which being discovered, Ptolemy rewarded Apelles, and condemned his enemy to slavery. This account, however, is suspected to be apocryphal. See PROTOGENES. - Bayle AFELLES, the founder of an heretical sect in the second century, was born in Syria. He was at first a Marcionite, but attached imself afterwards to a pretended propes, called Philumena, whose revelati be published. This sect denied the poplets, the law of Moses, and the resurnction.- Cave. AFELLICON, a peripatetic philosopher, to whom the world is indebted for the works of Aristotle, which he bought at a vast price, about ninety years before Christ. They were afterwards seized by Sylla, and amed to Rome. - Bayle. Arza (Marcus), a Roman orator of the irst century. Some attribute to him the "Dialogue of Orators,” which used to be printed with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian. He died about 85. — Moreri. APHTHONIUS, a rhetorician of Antioch in the third century, who wrote-1. A Sytem of Rhetoric, printed at Upsal in 1570, 8vo. 2. Fables, printed with those of Esop, Franckfort, 1610, 8vo. — Fabricius. AMAN (Peter), a German astronomer, born in Misnia in 1495. He became mathematical professor at Ingoldstadt, where he died in 1552. His chief work is eted" Astronomicum Cæsareum," prted & Ingoldstadt in folio, 1540. He so wrote 2."Cosmographia," 4to. 1529. 3 Inscriptiones sacro-sanctæ Vetustatis z, Ingolds. folio. Philip Apian, his * taught mathematics at Tubingen, where he died in 1589.-Hutton Math. Dict APICIUS, the name of three celebrated Roman gluttons. The first was cotemporary with Sylla, the second lived under Augustus and Tiberius, and the third under Trajan. The second is the most noted of these epicures. He kept a kind of school of gluttony, and spent near two millions and a half in splendid entertainments; but finding his finances reduced to $54,000 crowns, he poisoned himself for fear of starving. The third Apicius had an admirable secret of pickling oysters. The name was of such note, as to be applied to sect among cooks. There is extant a treatise De Re Culinaria," which is cribed to Cælius Apicius; it was printed at London in 1705, 8vo., and at Lubec in 1791, 8vo. Fabricius. Bib. Lat. Artox, an ancient grammarian, was a native of Egypt, and lived at Rome in the reign of Tiberius. In his " Antiquities of Egypt," he attacked the Jews, and was answered by Josephus. This was not the only evil Apion did that people, for he instigated Caligula to raise a persecution gainst them.Vossius. Bayle. APOLLINARIUS, father and son, the first was a presbyter of Alexandria in the fourth century, and wrote a history of the Hebrews in Greek heroic verse. The son, who became bishop of Laodicea, wrote a treatise against paganism which he sent to Julian, who returned it with this answer: "I have read, understood, and condemned;" to which the bishop replied, "You have read, but not understood, or you would not have condemned." He held that Christ did not take human flesh of the virgin, which opinion was condemned in two councils. He died about 382. — Mosheim. APOLLODORUS, a grammarian of Athens, who flourished B. C. 104. Three books of his on the origin of the gods are extant, the best edition of which is that of Gale, 1675. Diog. Laert. Vossius. APOLLODORUS, a famous painter at Athens, who flourished B. C. 408. He excelled in representing the human figure, and Pliny mentions two pictures by him, one of a priest of Apollo at the altar, and the other of the shipwreck of Ajax. — Pliny Nat. Hist. APOLLODORUS, a famous architect, was born at Damascus, and lived under Trajan and Adrian. He was employed by the former to build the great bridge over the Danube, and other structures. His bluntness proved his ruin, for when Adrian sent him the design of a temple of Venus, which he had just built, the architect found that it was too small for the size of the statues, and said, "that if the goddesses should have a mind to rise and go out, they could not." This sarcasm cost him his life. — Bayle. He APOLLONIUS, a Greek poet, was born at Alexandria, and educated by Callimachus, whom he treated with ingratitude. wrote a poem, in four books, on the expedition of the Argonauts. He afterwards taught rhetoric at Rhodes, and thence got the name of Rhodius. Ptolemy Euergetes made him keeper of the library at Ålexandria, where he died. His poem has been translated into English by Dr. Ekins, Francis Fawkes, and Mr. Preston. The best edition of the original is that of Oxford, 2 vols. 4to. 1777. – Suidas. Vossius. APOLLONIUS of Perga, in Pamphylia, lived at Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, B. C. 240. He was called, by