lished by Erasmus, in 6 vols. folio, 1526; but the best is that of the Benedictines, at Paris, in 5 vols. folio, 1706. — Dupin. Cave. JEROME OF PRAGUE, SO called from the place of his birth. He studied in different universities, and took his doctor's degree in 1396; after which he propagated the doctrines of Huss with such zeal and success as brought upon him the vengeance of the council of Constance, and he was compelled to make a recantation; of which he soon repented, and was burnt to ashes, May 30. 1416. - Life by Gilpin. JERUSALEM (John Frederic William), a German divine, was born at Osnaburgh in 1709. He lived at Brunswick, where he was preacher to the court, and president of the consistory. He died in 1789. His works are 1. Sermons, 2 vols. 2. Letters on the Mosaic Religion and Philosophy. 3. Life of Prince Albert Henry of Brunswick. 4. Thoughts on Religion. 5. Character of Prince William Adolphus of Brunswick. 6. Thoughts on the Union of the Church. 7. A Letter on German Literature. Maty's Review. JERVAS (Charles), a painter, who studied under Kneller. He was a native of Ireland, and acquired a reputation which he did not merit, through his intimacy with Pope, who flattered him egregiously. He published a translation of Don Quixote, to which Warburton contributed an Essay on the Origin of Romance and Chivalry. Jervas died about 1740.- Gen. Biog. Dict. JESUA (Levita), a Spanish rabbi in the fifteenth century, who wrote a book, entitled "Halicoth Olam," or the ways of Eternity, as an introduction to the Talmud. It was translated into Latin, by L'Empereur, and printed at Hanover in 1714, 4to. Moreri. JEUNE (John le), a French divine, was born in 1592, at Poligni, in Franche-Comté. He became a member of the society of the Oratory, and lost his sight at the age of thirty-five. He also was twice cut for the stone; but none of his misfortunes depressed his spirits, or relaxed his ardour as a preacher. He died in 1672. He published ten volumes of sermons, and a translation of Grotius "De Veritate." - Ibid. JEWEL (John), a learned prelate, was born at Buden in the parish of Berry Narber, in Devonshire, May 24. 1522. He was educated at Barnstaple, from whence he removed to Merton-college, Oxford; but afterwards he became a scholar of Corpus Christi, where he took his degrees, and was chosen lecturer in rhetoric. In the reign of Edward VI. he made a public profession of the reformed religion, and entered into a friendship with Peter Martyr. In 1551 he took his degree of B. D., and obtained the rectory of Sunningwell, in Berkshire; but at the accession of Mary, he was obliged to secrete himself till he could get out of the kingdom. He arrived at Frankfort in 1554, and soon afterwards went to Strasburgh, where Peter Martyr had formed a kind of college, of which Jewel was chosen vice-master. After remaining four years in exile, he returned home at the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, who made him bishop of Salisbury in 1559. He now distinguished himself by preaching a sermon at Paul's Cross; in which he challenged all the Roman catholics in the world to produce one clear witness, within six hundred years after Christ, who maintained the doctrines of popery. This produced a controversy; and our author's " Apology for the Church of England," which was translated into several languages, and even Greek and Welch. Bishop Jewel died at Monkton Farley, in 1571. His memory was prodigiously re tentive, his learning universal, and his piety unostentatious. His works were printed in 1 vol. folio, 1609. — Life by Bohun, 8vo. 1685. JOACHIM, abbot of the Cistercians at Corazzo, and afterwards of Flora in Calabria. He became remarkable for his pretended prophecies in 1130; and his errors in regard to the Trinity, contained in a work, entitled "The Everlasting Gospel." Yet his Commentaries on Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Apocalypse, are in some estimation. He died in 1202.