ADIANUS (Joachim), a physician, was He became professor of the belles-lettres at Vienna; and, in 1514, was honoured with the poetical crown. He took his doctor's degree in 1518, and practised with reputation at St. Gal, where he was elected senator. He died in

VADIANUS (Joachim), a.

1551. His principal works are1. An edition of Pomponius Mela. 2. Scholia in Plinii Nat. Hist. 3. De obscuris Verborum significationibus. — Melch. Adam.

VAHL (Martin), a botanist, was born at Bergen, in Norway, in 1749. He became lecturer in the botanical garden at Copen hagen, and, in 1783, went on his travels through Europe. On his return, he was appointed professor of botany at Copenhagen, where he died in 1804. He published,1. Flora Danica, 6 vols. 2. Symbolæ Bo tanicæ, 3 vols. 3. Ecloga Americanæ, 2 vols. 4. Decades Iconum, 3 vols. 5. Enumeratio Plantarum, 2 vols. - Dict. Hist.

VAILLANT (John Foy), a medallist, was born at Beauvais, in 1632. He took the degree of doctor of physic, but quitted that profession for the study of antiquities, and was employed by Colbert to travel in quest of medals for the royal cabinet. In 1674, he sailed from Marseilles for Italy, but was taken by the Algerines, and kept in slavery about five months, when he obtained his liberty, and twenty medals which had been taken from him. On his voyage home, the ship was chaced by another corsair, and Vaillant, dreading the loss of his medals, swallowed them. A sudden gale of wind, however, carried the vessel safe from the enemy, and he landed with his cargo, of which he was cleared in the course of nature. After this, he made another voyage as far as Persia. He died in 1706. His works are1. Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum præstantiora a Jul. Cæsare ad Posthumum et tyrannos, 2 vols. 4to. 2. Seleucidarum imperium, ad fidem Numismatum accommodatum, 4to. 3. Numismata ærea Imperatorum, 2 tom. fol. 4. Numismata Imperatorum et Cæsarum, fol. 5. Historia PtoJer ypti regum, &c. fol. 6. Num

VAL

mi antiqui familiarium Romanarum, 2 tom. fol. 7. Arsacidarum imperium, 4to. 8. 4chæmenidarum imperium, 4to. His son, John Francis Vaillant, was born at Romne in 1665, and took the degree of doctor in physic at Paris, in 1691. He died in 1708. He wrote a tract on coffee, and some pieces on medallic history.- Chaufepie.

VAILLANT (Sebastian), a botanist, was born in 1669, at Vigny, near Pontoise. He was first a musician, next a surgeon, and afterwards secretary to Fagon, physician to Louis XIV. By the interest of his patron he became director of the Royal Gardens, where he was made professor and demonstrator of plants. He was also keeper of the Cabinet of Drugs, and a member of the Academy of Sciences. He died in 1722. His works are-1. Remarks on Tournefort's Institutions. 2. Essay on the structure of flowers. S. Botanicon Parisiense, fol. - Ibid.

VAISSETTE (Joseph), an historian, was born in 1685, at Gaillac, in Agenois. He was first a lawyer, and afterwards a Benedictine, in the abbey of St. Germain des Prés, where he died in 1756. He wrote the " History of Languedoc," 5 vols. fol., also a “Universal Geography," 4 vols. 4to. and a trestise on the "Origin of the French Monchy."-Dict. Hist.

VALDES, OF VALDESSO (John), a Spanish reformer, who served as a soldier under Charles V. and was knighted; but he quitted the army, and retired to Naples, where he formed a religious sect, and died in 1540. He wrote commentaries on the Scriptures; but is best known by his "Considerations on a religious life," which were translated into English by Nicholas Ferrar, and printed at Oxford in 1638.- Gen. Dict.

VALENTINE (Basil), an alchemist, of whose real name or history little is known. He is said to have been born at Erfurth, in 1394 and that he was a Benedictine monk, who, in making experiments on the stibium of the ancients, discovered the properties of antimony. The works which pass under bes name were written in Dutch, and translates!

into Latin.

One of these, entitled, "Curfus triumphalis Antimonii," has been published in English. - Eloy, Hist. Med.

VALENTINUS, the founder of a sect called by his name, was an Egyptian, and educated at Alexandria. Being disappointed of the episcopal dignity, he became an opponent of the orthodox faith, and created great confusion at Rome, for which he was excommunicated. He then went to Cyprus, where he is supposed to have died, after having abjured his errors, A. D. 160. His doctrine was a refinement of the Gnostic heresy.-Mosheim.