way of eminence, the Geometrician. all his works only a part of his Conics Of remains, which was published by Commandinus at Bologna in 1566, and by Dr. Halley at Oxford in 1710, in folio. Numerous commentaries on his Conics have been published by modern mathematicians. · Fabricius. Hutton. APOLLONIUS (Dyscolus), a grammarian of Alexandria in the second century, who wrote a work "On Syntax," which was printed in 1495, at Venice, and again at Frankfort in 1590. There is also ascribed to him a collection of historical curiosities, printed at Basil in 1568, and at Leyden in 1620. He is not to be confounded with another grammarian of the same name, who flourished in the time of Augustus, and compiled a lexicon to Homer, which was printed at Paris in 1773, 2 vols. 4to. Nouv. Dict. Hist. He APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a philosophical empiric of Tyana in Cappadocia. professed himself a follower of Pythagoras, practised rigid abstinence, gave his property to the poor, lived in the temples, and delivered moral lectures to the people; by which course he soon acquired an extraordinary reputation. He is said to have travelled into India, Persia, and Egypt, gaining proselytes every where, and performing miracles. At length he visited Rome, where Vespasian became his dupe; but Domitian afterwards sent him to prison, though he soon obtained his release. died about the end of the first century. His life has been written by Philostratus, in such a strain of romance as scarcely to have deserved notice, yet several men of learning have spent useless pains upon it. He Apollonius is said to have been the author of some books on astrology, and auguries, which are now lost. Life of Apollonius, by Berwick, 8vo. 1810. APOLLONIUS COLLATIUS (Peter), a priest of Navarre in the 15th century, who wrote a poem on the siege of Jerusalem, which, with other poems, was published at Milan in 1692, 8vo. — Moreri. At APONO, OF ABANO (Peter de), an astrologer and physician, was born near Padua in 1250. He went when young to study Greek at Constantinople, and afterwards visited Paris, where he took his doctor's degree in medicine. He next became professor in that faculty at Padua, and gained great credit also as a practitioner. length he was accused to the inquisition of magical practices, but died before the process was finished, in 1316. He wrote-1. Hepta merou, printed at the end of Agrippa's Occult Philosophy. 2. Elucidarium Necromanticum. 3. Liber Experimentorum Mirabilium de Annulis Secundum xxviii Mansiones Lunæ. 4. De Medicina Omnimoda. 5. Geomantia, 8vo. &c. Bayle. APOSTOLIUS (Michael), a learned Greek of the 15th century, who compiled a collection of apophthegms of wise men, and APPIAN, an ancient historian, was born at Alexandria, from whence he went to Rome and became an eminent pleader. He wrote the Roman history in Greek, of which only a part remains, published at Geneva in 1592, folio, at Amsterdam in 1670, 2 vols. 8vo., and at Leipsic, in 3 vols. 8vo. 1784.- Vossius de Hist. Græc. APREECE, or RHESE (John), a learned antiquary, was born in Wales, and educated at Oxford, where, in 1534, he took the degree of bachelor of civil law. He died in the reign of queen Mary. His works are 1. Fides Historia Britanniæ, a MS. in the Cotton Library. 2. Defensio Regis Arthuri. 3. Historia Britanniæ Defensio, 1573. 4. Cambria Descriptio, 4to. 1663. 5. De Variis Antiquitatibus, &c. Wood, Athen. Oxon. APROSIO (Angelico), a monk of Genoa, who wrote a number of books, chiefly under fictitious names, but he is best known by a curious work, entitled Bibliotheca Aprosiana, Bologna, 1673. He died in 1681.- - Bayle. Moreri. APTHORP (East), a learned divine, was born in New England in 1732. He received his education at Jesus-college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1758, and obtained a fellowship. He resided some time at Cambridge, in the Massachusetts, as a missionary from the society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, but notwithstanding the liberality of his disposition, the Presbyterians made the place so disagreeable to him, that he was under the necessity of returning to London. and in 1765, archbishop Secker gave him the vicarage of Croydon. In 1778, being then D. D., he was presented to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow, but in 1793, he resigned his livings on obtaining the prebend of Finsbury in St. Paul's cathedral. Being now completely blind, he went to reside at Cambridge, where he died in 1816. Dr. Apthorp published-1. The Constitution of a Christian Church, in a Sermon preached at the opening of Christ Church at Cambridge, New England, Oct. 9. 