- Mosheim. JOACHIM (George). See Rheticus. JOAN OF ARC, called the maid of Orleans, was born of low parentage at Domremi, a village on the borders of Lorraine, in 1402She became a servant at an inn, where she attended the horses, and thereby acquired a robust and active constitution. At this time the affairs of France were in a deplorable state, and the city of Orleans was so closely besieged by the duke of Bedford, that its fall appeared inevitable. In this exigency Joan pretended to have received a divine commission to expel the invaders. On being introduced to the king, Charles VII, she offered to raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct his majesty to Rheims to be crowned and anointed; at the same time demanding for herself a particular sword, which was in the church of St. Catharine. After a little hesitation her request was complied with; and while the French soldiers were elated by having an inspired leader, the English were as much dismayed. Joan entered Orleans in triumph, and the coronation at Rheims followed; after which Charles caused a medal to be struck in honour of the heroine, and ennobled her family. The town of Domremi also, where she was born, was exempted from all imposts for ever. After the coronation, Joan declared that her mission was at an end, and that she should now retire to private life; but she was over persuaded to remain with the army, to cheer the soldiers by her presence. This was fatal advice; for being taken with the garri. son of Compiegne, the English, much 10 JOBERT (Louis), a Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1647, and died there in 1719. He wrote some religious treatises, and a book, entitled "La Science des Medailles," 2 vols. 12mo. Ibid. JOCONDUS, or JUCUNDUS (John), an architect, was born at Verona in the sixteenth century. He was a Dominican, and practised as an architect at Rome and at Paris, in which last city he built two bridges over the Seine. While resident there he recovered some of the epistles of Pliny the and the work of Julius Obsequens younger; on Prodigies, which he fitted for publication, and sent to Aldus, by whom they were printed in 1508. He illustrated Cæsar's Commentaries, with notes and figures. his return to Italy, he published an edition of Vitruvius. His last work was a bridge over the Adige at Verona. He died about 1530.- Tiraboschi. On JODELLE (Stephen), a French poet, was born at Paris in 1532, and died in 1573. His Latin poetry is better than his French. His works were printed at Paris, in 1574, 4to.; and at Lyons, in 1597, 12mo. — Moreri. JOHNES (Thomas), an ingenious gentleman, was born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 1748. From Shrewsbury-school he went to Eton, and afterwards to Jesus-college, Oxford, where he took his degree of master of arts, in 1783. Previous to this he had made the tour of Europe, and was elected into parliament for the borough of Cardigan. He was also appointed auditor for the principality of Wales, and colonel of the Caermarthenshire militia. In 1795 he was returned knight of the shire for the county of Radnor. He devoted much attention to the improvement of his estates at Hafod, in Cardiganshire, where he planted an immense number of trees, and built an elegant house, which was enriched by a most valuable library; and he had also a printing press, from whence issued several elegant productions. In 1807 this mansion was destroyed by fire, while the owner was in London. In 1811 Mr. Johnes experienced a more severe loss in the death of his favourite daughter, from the effects of which shock he never recovered. He died April 24. 1816. His publications are 1. A Cardiganshire Landlord's Advice to his Tenants. 2. Palaye's Memoirs of Froissart translated from the French, 4 vols. 4to. 3. The Chronicles of Sir John Froissart, 4 vols. 4to. and 10 vols. 8vo. 4. Translation of De Joinville's Memoirs of St. Louis, 2 vols. 4to. 5. Travels of Bertrandon de la Broc quiere in Palestine, 8vo. 6. The Chronicles of Monstrelet, with notes, 4 vols 4to. - Annual Biog. JOHNSON (Charles), a dramatic writer, was originally a member of the law, which profession he quitted for theatrical composition, in which he experienced considerable success. He also kept a coffee-house in Coventgarden, by which he gained a competency. He died in 1748. His dramatic pieces are enumerated in the Biographia Dramatica. JOHNSON (John), a learned divine, was born at Frindsbury, in Kent, in 1662. He went from King's school, Canterbury, to