VALENTINUS (Michael Bernard), a physician, was born at Giessen, in Germany, in 1657. He became professor of medicine at his native place, and died there in 1726. His works are 1. Historia simplicium reformata. 2. Amphitheatrum Zootomicum, 3 vols. fol. 3. Medicina Nova-antiqua, 4to. 4. Cynosura Materia Medicæ, 3 vols. 5. Viridarium reformatum, fol. 6. Corpus Juris Medico-legale, fol. 7. Praxis Medicinæ infallibilis. 8. Armamentarium Naturæ sympatheticum, 4to. He wrote his own life in verse.- Mangeti Bibl.

VALERIANUS (Pierius), or VALERIANO (Bolzani), was born at Belluno, in the state of Venice, about 1477. His uncle, Urbanus Bolzanius, gave him a liberal education, by which he profited so well as to become one of the most learned men of his age. Pope Leo X. placed his two nephews under him; and when one of them attained the tiara, he offered to make his preceptor a bishop, but he refused the dignity, and contented himself with the situation of apostolic notary. He died in 1558. He wrote corrections of Virgil; a treatise on Hieroglyphics; another on the Miseries of the Learned; and two volumes of Latin Poems.-Tiraboschi.

VALIERO (Augustine), a cardinal, born at Venice, in 1531. He became professor of philosophy in his native city; and, in 1565, was made bishop of Verona, which diocese he governed so well, that Gregory XIII. raised him to the purple. He died in 1606. His principal works are-1. De Rhetorica Ecclesiastica. 2. De Cautione adhibenda in edendis Libris. — Ibid.

VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Latin historian, was a native of Rome, and lived in the reign of Tiberius, to whom he dedicated his work, entitled, "Libri novem factorum dictorumque memorabilium;" the first printed edition of which is that of Mentz, in 1471; and the last that of Torrenius, at Leyden, in 2 vols. 4to, 1726. Fabricius Bib. Lat.

VALESIUS (Henry), or Henry de Valois, a learned writer, was born at Paris in 1603. He studied under Petavius and Sirmond; after which he applied to the law, and frequented the bar seven years, when the death of his father enabled him to follow his inclination to literary pursuits. After publishing some learned works, particularly the "Ex

cerpta" from the Greek historians, made by the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and an edition of "Ammianus Marcellinus," he was employed in printing the Ecclesiastical Historians, with notes, which he ac complished in a manner that gave universal satisfaction. In 1660, he was appointed historiographer of France; and, in 1662, he became blind, notwithstanding which he married a young woman, by whom he had seven children. He died in 1676. His brother, Adrian de Valois, was born at Paris, in 1607, was also honoured with the title of historiographer of France, and died in 1692. His principal works are- 1. Gesta Francorum, seu de rebus Francicis, 3 vols. fol. 2. Notitia Galliarum, fol. Moreri.

VALINCOUR (John Baptist du Trousset de), a French writer, was born in 1653, at St. Quintin, in Picardy. He became historiographer to the king, secretary of the royal closet, and a member of the Academy. He died in 1730. His works are-" A Critique on the romance of the Princess of Cleves;" a" Life of Francis de Lorraine, duke of Guise;" and " Observations upon the Edipus of Sophocles."-Dict. Hist.

VALLA (George), a physician, was born at Picenza. He became professor of the belles-lettres at Venice; but, having offended the Duke of Milan, he was sent to prison, and suffered very much during his confinement. He died about 1500. His works are- 1. De tuenda Sanitate per Vic2. Commentaries on Cicero, Horace, Juvenal, &c. 3. A Comment on Pliny's Natural History. 4. De expetendis et fugiendis rebus, 2 vols. fol. Tiraboschi.

tum.

VALLA (Laurence), a learned writer, was born at Rome in 1407. He read lectures on rhetoric at Pavia, and next at Milan, where he was patronized hy Alphonsus, king of Arragon and Naples, who employed him to write the life of his father Ferdinand; and protected him from the inquisition, when that tribunal was about to punish him for heresy. Valla also found a powerful friend in pope Nicholas V. who invited him to Rome, where he was made professor of rhetoric, and received a pension. He afterwards became a canon of St. John Lateran, and secretary and apostolical writer to the pope. He died in 1457. Valla was a man of great genius and erudition, but arrogant and quarrelsome. His principal works are, a Latin translation of Homer; notes on Livy; a translation of Thucydides; another of Herodotus; illustrations of the New Testament; and, above all the rest, his " Elegantiæ Linguæ Latina," printed at Rome, in 1471, fol. and at Paris, in 1542, 4to.— Ibid.