1761, 8vo. 2. The Felicity of the Times, a sermon at the same place, on the peace, 1763, 8vo. S. The Character and Example of a Christian Woman, a sermon, 4to. 1763. 4. On Sacred Poetry and Music, a sermon, 4to. 1764. 5. Review of Dr. Mayhew's Remarks on the Answer to his Observations, 8vo. 1765. The answer to Mayhew was written by archbishop Secker. 6. A Fast Sermon, 8vo. 1777. 7. Letters on Christianity, in answer to Gibbon, 8vo. 8. The Excellency of the Liturgy of the Church of England, a sermon, 8vo. 9. A Sermon preached at the Consecration of Dr. Hallifax, Bishop of Gloucester, 4to. 10. Select Devotions for Famines, 12mo II. Discourses on Prophecy, preached at the Warburtonian Lecture, 2 vols. 8vo. 1781-Gent. Mag. AFLETS (Lucius), a Platonic philosopher in the second century, was born at Malaura, in Africa. He spent many years in travelling, but at last settled at Rome, and became eminent as an advocate. Here married a rich widow, which irritated be friends so much, that they prosecuted en the charge of having used magic to her affections. Apuleius defended mself before the proconsul in a discourse which St. Augustine calls eloquent and dovery. He composed several books, the chief of which is entitled the "Golden As," a romance. His works were printed Paris, in 1688, in 2 vols. 4to. Moreri Photius. AQUAVIVA (Andrew Mathew), duke of Arri in the kingdom of Naples, in the Exteenth century. He was a military commander of great renown, and yet devoted much time to the cultivation of letters. He ded in 1528, aged 72. His works areL An Encyclopædia, imperfect. 2. Dispetationes de Virtute Morali, 4to. 1609. De Venatione. 4. De Ancupio, &c. printed #Naples in 1519, folio, and at Basil in 47, 8vo. - Nour. Dict. Hist. AGCAVIVA (Claudius), of the same family with the preceding, was born at Naples in 142 He became a Jesuit and general of der, in which office he behaved with pradence. He died in 1615. The pop of his works are entitled-1. Indate ad curandos animæ morbos, 1603, 2. Ratio Studiorum, 1586, 8vo. This last was suppressed by the inquisition as being too liberal in its sentiments. Octavio Ap, of the same family, became arcbishop of Naples, where he died in 512, with the reputation of a pious prelate, and a patron of learning. — Ibid. AQUILA, a mathematician of Pontus, who was employed by Adrian to rebuild Jerusalem, where he embraced the Chris religion, and was baptized; but being acmmunicated for practising astrology, be turned Jew. He translated the Old Testament into Greek, of which only a few fragments remain. Eusebius. Fabricius. AQUILANO (Serafino), an Italian poet, a born at Aquila, in Abruzzo, in 1466. Hs poems were published at Rome in 1503. The sonnets are most admired. He died in 150C-MoreTi. AQUILANES (Sebastianus), a physician, as born at Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples He practised with reputation at Padua, and died there in 1543. He white some pieces on physical subjects. Μαντί AqTIAS (St. Thomas), called the AngeDoctor, was born of a noble family in catle of Aquino, in Italy, in 1224. He At the age of seventeen he entered into the society of preaching friars at Naples, against the inclination of his parents. In 1244 he went to Paris, and from thence to Cologne, where he attended the lectures of Albertus Magnus. afterwards returned to Paris, and read lectures on the book of sentences with applause; in 1255 he was created a doctor; about 1263, he went to Rome, and after teaching divinity in various universities, he settled at Naples, and obtained a pension from the king; but refused the archbishopric of Naples, which was offered him by pope Clement IV. In 1274, he was sent for to assist at the second council of Lyons, but died on the journey, at the monastery of Fossanova, near Terracina. The authority of Aquinas has always been very high in the Roman church, and he was canonized in 1323. His works, making 17 vols. folio, have been printed several times, the principal are the Summa Theologia, or Heads of Theology, the moral part of which is excellent, and the metaphysical ingenious. Hume is said to have not only studied, but copied Aquinas, without, however, acknowledging his obligations. When Thomas was at Rome, the pope showed him in his closet a vast heap of wealth, and observed, "You see, the church cannot now say, silver and gold have I none. "True," replied he, "neither can she any longer say to the sick and infirm, take up thy bed and walk." Cave. Dupin. AQUINO (Philip), a Jewish convert of the 17th century. He taught Hebrew in the royal college at Paris, corrected Le Jay's Polyglot, and compiled a Hebrew rabbinical and