Magdalen-college, Cambridge; but afterwards removed to a scholarship in Corpus-Christi college, where he took his master's degree in 1685. In 1687 he was collated to the vicarage of Boughton, in his native county, with which he held that of Hern-hill by sequestration. In 1697 he obtained the living of St. John, in the isle of Thanet, to which the town of Margate belongs, and soon afterwards was presented to that of Appledore. In 1707 he was inducted to the vicarage of Cranbrook, where he died in 1725. His works are-1. Holy David and his old English Translations cleared, in a Paraphrase on the Psalter, 8vo. 2. The Clergyman's Vade Mecum, 2 vols. 3. The Propitiatory Oblation in the Eucharist, 8vo. 4. The Unbloody Sacrifice, 2 vols. 5. A collection of Ecclesiastical Laws, 2 vols. 6. Miscellaneous discourses and sermons, 2 vols. — Life by Brett. JOHNSON (Maurice), an able antiquary, was born at Spalding, in Lincolnshire, and bred to the law in the Inner Temple; after which he settled at his native place, where he formed, in 1717, a literary society, whose object was to cultivate the knowledge of English antiquities. He died in 1755. He collected large memoirs for a History of Carausius; and some of his communications are in the collection of the Antiquarian Society. — Nichols's Bowyer. He JOHNSON (Samuel), an English divine, was born in Warwickshire in 1649. was educated at St. Paul's school, and next at Trinity-college, Cambridge, which he left without a degree. The only ecclesiastical preferment he ever obtained, was the small rectory of Corringham, in Essex, where he did not reside, but settled in London, as a place more suited to his disposition for politics, which brought him acquainted with lord William Russell, who made him his chaplain. In 1682 he printed a book, entitled "Julian, the Apostate;" for which he was prosecuted in the King's Bench, and fined five hundred marks. After this he went on printing tracts against popery and arbitrary power; especially in the reign of James II., for one of which, " An Address to the Army," he was degraded, condemned to the pillory, to pay a fine, and to be publicly whipped. After the Revolution, his degree, but could not obtain that of master on account of his Arian principles. Notwithstanding this he took possession of the rectory of Rossington, and was presented to the mastership of Wigston's hospital in Leicester, where he died with the character of a learned but troublesome man, May 12. 1763. He wrote some tracts on the Trinity; a Defence of Human Liberty; four tracts in Defence of Human Reason; a Treatise on the Existence and Unity of God; an Address to the Deists; and Chronological Antiquities, 3 vols. 4to. Life by Sutton. JACKSON (Joseph), a letter-founder, was born in London in 1733. He served his time to Caslon, and afterwards made such improvements in casting types as enabled him to set up for himself in Dorset-street, where he died in 1792. He cast the types for the Domesday Book, and the Alexandrian New Testament. Nichols's Bowyer. JACKSON (Thomas), a learned divine, was born at Willowing, in the bishopric of Durham, in 1579. He received his educa. tion at Queen's college, Oxford, from whence he removed to Corpus Christi, where he obtained a fellowship, and took his doctor's degree in 1622. He then was presented to the vicarage of Newcastle, where he laboured some years with great diligence; but in 1630, on being elected president of his college, he resigned that living. In 1635 he was made prebendary of Winchester, and three years afterwards dean of Peterborough. He died in 1640. His works, the principal of which is a Commentary on the Creed, were printed in 3 vols. folio, in 1672. Wood. JACKSON (William), a musical composer and ingenious writer, was born at Exeter in 1790. He studied under Travers, an eminent musician in London; after which he returned to his native city, where, in 1777, he became organist of the cathedral. He died there in 1803. As a composer of plaintive melodies, he stands pre-eminent. He had also a fine taste for the arts, and his literary productions are very respectable. The titles of these are 1. Thirty Letters on various Subjects. 