tanical Magazine in monthly numbers. In 1782 he published a history of the brown tailed moth; besides which he wrote Practical Observations on the British grasses, and some papers in the transactions of the Linnæan Society of which he was a member. He died in 1799, and was buried at Battersea; after his death his lectures were published with coloured plates. Gent. Mag.

CURTIUS (Quintus Rufus), a Latin his torian, who wrote the History of Alexander the Great, in ten books, of which the two first are lost. His age is very uncertain; some authors placing him under Vespasian, and others under Trajan, while Gibbon brings him down to the reign of Gordian, and there are writers who think that the name is fictitious. His style is excellent, and he writes with impartiality. Freinshemius has supplied the two books that were wanting. The best editions are the Elzevir, 1653; Freinshemius, 1643, 2 vols. 8vo. and Cellarius, 1696, 12mo. There is a good English translation by Digby in 2 vols. 12mo.

- Moreri.

He

CURTIUS (Cornelius), an Augustinian monk, was born at Brussels in 1586. became prefect of the schools of his native place and Louvaine; also a provincial of various convents, and historiographer and counsellor to the emperor. He died in 1638. His works are-1. Vitæ Ruperti et Virgilii. 2. Epistolæ familiares. 3. Poemata. 4. Amphitheatrum amorum interprete. 5. Vitæ quinque Virginum Augustiniarum. 6. Elogia virorum illustrium Ord. Evern. St. August. 4to. 7. Vitæ S. Nicolai Tolentinatis. - Ibid.

CURTIUS (Michael Conrad), professor of history and rhetoric at Marpurg, was born in 1724 at Techentin in the duchy of Mecklenburg. He studied at Rostock, after which he became a private tutor in different families of distinction, till 1759, when he was appointed professor of logic and metaphysics in the academy of Luneburg, from whence in 1767 he removed to Marpurg, where in 1795 he became principal of the faculty of philosophy, and twice had the office of pro-rector of the university. He died in 1802. He published-1. "Commentarii de Senatu Romano, sub imperatoribus. 2. A translation of Columella on agriculture. And some other works. Gen. Biog. Dict. CUSA (Nicholas de), a cardinal, so named from the place where he was born in 1401. He rose from a very low origin, to high ecclesiastical preferments, till in 1448 he was made cardinal; and in 1451 he was sent legate into Germany to preach the crusade, in which he had no success; but he was better employed in reforming the monasteries and restoring church discipline. He was afterwards made governor of Rome. He died in 1464. His works, which are

CUSPINIAN (John), a German physician, whose real name was Speishammer, was born in 1473 at Sweinfurt in Franconia. He was educated at Vienna where he became a great favourite with the emperor Maximilian I., who made him his librarian, employed him in several embassies, and placed him at the head of the senate. He died in 1529. His works are- 1. De Cæsaribus et Imperatoribus Romanorum, fol. 2. Austria, sive Commentarius de rebus Austriæ, folio. 3. Commentarius in Sexti Rufi libellum de Regia, &c. fol. 4. De origine Turcorum, 8vo. &c. - Ibid.

CUTHBERT (Saint), was born in the north of England, and brought up under the Scottish monks at Icolmkill, after which he went to Lindisfarn, or Holy-island, near Berwick, from whence he removed to the court of Egfred, king of Northumberland, whom he baptized; and was made bishop of that district. He returned to Lindisfarn, where he founded a monastery, and died in 686. — Butler.

CUTTS (John lord), an English general was born at Matching in Essex. He entered early into the army under the duke of Monmouth; and afterwards went into the service of the duke of Lorraine in Hungary, where he distinguished himself at the taking of Buda. He accompanied king William to England, and in 1690 was created an Irish peer. On the accession of queen Anne he was first made lieutenant-general of the forces in Holland; and afterwards in Ireland, but being deprived of the military command, the mortification affected him so much that he died in 1707. He wrote poetical exercises, published in 1687; a poem on the death of Queen Mary, and some other pieces. Steele dedicated to him his Christian Hero. -Biog. Brit.