talmudical lexicon, with other works of considerable merit. He died in 1650. His son Louis d'Aquin became celebrated for his learning in the oriental languages, and Antoine d'Aquin, the son of Louis, died physician to Louis XIV., in 1696. — Ibid. AQUINO (Charles de), an ingenious writer, was born at Naples in 1654, and died in 1740. He was a jesuit, and a celebrated teacher of rhetoric in the college of his order, at Rome. His works are- Poemata, 3 vols. 1702. Orationes, 2 vols. 8vo. 1704. Lexicon Militaire, 2 vols. fol. 1724. Nomenclator Agriculturæ, 4to. Historical Miscellanies; and a History of the War in Hungary, 12mo. —Dict. Hist. AQUINO, OF AQUIN (Louis Claude de), a French musician, was born at Paris in 1694, and died in 1772. At the age of six he performed on the harpsichord before Louis XIV.; at eight, the celebrated Bernier said he could teach him no more, and at 12 he became organist of a church at Paris. Handel is said to have visited the French capital on purpose to hear him. Two only of his works have been published. — Ibid. AQUINO DE CHATEAU LYON (Peter Louis), son of the preceding, and a physician, died at Paris in 1797. He published-1. Contes mis en vers par un petit cousin de Rabelais, 1775, 8vo. 2. Lettres sur les hommes celebres dans les Sciences, 2 vols. 8vo. This was afterwards republished under the title of Siecle Litteraire de Louis XV. 3. Semaine Litteraire, 4 vols. 12mo. 4. Almanach Litteraire. — Ibid. ARABCHAH, a Mohammedan historian, was a native of Damascus, where he died in 1450. He wrote a history of Tamerlane, and a treatise on the divine unity. — D'Herbelot. ARABELLA (Stuart), commonly called the Lady Arabella, was the daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lenox, the younger brother of Henry Lord Darnley, father to James VI. king of Scotland, by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cavendish. She was born in 1577, at Hampstead, and received a very liberal education under the care of her grandmother, the countess of Lenox. At the age of two years she lost her father, and thereby became heiress to a large estate. As the English succession was then doubtful, many persons looked to the prospect of a union with Lady Arabella, and Thuanus says that she was betrothed privately to a son of the earl of Northumberland. This, however, rests upon no evidence, though it is certain that Elizabeth regarded the young lady with a jealous eye. On the death of that queen some malcontents formed the design of setting up Arabella Stuart in opposition to her cousin James; but this conspiracy only ended in the ruin of the contrivers. Lady Arabella herself was not concerned in it, but in 1610 she fell under the royal displeasure for marrying Mr. William Seymour, grandson of the earl of Hertford, in consequence of which she was placed under confinement at Lambeth, and her husband sent to the Tower. Shortly afterwards they both made their escape, but by different ways, and though Mr. Seymour got safe to the Continent, the lady was overtaken and shut up in the Tower, where she died in 1615. She was very accomplished, and many of her manuscript compositions are still in the possession of the Marquis of Hertford.➡ Biog. Brit. Ballards British Ladies. ARAGON (Tullia d'), an Italian poetess, was the natural daughter of Peter Tagliava d'Aragon, archbishop of Palermo, and a cardinal; himself an illegitimate descendant of the royal house of Aragon. She was beautiful, and highly accomplished by genius and education; so that it is no wonder the first scholars of the age celebrated her praises with enthusiastic admiration. In her early years she lived at Ferrara and Rome, but latterly resided at Florence, where she died at the close of the 16th century. Her works are 1. Rime, 8vo. 1547. 2. Dialogo dell' infinita d'Amore, 1547, 8vo. 3. Il Meschino, o il Guerino, 1560, 4to. — Biog. Universelbe. extraordinary talents, and no less for the ARANTIUS (Julius Cæsar), a physician, was born at Bologna in 1520. He was the disciple of Vesalius, and Bartholomew Magius. He died in 1589. He wrote De Humano Fœtu, opusculum, printed at Venice in 1595. — Haller Bibl. Anat. ARATOR, a modern Latin poet, was a native of Liguria, and patronised by Pope Vigilius, to whom he presented the Acts of the Apostles in Latin verse. This work has been printed several times. The author died in 556.