria della Volgar Poesia, 6 vols. 4tó. 3. History of the Academy of Arcadi, with the Lives of its principal members, 7 vols. 4to. 1 Moreri. Tiraboschi.

CRESPI (Daniel), an Italian painter, was born at Milan in 1592, and died of the plague in 1630. His portraits are painted in an admirable style; and there are several religious pictures by him of great merit. Pilkington.

CRESPI (Joseph Maria), called La Spagnuolo from his dress, was born at Bologna in 1665, and died in 1747. He painted in a chamber, so contrived as to admit only a ray of the sun, or the light of a flambeau, to enable him to give greater roundness and relief to his paintings, by a nice observation of the force of light and shadow. — Ibid.

CRESSY, OF CRESSEY (Hugh Paulin, or Serenus), a catholic divine, was born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, in 1605, and educated at Merton-college, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, and became fellow. Having entered into orders he became chap. lain to lord Falkland, whom he accompanied to Ireland, and obtained the deanery of Leighlin, to which was added afterwards a canonry of Windsor. In 1644 he went to, Rome, where he renounced the protestant religion. He next entered among the Benedictines at Douay, on which occasion he took the name of Serenus. At the Restoration he returned to England, and became chaplain to the queen of Charles II. He died at East Grinstead in Sussex in 1674. He was the author of "The Church History of Brittany," folio, 1668, which exhibits great labour and learning, but is full of legendary fables. Besides this he wrote several controversial pieces, some of which were answered by lord Clarendon, and Dr. Stillingfleet. Biog. Brit.

CREVIER (John Baptist Lewis), a French historian, was born at Paris in 1693. He studied under Rollin, whose Roman history he completed; but his principal work is the History of the Roman Emperors, 12 vols. 12mo. He was also the author of a History of the University of Paris, 7 vols. 12mo. ; French Rhetoric, 2 vols. 12mo.; Observations on Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws; besides all which, he published an excellent edition of Livy, with notes, 6 vols. 4to. He was professor of rhetoric in the college of Beauvais, and died in 1765. Dict. Hist.

CREWE (Nathaniel), an English prelate, was the son of John lord Crewe, and born at Stean in Northamptonshire in 1633. He received his education at Lincoln-college, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts After the Restoration he entered into orders

and in 1663 took his degree of doctor of

laws. In 1668 he was elected rector of his college, and the next year preferred to the deanery of Chichester, which he held with the precentorship. In 1671 he was advanced to the bishopric of Oxford, from whence in 1674, he was translated to Durham, for which preferment he was indebted to James duke of York, whose measures, after his accession to the throne, he supported, and sat in the ecclesiastical commission. When the bishop saw that his master's ruin was approaching, he began to alter his conduct, and in the convention parliament voted that James had abdicated the throne. Notwithstanding this he was excepted out of the pardon granted by William and Mary; on which he absconded for some time, but at last he was suffered to retain his dignity. In 1691 he succeeded to the family title by the death of his brother. He died in 1721, after having sat in the see of Durham fortyseven years, and been a bishop full fifty, a circumstance scarcely paralleled till our own time, when a worthier successor in the same see has numbered above fifty-one years from his consecration. Bishop Crewe was, with all his faults as a politician, a most munificent prelate, as his numerous charities in his diocese and his endowments at Oxford bear witness. Biog. Brit.

CRICHTON (James), commonly called "the admirable Crichton," was born in 1561, being the son of Robert Crichton, of Eliock, lord advocate of Scotland, and his mother was a Stewart. He received his education at St. Andrew's, where he took the degree of master of arts at the age of fourteen. In his seventeenth year he went to Paris, and distinguished himself in a public disputation in the college of Narbonne. He is also said to have entered into the military service of France, and to have obtained a command which is altogether incredible. After two years residence there he went to Rome, where he disputed in the presence of the pope. From thence he proceeded to Venice, and addressed a Latin poem to Aldus Manutius the printer, who became his friend and subsequently his biographer. After a stay of four months there he went to Padua, where his reception was equally flattering. His next removal was to Mantua; soon after his arrival at which city he is said to have defeated a noted fencer who had challenged the whole world. This achievement so pleased the grand duke, that he took Crichton into his service, and appointed him tutor to his son Vincentio di Gonzago; a young man of an ungovernable temper. Vincentio, out of some pique to his governor, hired a band of ruffians to attack him one night as he came from visiting a lady; but Crichton played his part so well, that after killing some he put the rest to flight, except one antagonist in a mask, who, being hard pushed, discovered himself to be the prince. Crichton then fell on his knee and presented his sword