CYNEAS, a philosopher and orator of Thessaly, was the disciple of Demosthenes, and the minister of Pyrrhus. Extraordinary things are told of his memory, and it is said that the day after his arrival at Rome as ambassador from Pyrrhus, he saluted all the senators and knights by their names. He abridged the book of Eneas on the Defence of Places, published by Casaubon in his edition of Polybius. — Moreri.

CYPRIAN (Thascius Cæcilius), a father of the church, was born at Carthage, and embraced christianity in 246, on which he wrote his book, de Gratia Dei, addressed to Donatus, which work was followed soon after by another on Idolatry. For these proofs of his sincerity and zeal, he was ordained priest, and in 248 chosen to succeed the bishop of Carthage against his own inclination. Soon after the breaking out of the persecution by Decius, the pagans out of rage demanded that Cyprian should

be delivered to the lions, to avoid which he fled, and thereby gave great scandal, such a conduct in those times being regarded as a desertion of duty. Cyprian justified himself upon solid principles, and in his retirement wrote several works addressed to the christians. When the persecution ceased he returned to Carthage, where he called a council to consider the case of the lapsed, or of those who in the time of trouble had fallen from the faith. While thus employed another storm arose under Valerian in 257, and Cyprian was banished, but afterwards he was seized and beheaded at Carthage, Sept. 14, 258. The best editions of his works are that of Rigaltius, Paris, 1666, fol. of Oxford by Fell, 1682; and Paris, 1727: the whole have been translated into English by Dr. Marshall, 1717, folio. - Dupin. Cave.

CYRIL, of Jerusalem, a christian father, succeeded Maximus bishop of Jerusalem about 350, by the interest of Acacius of Cesarea; but afterwards these two prelates fell out about their prerogatives, and Acacius called a synod, which deposed Cyril for having sold the treasures of his church, and applied the money to support the poor in the time of famine. After several disputes he regained his situation, and died in 386. His works were printed at Paris in Greek and Latin, fol. 1720. -Ibid.

CYRIL, of Alexandria, succeeded his uncle Theophilus in that bishopric in 412. He commenced his episcopate by banishing the Novatians and Jews from the city, which occasioned fierce contentions between him

and Orestes the governor. The people, who were in general attached to the bishop, seized Hypatia, a pagan lady of great accomplishments, who was very intimate with the governor, and tore her in pieces; but it does not appear that Cyril was accessary to this horrid act. Violent disputes next broke out between Cyril and Nestorius, which occasioned the council of Ephesus, where the enemies of the bishop prevailed in getting him deposed and imprisoned. But he soon recovered his liberty and triumphed in his turn over Nestorius, who was deprived of his bishopric of Constantinople. Cyril died at Alexandria in 444. His works were printed at Paris, in 6 vols. fol. Greek and Latin, 1638. -Dupin. Cave.

CYRIL-LUCAR, patriarch of Constantinople, was born in the isle of Candia in 1572. He went to Germany, after having studied at Padua, and on his return to the east, was elevated to the patriarchate of Alexandria, from whence he was removed in 1621 to that of Constantinople. He held a correspondence with the protestant churches, which brought upon him the resentment of the Jesuits, and by their means he was banished to Rhodes. At the solicitation of the English ambassador, he was afterwards restored to his dignity, but in 1638 he was carried from Constantinople to some part of the Black Sea and strangled. He presented that valuable manuscript, the Codex Alexandrinus, to Charles I; and his confession of Faith was printed at Amsterdam in 1718. - Life by Smith, 1680.