- Moreri. ARATUS, a Greek poet and astronomer, was born in Cilicia, about 300 B. C. His poem entitled Phenomena, was translated by Cicero into Latin; and St. Paul quotes a passage from it in his speech to the Athenians. Grotius published it in Greek and Latin at Leyden in 1600, 4to.; but the best edition is that of Leipsic, 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. - Fabricius. ARATUS of Sicyon, son of Clynas, was born B. C. 273. He was only seven years old when his father was murdered by Abandidas, and his escape was very remarkable. In ARAM (Eugene), a man celebrated for his the confusion the child got out through the crowd, and afterwards made his way into the house of the tyrant's sister, who took compassion on him, and caused him to be brought up privately at Argos. On arriving at maturity, he determined to restore the liberty of his country, which he did without bloodshed. By his activity also he brought about the Achran league, and recovered Corinth from Antigonus of Macedon. He wrote ComTantaries of his own transactions, and died BC. 216.-Life by Plutarch. ARRAUD (Francis), sieur de Porcheres, one of the first members of the French academy, was born in Provence. He was the cholar of Malherbe, and pensioned by cardinal Richelieu. He died in 1640. His poems and paraphrase on the psalms were printed at Paris in 1653, 8vo. He had a brother named John Arbaud, who was also distinguished in his day by his poems on sa cred subjects. Gen. Dict. Hist. ARBUCKLE (James), a Scotch poet, was a ative of Glasgow; and after receiving a good education he went and settled as a schoolmaster in the north of Ireland, where he died 1734, aged 34. His poetical pieces have been collected and published in one volume. -Gen. Biog. Dict. ARETHNOT (Alexander), a Scotch dirice, was the son of baron Arbuthnot, and born in 1538. He edited Buchanan's Histary of Scotland; was a strenuous champion for the Reformation, and an encourager of learning. He died at Aberdeen in 1583. He wrote orations on the origin and dignity of the law, printed in 1572.- Biog. Brit. AETHNOT (John), a celebrated writer and physician, was born at Arbuthnot near Montrose, and educated at Aberdeen, where be took his doctor's degree, and then visited London. For some time he supported himself by teaching the mathematics; but by accidentally administering relief to prince George of Denmark, at Epsom, he became physician to his royal highness, and in 1709 was appointed physician in ordinary to queen Anne, and admitted a fellow of the college in 1714. He engaged with Pope and Swift in a scheme to write a satire on the abuse of haman learning, under the title of Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, but the death of the queen put an end to the project. In 1727 Dr. Arbuthnot published Tables of ancient Coins, Weights, and Measures, 4to. which valuable work was followed by an Essay concerning Aliments, &c. and another on the Effects of Air on Human Bodies. He died Feb. 27, 1735. In 1751 were published at Glasgow, in 2 vols. 8vo. “The Miscellaneous Works of Dr. Arbuthnot." Bog. Brit. ARC. see JoAN. ARCERE (Antony), a learned Frenchman, was a native of Marseilles. He applied to the study of the oriental languages, made a tour into the East, and returned richly furRushed with manuscripts. After this he be ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher, who succeeded Crates, and made some changes, which produced a new school called the Middle Academy. He taught a wrangling system, and seems to have been a complete sceptic. The Athenians honoured him with a public funeral, B. C. 300.- Bayle. Stanley. ARCHELAUS, king of Macedon, was the natural son of Perdiccas II. whom he succeeded after murdering his brother Alcetas. He liberally encouraged literature and the Euripides was entertained at his court, and his palace was ornamented by the pencil of Zeuxis. He died about 398, B. C. arts. ARCHILOCHUS, a Greek'satirist, was born in the Isle of Paros, about 660 B. C. The Lacedemonians laid a prohibition on his poems. He was the inventor of Iambic verses, but most of his writings are lost. Bayle. Moreri. ARCHIMEDES, one of the greatest mathematicians among the ancients, was born at Syracuse, and related to Hiero king of that place. He boasted, that if he had a place to fix his machines, he would move the earth. His method of discovering the fraud of a jeweller, discovers the singular force of his mind. Hiero suspecting that the crown he had ordered did not contain the quantity of gold which had been given to the workman, desired Archimedes to detect the cheat. His thoughts being intent upon this problem while he was in the bath, he observed that a quantity of water overflowed equal to the bulk of his body. This at once suggested to him a method of determining the question, and leaping out of the bath, he ran home, exclaiming all the way as he went, Eupηka! Evguka! I have found it-I have found it. |