There was,

CRILLON (Louis de Berthon de), a celebrated commander, was born of an illustrious family in the comtat Venaissin, in 1541. He entered into the military profession at fifteen, and distinguished himself at the siege of Calais; as he afterwards did against the Huguenots; and next at the battle of Lepanto, where he was wounded. indeed, no action of importance, in which he was not present; and in 1592 he successfully defended Villebœuf, where he replied to the summons of the besiegers, "Crillon is within, and the enemy without." He died in 1615. One day being at a sermon where the sufferings of Christ were patheti cally described, he clapped his hand to his sword, and exclaimed, "where wert thou, Crillon ?" - Moreri.

CRINESIUS (Christopher), a Bohemian divine of the Lutheran persuasion, was born in 1584, and died in 1629. He wrote 1. A Discourse on the Confusion of Tongues. 2. Exercitationes Hebraicæ. 3. Gyınnasium, et Lexicon Syriacum, 2 vols. 4to. 4. Lingua Samaritica, &c. 5. Grammatica Chaldaica, 4to. &c. Ibid.

CRINITUS (Peter), or PETER RICCI, professor of the belles lettres at Florence, was born in 1465, and died in 1505. He wrote the Lives of the Latin Poets, and a piece entitled De Honesta Disciplina. — Ibid.

CRISP (Tobias), an English divine, was born in London in 1600, and educated first at Eton, and next at Cambridge, from whence, after taking the degree of B. A. he removed to Baliol-college, Oxford, where he proceeded to his degree of D. D. In 1627 he obtained the rectory of Newington in Surry, which he quitted soon afterwards for that of Brinkworth in Wiltshire. On the breaking out of the rebellion he went to London, where he died in 1642. He was the head of the Antinomians, but his sermons, entitled Christ alone Exalted, 3 vols. 4to. were not published till after his death, when they occasioned as much controversy as the author did in his lifetime. Wood.

CRISPUS OF CRISPO (John Baptist), an Italian divine and poet, was born at Gallipoli in the kingdom of Naples. He became professor of philosophy and theology, and died in 1595, just as the pope was about to confer on him a bishopric. He is best known by his Life of Sannazarius; besides which he wrote a good work entitled, De Ethnicis philosophis caute legendis, folio, and some

other pieces. His Italian poems were published by Monti in 1585, 4to. · Moreri.

CROESE (Gerard), a Dutch divine, was born at Amsterdam in 1642. He studied at Leyden, after which he went to Smyrna, and on his return became pastor of Alblas near Dort where he died in 1710. He wrote the History of the Quakers, printed in Dutch in 1695; and translated into English in 1696. It was answered by a Quaker in a work entitled "Dilucidationes quædam valdé necessariæ in Gerardi Croesii Hist." 8vo. Croese wrote also a singular book with the title of "Homerus Hebræus, sive Historia Hebræorum ab Homero," 1704, 4to. The intert of this work is to prove that under the siege of Troy that of Jericho was intended. · Ibid. CROFT (Sir Herbert), a gentleman of Croftcastle in Herefordshire, who was knighted by James I., but after living fifty-two years as a protestant he went over to Douay, and entered into the monastery of the Benedictines, and died there in 1622. He wrote 1. Letters persuasive to his wife and children, to take upon them the Catholic religion, 1619, 12mo. 2. Arguments to show that the Church of Rome is the True Church, against Dr. Field. 3. Reply to the Answer of his daughter Mary, which she made to a paper of his, concerning the Roman church, 12mo. This last is a very rare book, for only eight copies were printed. Wood.