2. On the Present State of Music, 12mo. 3. The Four Ages, 8vo. Rees's Cyclopædia. JACOB (Ben Hajim), a rabbi of the sixteenth century, who published the Masora at Venice, in 1525, in 4 vols. folio, with the text of the Bible, the Chaldee Paraphrase, and the Rabbinical Commentaries. mon's Crit. Dict. Si JACOB (Giles), a dramatic and law writer, was born at Romsey, in Hampshire, in 1686. He was bred an attorney; after which he became steward to a gentleman of fortune. He died in 1744. As a dramatist he wrote two comedies, called "Love in a Wood;" and "The Soldier's last Stake." But though he had no merit in this line, he gained some credit by his "Poetical Re gister, or Lives and Characters of the English Dramatic Poets," 2 vols. 8vo. His law publications are very voluminous; but only one of them is now in request, viz. "The New Law Dictionary," in folio. - Gen Biog. Dict. JACOB (Henry), a sectary, was a native of Kent, and educated at St. Mary-hall, Oxford. After being precentor of Corpus Christi-college, he obtained the living of Cheriton in his native county; but on publishing, in 1604, "Reasons proving the necessity of Reforming our Churches in England," he found it expedient to withdraw into Holland. After his return he established a separate congregation on independent principles; but in 1624 he went to Virginia, where he died. His works, though numerous, are scarce, and wholly controver sial. — Wood. JACOB (Henry,) son of the preceding, was born about 1607. He was educated at Leyden under Erpenius, and made a great progress in oriental literature. In 1629 he was incorporated bachelor of arts, at Oxford, and became probationer fellow of Mertoncollege, where also he was made reader of philology. He was likewise amanuensis to Selden, who has paid him a handsome compliment in one of his works. In 1686 he was created master of arts; and in 1641 elected superior beadle of divinity. Soon after this he was admitted to the degree of bachelor of physic; but was expelled by the parliamentary visitors; on which he retired to London, and next to Canterbury, where he died very poor in 1652. His printed works are few; but he left a number of manuscripts on curious subjects, as the origin of letters and eastern antiquities. Wood says, that he was the author of the "Delphi Phonicizantes," published by Dr. Dickinson. - Biog. Brit. JACOB (Lewis), a French writer, was born at Chalons sur Saone in 1608. He became a Carmelite, and distinguished himself by his bibliographical researches. In 1639 he went to Rome to collect materials for his "Bibliotheca Pontifica," which he printed in 1642. On his return to Paris he became librarian to cardinal de Retz, and afterwards to president de Harlay. He was councillor and almoner to the king. He died in 1670. His other works are1. Traité des plus belles Bibliothèques du Monde. 2. Bibliotheca Parisiana, 4to. 3. De Claris Scriptoribus Cabilonensibus, 4to. 4. Bibliotheca Gallica. Morers. also 5. - Moreri. Compendium Institutionum Medicorum. JACOMB (Thomas), a nonconformist divine, was born in Leicestershire in 1622, and educated at Magdalen-hall, Oxford, from whence he removed to Cambridge, where he became fellow of Trinity-college. In the Rebellion he obtained the living of St. Martin, Ludgate; but being ejected from it in 1662, he was taken into the family of the countess of Exeter, where he died in 1687. Dr. Jacomb wrote a Commentary on the 8th of the Romans; a Treatise of Holy Dedication; and sermons. He had also a share in the Continuation of Pool's Annotations. - Calamy. JACQUIER (Francis), a learned Jesuit and mathematician, was born at Vitry in 1711, and died at Rome in 1788. His works are -1. Newtoni principia mathematica, 4 vols. 4to. 2. Institutiones philosophicæ, 5 vols. 12mo. 3. Kiflessoni sovra alcune difficolta spettanti i danni della cuppola di S. Pietro, 4to. 4. Descrizione d'un istrumento per far conogni facilita orologi solari. 5. Trattato di Algebra. - Dict. Hist. See Lasœur. JADELOT (Nicolas), a French physician, was born at Nancy in 1736, and died there in 1793. He wrote-1. Picture of Animal Economy, 8vo. 2. A Course of Anatomy, folio. 