DAC

Dwas born of protestant parents at Cas

ACIER (Andrew), an eminent critic,

tres in Upper Languedoc in 1651, and educated at Saumur under Tanaquil Faber, or Le Fevre, whose learned daughter he afterwards married. He published at Paris, in 1681, an edition of Pompeius Festus, for the use of the dauphin. His translation of Horace came out the same year, in 10 vols. 12mo. In 1683 he married mademoiselle Le Fevre, and two years afterwards they both abjured the protestant religion. In 1691 they published in conjunction, a French translation of the reflections of Marcus Antoninus. This was followed the next year by a version in the same language of Aristotle's Poetics; and in 1693 appeared a translation of the Edipus and Electra of Sophocles. Dacier published also translations of Plutarch, of Hippocrates, of Plato, and the Life of Pythagoras by Hierocles. In 1695 he was admitted into the academy of Inscriptions, and about the same time he became

DAC

a member of the French academy. He had a share in the medallic history of Louis XIV. for which he obtained a pension and was appointed keeper of the books at the Louvre. In 1713 he was made perpetual secretary of the academy. He died in 1722. Besides the works already mentioned, he published many others, particularly a translation of Epictetus, and notes upon Longinus. Moreri.

DACIER (Anne), wife of the preceding, was born at Saumur in 1651. Her father gave her a liberal education, and in 1674 she published an edition of Callimachus, which gave so much satisfaction, that she was employed to prepare some editions of the classics for the dauphin, the first of which was Florus. In 1681 she published a translation of Anacreon and Sappho, which was followed by versions of some of Plautus's comedies, and of the Plutus and Clouds of Aristophanes. Her marriage and conversion we have noticed in the preceding article. In

1688 she published a translation of Terence, in 8 vols. 12mo; and in 1711 appeared her translation of the Iliad. In 1714 she defended Homer against M. de la Motte, in a book entitled, The Causes of the Corruption of Taste, which was followed in 1716 by another against father Hardouin. The same year was printed her version of the Odyssey, which closed her literary labours. She died in 1720. Madame Dacier was as remarkable for her modesty as her erudition. A learned German having paid her a visit, begged that she would write her name and a sentence in his book. She excused herself as long as she could, but being strongly importuned she complied, and added to her signature a verse from Sophocles, importing silence is the ornament of the female sex. — Moreri.

DAHL (Michael), a painter, was born at Stockholm in 1656. He came to England at an early age, but afterwards travelled into France and Italy, where he painted the portrait of Queen Christina of Sweden. In 1688 he returned to London, and was considered as a formidable rival of Kneller. He died in 1743. -Walpole.

It was

DAHLBERG (Eric), a Swedish general, was born in 1625. He lost his parents when young, and in consequence had a narrow education, which he supplied by his own efforts. He studied fortification, and in 1648 was appointed an engineer. Gustavus Adolphus sent him to superintend the works for the defence of Thorn, and he attended that monarch in the war of Poland. by his advice that the king undertook the enterprise of marching his army over the Great Belt, when frozen over, in 1657, whereby he extended his conquests to Copenhagen. In 1660 Dahlberg was ennobled and in 1669 appointed commandant of Malmo and superintendant of the fortifications, which he so greatly improved as to be called the Vauban of Sweden. In 1690 he was made governor of Livonia, and died at Stockholm in 1703. He published Suecia antiqua et hodierna, 3 vols. folio, 1700. — Gezelius's Biography of eminent Swedes.

In

DAILLE (John), a French protestant divine, was born at Chatelleraut in 1594, and educated at Poitiers and Saumur. In 1612 he was appointed tutor to the grandsons of M. du Plessis du Mornay, and travelled with them to Italy. In 1625 he was chosen minister of the church of Saumur, but the year following he removed to Paris. In 1631 appeared his book on the Use of the Fathers, which was attacked by many writers. 1633 he published an apology for the reformed churches, which also excited considerable controversy. Daille afterwards engaged in the disputes concerning universal grace, and thereby gave offence to the rigid Calvinists. His other works are numerous. He died at Paris in 1670. His son, Hadrian Daille, was also a minister, and after the re

vocation of the edict of Nantz retired to Zurich where he died in 1690. He wrote the life of his father. -Niceron.