CROFT (Herbert), an English bishop, the third son of the preceding, was born in 1603, at Great Milton, near Thame in Oxfordshire. He went with his father to Flanders, and was placed by him in the Englishcollege at St. Omer's, but on returning to England to settle some affairs in 1622, he became acquainted with bishop Morton, who reconciled him to the church of England. He then went to Oxford, and was admitted a student of Christ-church, where he proceeded to his degree of B. D. and became rector of Harding in the same county. In 1639 he was presented to a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, and the year after took his doctor's degree, at which time he became prebendary of Worcester, and canon of Windsor. In 1644 he was nominated dean of Hereford; but the troubles coming on he suffered much for his loyalty. At the

Restoration he was made bishop of Hereford; and in 1667 dean of the chapel royal, which latter place he resigned, and retired to his diocese. In 1675 he printed a tract entitled Naked Truth pleading for Toleration of Protestant Dissenters; and in 1685, Animadversions on Dr. Burnet's Theory of the Earth, besides which he published some sermons, and religious pieces, and died at Hereford in 1691, leaving only one son, Herbert, who was created a baronet in 1671. He died in 1720, and was succeeded by his son Archer, and he by his son of the same

CROFT (Sir Herbert, bart.), was born in London in 1751, and educated at University-college, Oxford, where he obtained his degree of bachelor of laws; after which he became a student of Lincoln's Inn. In 1782 he relinquished the bar and took orders, but never enjoyed any ecclesiastical preferment. He acquired some celebrity by a romance, entitled "Love and Madness," founded on the melancholy cases of Chatterton and Hackman. He also communicated a memoir of Young to Dr. Johnson, who inserted it in his lives of the poets. It is, however, an unsatisfactory sketch on an interesting subject. Mr. Croft also published proposals for an enlarged edition of Johnson's Dictionary, but never completed it. He published some trifling pamphlets be sides, but they are not worth enumerating. He died at Paris in 1816, and was succeeded by Dr. Richard Croft, the celebrated accoucheur, who shot himself in 1818. Ann. Biog.

CROFT (William), a musician, was born at Nether-Eatington in Warwickshire, about 1657. He was educated under Dr. Blow, whom he succeeded as master of the children, composer to the chapel royal, and organist of Westminster-abbey. In 1712 he published his Divine Harmony; and in 1715 was created doctor in music at Oxford. In 1724 appeared his Musica Sacra, in 2 vols. died in 1727. — Burney. Hawkins.

He

CROIUS, OF DE CROI (John), a protestant divine, was born at Usez, where he became a minister, and died in 1659. He wrote1. Specimen Conjecturarum in quædam Origenis, Irenæi & Tertulliani loca, 1652. 2. Observationes sacræ & historicæ in Novum Testamentum, 1644, and other works. Gen. Dict.

CROIX DU MAINE (Francis de Grudé la), a French writer, was born in 1552. He was lord of the manor of Croix du Maine, near Maus, and having a turn for literature collected an immense library. In 1584 he published a work entitled "The French Library, or a general account of all authors who had written in that language," folio. He was assassinated at Tours in 1592.— Moreri.

CROIX. See Petis.

CROKE OF CROOK (sir George), an English judge, was born at Chilton, in Buckinghamshire, in 1559, and educated at Thame school, from whence he removed to University. college, Oxford, and next to the Inner Temple. In 1623 he was knighted, and made king's-serjeant; and the next year appointed one of the justices of the common pleas, which office he held till 1628, when he succeeded sir John Doderidge in the King's Bench. He gained great credit in 1636 by taking the part of Hampden on the