3. Physica hominis sani, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. A Pharmacopoeia for the Poor, 8vo. - • Dict. Hist. JAEGER (John Wolfgang), a Lutheran divine, was born at Stutgard in 1647. He became preacher of the cathedral in his native city, chancellor of the university, and provost of the church of Tubingen. He died in 1720. His principal works are1. Ecclesiastical History compared with Profane. 2. A Compendium of Divinity. 3. JACOPONE (Da Todi), an Italian poet, The Life of Spinoza. Ibid. whose real name was Jacopo de Benedetti, JAGO (Richard), a poet, was born at Beauwas born at Todi, of a noble family. On desert, in Warwickshire, of which place his fabeing left a widower he distributed his pro- ther was rector, in 1715. He was educated at perty among the poor, and entered into the the school of Solihull, after which he became order of Minorites as a servitor. He was a servitor in University-college, Oxford, the friend of Dante, and died in 1306. He where he took his master's degree in 1738. composed sacred Canticles, Latin poems, He was presented to the living of Harbury and the famous Stabat Mater. His works in 1746, to which was added that of Ches were printed at Venice, in 1617, 4to. terton, and next the vicarage of Snittersfield Tiraboschi. in Warwickshire. In 1771 he obtained the rectory of Kimcote in Leicestershire; but died at Snittersfield in 1781. His principal poem is entitled " Edge Hill;" and an entire edition of his works was printed in 1784. He also published two sermons. — - Gen. Biog. Dict. JACQUELOT (Isaac), a protestant divine, was born in 1647 at Vassy, of which place his father was minister, to whom he became assistant at the age of twenty-one. On the revocation of the edict of Nantes he went to Heidelberg, next to the Hague, and lastly to Berlin, where he obtained a pension, and died in 1708. His works are-1. Traité de l'existence de Dieu, 4to. 2. Dissertations sur le Messie, 8vo. 3. Conformité de la Foi avec la Raison. 4. Examen de la Theologie de M. Bayle. 5. Reponse aux entrétiens composé par M. Bayle. 6. Traité de l'inspiration des Livres Sacrés, 8vo. 7. Avis sur la Tableaux du Socinianisme. 8. Sermons, 2 vols. Chaufepie. JACQUET (Louis), was born at Lyons in 1732. He entered into orders, and became a member of the Academy of Sciences in his native city, where he died in 1793. His works are 1. Parallele des tragiques Grecs et François, 12mo. 2. "Idée des quatres Concours." This is a pamphlet upon Ra He JAILLOT (Alexis-Hubert), geographer to the French king, was at first a sculptor, but on marrying the daughter of a map-colourer, he turned his attention to geography. engraved many of the maps of the Sansons, particularly those of France; but that of Lorraine is supposed to be his best. He died in 1780. His work, entitled, Recherches critiques, historiques, et topographiques, sur la Ville de Paris, 5 vols. 8vo. 1772, is a curious book. - Dict. Hist. JAMBLICHUS, a native of Chalcis in Cœlo. syria, who flourished at the beginning of the fourth century of the Christian era. He was the disciple of Anatolius and Porphyry, from whom he learnt the mysteries of the Plotinian system of philosophy, which he taught with reputation, though he clothed it in obscure terms. He died about the year 333. He wrote-1. The Life of Pythagoras. 2. An Exhortation to the Study of Philosophy. 3. Three Books on Mathematical Learning. 4. Commentary on Nicomachus' Institutes of Arithmetic. 5. A Treatise on the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians; the best editions of which are those of Aldus, fol., 1497; Gale, in Greek and Latin, folio, 1678, Oxon; and Kuster, Amsterdam, 1707, 4to. - Fabricius Bibl. Græc. JAMES I., king of Scotland, was born in 1394. At the age of eleven his father sent him to France; but, falling into the hands of the English, he and his retinue were confined in the Tower, where, however, the young prince received an excellent education. After an imprisonment of eighteen years, James was sent home to Scotland, having previously married Joanna Beaufort, daughter of the duchess of Clarence. He was murdered by his uncle, Walter earl of Athol, and Robert Graham, Feb. 20. 