VALLE (Peter de la), a traveller, was a native of Rome. He set out for the east in 1614, and did not return till 1626. He died in 1652. The Italian account of his travels in Egypt, Turkey, Persia, and India, was

printed in 1662, in 4 vols. 4to. There is a French translation in 4 vols. 4to. and one in English in 2 vols. fol. Moreri. VALLISNIERI (Antonio), a physician, was born in Modena, in 1661. He became professor of medicine at Padua, physician to the emperor, and a chevalier. He died in 1730. His works on natural history and physic were printed at Venice in 1733, 3 vols. fol. Chaufepie.

VALMONT DE BOMARE (James Christopher), a naturalist, was born at Rouen in 1731. He was intended for the law, which he relinquished to indulge his inclination for natural history, on which science he read lectures at Paris, where he died in 1807. His works are - 1. Catalogue d'un Cabinet d'Histoire Naturelle. 2. Nouvelle Exposition du règne minerale, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. Dictionnaire raisonné universel d'histoire naturelle. 15 vols. 8vo. Dict. Hist.

VANBRUGH (Sir John), a poet and architect, was born in London. His father was comptroller of the treasury-chamber under Charles II. and his mother the daughter of Sir Dudley Carleton. At an early age he had an ensign's commission, though it does not appear that he remained long in the army. In 1697, he brought out his comedy of "The Relapse," which was followed the next year by the "Provoked Wife," and "Esop." Vanbrugh now associated with Betterton and Congreve in building a theatre in the Haymarket, which was opened in 1707; but the speculation did not answer the expectations of the proprietors. Here Vanbrugh produced his "Confederacy," a comedy, the dramatic merit of which could not atone for its licentiousness. In the latter part of his life, he was sorry for that immorality in his scenes which laid him open to the censure of Jeremy Collier. It is not known when or how he began to be an architect; but notwithstanding the ridicule thrown upon him by the wits, competent Fudges allow that he had both science and taste, of which the buildings of Blenheim and Castle-Howard are proofs. In 1704, Vanbrugh was appointed Clarencieux king at arms, and in 1714 he was knighted; soon after which he was made comptroller of the royal works, and surveyor of the hospital at Greenwich. He died March 26. 1725-6; and his lady in 1776, aged 90. Cibber's

Lives. VAN

terature; and he also became a preacher among the Mennonites or Baptists; but afterwards he studied medicine, and became physician to the hospital at Haerlem, where he died in 1708. His works are-1. Dis sertations on the Heathen Oracles in Latin, of which Fontenelle published an abstract in French. 2. The Origin and Progress of Idolatry. 3. Dissertatio super Aristeas, de 70 interpretibus, 4to.- Moreri.

VANDER-LINDEN (John Antonides), a physician, was born at Enckhuysen in Halland in 1609. He studied at Franeker,

where he took his doctor's degree in 1630. On the death of his father, who was a physician at Amsterdam, he succeeded him in his practice till 1639, when be accepted the professorship at Franeker; but in 1651, be removed to Leyden, where he died in 1664. He published an edition of Celsus, and another of Hippocrates in Greek and Latin; besides which he wrote several works on medical subjects. Eloy, Hist. de Medicine.

VANDER-MONDE, a mathematician, with whose christian name we are not acquainted. He was born at Paris in 1735. Little is known of his early life, but in 1771, be was admitted a member of the academy of sciences, a situation which he merited by his theory of equations, and other memoirs in the higher branches of mathematics. He, however, disgraced himself in the revolution, by joining with Robespierre and his sanguinary associates. He died in 1796. Elage by La Cepede.

VANDERVELDE (William), called the Old, a painter, was born at Leyden in 1610. He excelled in marine subjects, and on settling in London, received a pension from Charles II. Vandervelde, however, gained no credit by conducting the English fleet to the coast of Holland, where the town of Schelling was destroyed. He took sketches of the great fight between the Duke of York and the Dutch admiral Opdam, when the latter was blown up with all his crew. On this occasion, Vandervelde sailed between the hostile fleets in a light skiff to mark their positions and observe their operations. He died in London in 1693. His son, William, called the Young, was born at Amsterdam in 1633. He studied under Simon de Vlieger, whom he soon surpassed, as he did every artist in his line. His finest pictures are in England. He died in 1707- Walpole. Pilkington.