DALE (Samuel), an antiquary and botanist, who was originally an apothecary at Braintree, in Essex, till about the year 1730, when he became a licentiate of the college of physicians, and a fellow of the Royal Society. After this he settled at Bocking, and died there in 1739. He published1. Pharmacologia, seu Manuductio ad Materiam Medicam, 8vo. 2. The Antiquities of Harwich and Dover Court, 4to. written originally by Silas Taylor, but greatly enlarged and improved by Dr. Dale, who has also some papers in the Philosophical Transactions. Pulteney's Sketches on Botany. DALECHAMP (James), a French physician and botanist, was born at Caen, in Normandy, in 1513, and died at Lyons in 1588. He published a Latin version of Athenæus, in 2 vols. fol.; and translated some of the works of Galen and Egineta into French. In 1556 he printed a translation of Cœlius Aurelianus de Morbis Acutis; and in 1569 a treatise on Practical Surgery, in French. He was also the editor of Pliny's Natural History, with notes, published in 1587. But his principal works were, A Universal History of Plants, 2 vols. folio; and a Commentary on Dioscorides. Moreri. Haller.

DALIN (Olaus Von), a Swedish historian and poet, was born at Winberg in 1708. He wrote a poem, entitled The Liberty of Sweden, and a tragedy called Brunhilda. He was also the author of the History of Sweden, in 3 vols. 4to., and other works. He was chancellor of the court, and died in 1763. Dict. Hist.

DALLINGTON (Sir Robert), an English author, was born at Geddington, in Northamptonshire, and educated at Pembrokehall, Cambridge; after which he became master of the Charter-house. Charles I. con

ferred on him the honour of knighthood. He died in 1637, aged 76. He wrote a Survey of Tuscany, 4to.; a Method of Travel, or the State of France in 1598, 4to. ; Aphorisms, civil and military, folio, 1615. -Wood.

DALMATIN (George), a Lutheran divine, who translated the Bible into the Sclavonian language in 1584. He obtained a benefice in Carniola, from whence he was driven by the Romanists in 1598, and would have lost his life, had he not been taken under the protection of the baron of Ausperg, in whose house he died. — Gen. Dict.

DALRYMPLE (Alexander), was born in 1787, at New Hailes, near Edinburgh, the seat of his father, sir James Dalrymple, bart. His mother was the daughter of the earl of Haddington, and had sixteen children, of whom Alexander was the seventh. He was educated at Haddington; and in 1752 went to the East Indies, as a writer in the com

pany's service.

While in the East he applied to the study of hydrography; and in 1759 undertook a voyage of observation, in which he gave great satisfaction to his superiors. In 1763 he returned to England, when it was intended to engage him in the service on which captain Cook was afterwards employed, but some objections arising in a matter of form, the appointment did not take place. In 1775 he went out again to Madras, and returned in 1780. In 1795 he was made hydrographer to the admiralty, as well as to the India Company, but in 1808 he lost his place under government, and died the same year. His principal works are-1. Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean, 8vo. 2. Collection of South Sea Voyages, 2 vols. 4to. 3. General View of the India Company's Affairs, 8vo. Relation of Expeditions from Fort Marlborough to the Islands of the West Coast of Sumatra, 4to. 5. Collection of Voyages in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4to. 6. Account of the Loss of the Grosvenor Indiaman, 8vo. 7. Plan for promoting the Fur Trade, 4to. 8. Memoir of a Map of the land round the North Pole, 4to. 9. Journal of the Expeditions to the North of California, 4to. 10. A Collection of Songs, 8vo. Oriental Repertory, 2 vols. 4to. He also wrote a number of tracts, political and commercial. - Europ. fag. 1802.

4.