1437. James was skilled in music, and an excellent poet. His melodies are still popular; and many of his pieces have been printed in different collections, though an entire edition of his works is wanting. Park's Royal and Noble Au thors. JAMES VI., king of Scotland, and first of England, was the son of the unfortunate Mary, by her cousin lord Darnley, and born at Edinburgh, in June 1566. He had Buchanan for his instructor, who, when accused of having made his pupil a pedant, replied, "That he could do nothing better with him." The talents of James, however, have been much undervalued; for, though dogmatical and superstitious, his learning was extensive, and he had strong powers of mind, when divested of prejudice. In 1589 he married Anne, daughter of Frederick king of Denmark, whom he fetched himself from Copenhagen, and, while there, visited Tycho Brahe. In 1600, while hunting, an attempt was made to seize his person by the earl of Gowrie, who, with his brother, was slain, and the king escaped unhurt. In 1603 he succeeded to the English throne; and, the year following, was held in his presence the Hampton Court conference, between the divines of the established church and the Puritans, which terminated in favour of the former. The next year a plot was formed by some desperate Romanists to blow up the king and parliament, at the opening of the session; but it was providentially detected; as also was a conspiracy entered into by lord Cobham and others, to place Arabella Stuart on the throne. The death of Raleigh was the greatest blot on the character and reign of James, who also lessened his popularity by undertaking the defence of the protestants in Germany, and then abandoning their cause. He died in March 1625. James was an able scholastic, and wrote some books of no ordinary merit, especially the "Basilicon Doron ;" and the "True Law of Free Monarchies ;" but he subjected himself to ridicule by his "Demonology, or Treatise on Witchcraft ;" and his "Counterblast to Tobacco." Some of his poems are far from contemptible. All his works have been printed in one volume, folio. Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors. JAMES (Thomas), a learned divine, was born in 1571, at Newport, in the Isle of Wight. He was educated at Winchesterschool, and next at New-college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1599 he published the " Philobiblion" of Richard of Durham, for which he was made keeper of the Bodleian library. In 1614 he took his doctor's degree, was promoted to the subdeanery of Wells, and the rectory of Mongeham, in Kent. Dr. James next undertook to collate the manuscripts of the fathers and ecclesiastical writers; but the design failed for want of encouragement. He died at Oxford in 1629. His principal publications are 1. Catalogus Librorum in Bibl. Bodleiana, 4to. 2. Concordantiæ S. S. Patrum, 4to. 3. Apology for John Wickliffe. 4. A Treatise on the Corruption of the Scriptures, Councils, and Fathers, 4to. 5. The Jesuits' Downfall, 4to. 6. Index librorum prohibitorum à pontificiis, 8vo., &c.Wood. JAMES (Richard), nephew of the preceding, was born at Newport in 1592. He became a scholar of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, and obtained a fellowship. After entering into orders, and proceeding to the degree of bachelor in divinity, he went to Russia, though in what capacity does not appear. He was well skilled in the northern languages, and had so general a knowledge of books, that sir Robert Cotton committed to him the care of his library. He died very poor in 1638. Besides Latin and English sermons, he wrote a poem on the death of sir Robert Cotton; Observations made in Russia; and several pieces on subjects of antiquity. — Ibid. He JAMES (Robert), a physician, was born at Kinverston, in Staffordshire, in 1705, and educated at St. John's college, Oxford; after which he practised as a physician at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingham. next removed to London, and became a licentiate of the college of physicians; but his chief dependence was on the booksellers for some years. He published an excellent Commentary on the Pentateuch, in folio; and, in 1743, a Medical Dictionary, S vois folio. His other works were a translation of "Ramazzani de morbis Artificum;" the Practice of Physic, 2 vols. 8vo; a Treatise on Canine Madness; and a Dispensatory, In 1755 he was honoured with the degree of doctor of physic at Cambridge, by manda |