on which Cromwell entered their country, and September 3, 1650, gained the victory of Dunbar. This however did not prevent the Scotch from crossing the borders, and on the same day of the month, in the next year, was fought the battle of Worcester, which dispersed the royalists, and obliged the king to return to France. From this time Cromwell made no secret of his views, and April 20. 1653, he entered the House of Commons, with his soldiers, pulled the speaker out of the chair, bade his men take away that bauble, the mace, and then locked up the doors. The government being now vested in a council of officers solely under his controul, he was invited to take upon himself the sovereign authority, and accordingly he was proclaimed protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His conduct in this station was vigorous, and he applied himself to the management of public affairs, with equal diligence and judgment. Notwithstanding this, and the military power with which he was surrounded, he saw a spirit of disaffection rising against him; on which account he called a parliament, but it was soon dissolved, and the protector found himself beset by enemies of various descriptions, of whom the old republicans were the most to be dreaded. Ainidst this disquietude he declared war against Spain, and sent Blake to the Mediterranean, where that great commander gained so many achievements, as considerably enriched the public treasury while Penn, in the West Indies, added Jamaica to the English possessions. By a treaty with France, Cromwell stipulated to send forces into the Low Countries, and his successes abroad now made him ambitious of the title of king. A plan to this effect was proposed and a parliament convened to carry it into execution; but the usurper finding that it was disapproved of by his friends, pretended to decline the offer, as being against his own conscience. However, his second inauguration as protector took place in Westminster Hall, with as much pomp as if it had been a coronation, June 26, 1657. The same year the usurper was much annoyed by a pamphlet called "Killing no Murder," in which the author boldly maintained that one who had violated all law, had forfeited all right to life. The troubles of Oliver now accumulated, and the death of his daughter Mrs. Claypole, with her reproaches, made a deep impression upon his mind. He fell into a deep melancholy, and at last became delirious; notwithstanding which, his chaplains declared, that he would certainly recover. He died at Whitehall, Sept. 3, 1658; and some days afterwards his funeral was celebrated with more than royal pomp, in Henry the Seventh's chapel, Westminster abbey: but after the restoration, the body was taken up, suspended at Tyburn, and buried under the gallows. He had six children, viz. Richard, Henry, Bridget,

:

Elizabeth, Mary, and Frances. Richard succeeded him in the protectorate, but when affairs turned, and he found his post no longer tenable, he resigned, and went abroad. He died at Cheshunt in 1712. Henry who had been lord-lieutenant in Ireland, under his father, and bore a good character, died in 1674. Bridget married first, Ireton, and afterwards Fleetwood. Elizabeth married John Claypole, esq. of Northamptonshire. Mary married lord Fauconberg, and died in 1712. Frances married first a grandson of the earl of Warwick, and secondly sir John Russel of Cambridgeshire. Biog. Brit.

CRONSTEDT (Axel Frederic), a Swedish mineralogist, was born in Sudermania, in 1722. He was educated at Upsal, where he studied natural history; and in 1742, he was employed in the college of Mines. In 1753 he was admitted a member of the academy of Stockholm. He died in 1765. He published an Essay on Mineralogy, which has been translated into English, and other works. Dict. Hist.

CROON OF CROUNE (William), a physician, was born in London, and educated at Emanuel-college Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1659 he was chosen professor of rhetoric at Gresham-college; and at the Restoration, he was appointed registrar of the Royal Society. He was also created doctor of physic by royal mandate; and through the interest of Mr. Evelyn he became travelling tutor to the honourable Mr. Howard, son of the duke of Norfolk. In 1670 he was chosen lecturer in anatomy, to the company of surgeons, on which he resigned his professorship. In 1675 he was admitted a fellow of the college of physicians. He died in 1684. Dr. Croon published a piece entitled "De ratione motus musculorum," 4to.; and some papers of his are in the Philosophical Transactions. He founded a course of algebraic lectures in seven colleges at Cambridge, and also a yearly anatomical lecture in the Royal Society. Ward's Gresham Professors.

CROSS (John), a Franciscan friar, who was chaplain to James II., and followed him to France, where he died about 1700. He wrote-1. A Sermon preached before the King and Queen, at St. James's, 1686. 2. Cynosura, or the Miserere Psalm paraphrased, fol. 3. Divine Poems. 4. Phi lotheus's Pilgrimage. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

CROSS (Michael), an English painter, who is said to have been sent by Charles I. to copy several pieces in Italy, and hav ing obtained leave to copy Raphael's Madonna in St. Mark's church at Venice, he left his own piece behind him, and carried off the original. This picture was bought by the Spanish ambassador, and is now in the Escurial. A painter named Lewis Cross was also a good copyist, and died in 1724. Walpole's Anecdotes.