11. The

DALRYMPLE (David), an eminent lawyer and antiquary, was the brother of the preceang, and born at Edinburgh in 1726. He was educated at Eton school, from whence be went to Utrecht, where he remained till 1746. Two years afterwards he was called to the Scotch bar; and in 1766 appointed one of the judges of the court of session, when he took the title of lord Hailes. In 1776 he became a commissioner of the justiciary, on the resignation of lord Coalston, his wife's father. He died Nov. 29. 1792. He published several works, the chief of which are - 1. Sacred Poems, by various Authors, 12mo. 2. A Sermon on Shipwrecks, 8vo. 3. Memorials and Letters relating to the History of Britain, in the Reigns of James I. and Charles I., 2 vols.

4to.

4. Historical Memoirs concerning the Councils of the Scottish Clergy, 4to. 5. Annals of Scotland, 2 vols. 4to. 6. Account of the Martyrs of Smyrna and Lyons, 8vo. 7. Remains of Christian Antiquity, 3 vols. 810. 8. Disquisitions concerning the Antiquities of the Christian Church. 9. The Lives of John Barclay, John Hamilton, Sir James Ramsay, George Leslie, and Mark Alexander Boyd. 10. An Inquiry into the secondary Causes of the Progress of Christianity, 8vo. - Supplement to the Encyclopadia Britannica.

DALRYMPLE (James), the seventh baron and first viscount Stair, was born in 1609. In the Rebellion he took up arms for the liament, but soon relinquished that ser

vice, and became professor of philosophy at Glasgow. Afterwards he was called to the bar, and at the Restoration received the honour of knighthood, was appointed member of the college of justice, and in 1671 president of the Court of Session; but in 1682 he was dismissed from his employments, on which he returned to Holland, where he became a favourite with the prince of Orange, who, after the Revolution, restored him to his place, and raised him to the peerage. He died in 1695. He wrote - 1. The Institutions of the Laws of Scotland, folio. 2. Decisions of the Court of Session, 2 vols. folio. 3. Philosophia nova experimentalis. 4. Vindication of the Divine Perfections, 8vo. 5. An Apology for his own conduct, 4to. Gen. Biog. Dict.

DALTON (John), a divine and poet, was born in 1709 at Deane, in Cumberland, of which parish his father was rector. He entered at Queen's college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship, and proceeded to his doctor's degree. The duke of Somerset presented him to the living of St. Mary Hill, London, and he held also a prebend in the cathedral of Worcester, where he died in 1763. Dr. Dalton adapted Milton's Comus to the stage, and wrote several poems, some of which are in Pearch's Collection. He also published a volume of Sermons; and Remarks on Twelve historical Designs of Raphael. - Hutchinson's Hist. of Cumberland.

DALTON (Richard), brother of the preceding, was bred a coach painter, after which he went to Rome to study the higher branches of the art. From thence he proceeded to Naples, Constantinople, Greece, and Egypt. On his return to England he was appointed librarian to his late majesty, who sent him to Italy in 1763 to collect works of art. After this he was made keeper of the king's drawings and medals, and had apartments in the palace of St. James's, where he died in 1791. He published an explanation of a set of prints relative to the manners and customs of the inhabitants of Egypt, 1781. . Eduards's Sumplement to Walpole. DALTON (Michael), an English lawyer, was born in Cambridgeshire in 1554. He was a member of Gray's Inn, and wrote an esteemed work on the Duties of a Justice of the Peace, in folio; which passed through many editions, till it was superseded by Burn. He also wrote a good book on ، The Duty of Sheriffs.' There is a manuscript of his in the British Museum, entitled "A Breviary or Chronology of the Western Church.' 1 Fuller's Worthies.

DALZELL (Andrew), a learned writer, was born at Ratho, near Edinburgh, in 1750. After studying at Edinburgh he became travelling companion to the earl of Lauderdale, on whose recommendation he was chosen Greek professor at Edinburgh. He was also chosen keeper of the university library, and principal clerk to the general assembly. He died at Edinburgh in 1806. Professor Dalzell published several volumes on Greek literature, with the titles of "Collectanea Minora ;" and "Collectanea Majora." He also communicated some valua ble papers to the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; and translated Che.. valier's description of the Plain of Troy. Gent. Mag.

DAMASCENUS (St. John), or JOHN of DAMASCUS, a saint of the Greek church, was born there about 676. He succeeded his father as counsellor of state to the caliph, but at the close of life he went into a monastery, and died about 760. His works were printed at Paris in 2 vols. folio, 1712. Dupin.

Cave.

DAMASCIUS, a philosopher of the stoic sect, or according to others of the peripatetic, was a native of Damascus, and flourished A. D. 540. He wrote the life of his master Isidorus, the logician of Athens, of which only a few fragments remain. Cave. Hist. Lit.

DAMIANO (Peter), a cardinal, was born at Ravenna, of a noble family. In 1057 he was created a cardinal, and appointed bi. shop of Ostia. He endeavoured to effect a reform of clerical abuses, and remonstrated against the pope's interfering in the temporal concerns of princes. He died in 1073. His works were printed at Paris in 1663. Moreri.

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DAMPIER (William), an English navigator, was born at East Coker, in Somersetshire, in 1652. He went to sea early in life, and in 1683 sailed with captain Cook who commanded a Bristol privateer. After cruising a considerable time on the American coast, and taking several prizes, the captain died, and was succeeded by Mr. Davis, whom Dampier left, and went aboard another privateer, commanded by captain Swan. Not meeting with success, they sailed for the East Indies, where Dampier quitted his company, and proceeded to the English factory at Achen. He then engaged with captain Weldon, and afterwards became gunner to the factory at Bencoolen. In 1691 he returned to England. He next went out from Bristol with Woodes Rogers, to the South Sea, and returned in 1711. When he died is unknown, but there is a

DANCKERT, or DANCKERTS, a family of artists, in Holland. 1. Cornelius, who was born at Amsterdam in 1561. He resided as a printseller at Antwerp, where he engraved many portraits, landscapes, and historical pieces. 2. His son, Danckert Danckerts, who was born at Antwerp in 1600, engraved different subjects in a better style than his father. 3. John Danckerts, of the same family, settled at Amsterdam about 1654, and afterwards came to England, where he designed the plates for Juvenal, which were engraved by Hollar. 4. Henry Danckerts, his brother, was an engraver and landscape painter. came to England, and was employed by Charles II. in taking views of Windsor, Plymouth, &c. 5. Justus Danckerts was a designer and engraver at Amsterdam, and excelled in portraits. 6. Cornelius Danckerts was an architect, and constructed many public buildings at Amsterdam, which are much admired. He had a son named Peter, who became painter to the king of Poland. Strutt.

He also

His

DANDINI, (Cæsar,) a painter, was born at Florence in 1595, and died in 1658. His best picture is an altar-piece at Ancona. brother, Vincent Dandini, born at Florence in 1607, studied under Cortona, and was esteemed an admirable painter of history. Pietro Dandini, nephew to the preceding, was born at Florence in 1646, and died in 1712. He had an extraordinary talent for imitating the style of ancient masters. — Pilkington.

DANDINI (Hercules Francis), an Italian count, and professor of law at Padua, was born at Ancona in 1696, and died in 1747. He wrote-1. De Forensi scribendi ratione. 2. De servitutibus prædiorum. — Dict. Hist.

DANDINI (Jerome), an Italian Jesuit, was born at Cesena in 1554. He became rector of several colleges, and Clement VIII. sent him as nuncio to the Maronites of Libanus. Of this journey he published an account. He wrote a CommenHe died in 1634. tary on Aristotle's book de Anima. — Dict. Hist.

DANDOLO (Andrew), doge of Venice, was He extended the commerce born in 1310. of the republic by a union with Egypt, which produced a war between the Venetians and the Genoese, in which he lost his life in 1354. He wrote the Chronicle of Venice; and corresponded with Petrarch. -Moreri.