VANDYCK (Sir Anthony), an illustrious painter, was born at Antwerp, March 28 1598-9. His father was a merchant, and his mother, Cornelia Kersboom, was a painter of flowers. Van Balen was his first master, but afterwards he became the favourite pupil of Rubens, who advised him to apply wholly to portrait, and to visit Italy. Accordingly, he set out for that country, where he studied the colouring of Tinan with such success as to excel Rubens in his

invited him to Rome, and for his picture of Simon the Magician gave him the order of knighthood. He died in 1610. — Pilkington. VAN SWIETEN (Gerard), a celebrated physician, was born at Leyden, May 7. 1700. He studied under Boerhaave, and in 1725 took his doctor's degree; yet still continued to attend the lectures of his preceptor, with whom he became an associate. But though Van Swieten added to the reputation of the university, he was deprived of his office for being a Roman Catholic; on which he removed to Vienna, where he was appointed first physician to the court, and created a baron of the empire. Here he laid the foundation of a medical school, established chemical lectures in one of the hospitals, enlarged the botanical garden, and prevailed upon the government to rebuild the university. He died June 18. 1772. His principal work is entitled "Commentaria in Hermanni Boerhaavi Aphorismos;" 5 vols. 4to. Eloy, Hist. Med.

VARCHI (Benedict), an Italian writer, was born at Florence in 1502. In the civil commotions of his country, he took part against the Medici family, for which he was banished; but Cosmo recalled him; and Varchi, out of gratitude, became an advocate for monarchy. This so irritated the opposite party, that they way-laid the author, and left him weltering in his blood. On his recovery he embraced the ecclesiastical state. He died in 1565. His history of Florence was not published till 1721; and another edition was printed at Milan in 1803, in 3 vols. 8vo. He also wrote an elegant work on the Italian language, entitled "L'Ercolano." Tiraboschi.

VARENIUS (Bernard), a Dutch physician, of whom nothing more is known than that he wrote a description of Japan and Siam, in Latin; also a valuable system of geography, on scientific principles, which has been published in English, in 2 vols. 8vo. He died in 1660. - Moreri.

VARIGNON (Peter), a mathematician, was born at Caen in Normandy, in 1654. He became geometrician in the academy, and professor in the college of Mazarine, where he died in 1722. Besides papers in the memoirs of the academy, he published 1. Projet d'une nouvelle Méchanique. 2. Des nouvelles Conjectures sur la Pesanteur. 3. Nouvelle Méchanique en Statique, 2 vols. 4to. 4. Un Traité du mouvement et de la Mesure des Eaux courantes, 4to. 5. Eclaircissement sur l'Analyse des Infinimentpetits. 6. De Cahiers de Mathématiques, ou Elémens de Mathématiques. 7. Une

Demonstration de la possibilité de la Presence réelle du Corps de J. Christ. dans l'Euchsriste. - Moreri.

VARILLAS (Anthony), a French writer, was born at Gueret in 1624. He obtained a place in the royal library, where he wo employed in collating manuscripts; but gave so little satisfaction to his superiors, that he was dismissed with a pension. He died in 1696. Varillas was a lively but unfaithful compiler, and none of his works are to be depended upon. The principal 1. A History of France, from Louis XI. to Henry IV. 2. Les Anecdotes de Florence. 3. Histoire des Révolutions arrivées et Europe en matière de Religion. This last is a libel on the reformation. — Ibid.

are

VAROLI (Constantius), an Italian anato mist, was born at Bologna in 1542. He was appointed first physician to Greg XIII.; and he also lectured at Rome, with great reputation. He had uncommon satcess in lithotomy, and other surgical oper ations. He died in 1575. His works ar -1. Anatomiæ, sive de resolutione Corporis humani, 8vo. 2. De Nervis Opticis Eloy, Hist. Med.

VARRO (Marcus Terentius), a learned Roman, was born 28 B. C. He was the friend of Cicero, and they dedicated thr works to each other. Varro attached inself to the party of Pompey, and was pro scribed; but returned to Rome, and ded there in his ninetieth year, A. D. 61. H is called the most learned of the Roman and his works were very numerous. principal of those remaining are — 1. "Ik Lingua Latina," printed first at Rome ia 1471. 2. "De Re Rustica;" of which there is an English translation, by Owen. His works, with notes, were printed by Henry Stephens, in 1573, 8vo. Virgil male great use of Varro in his Georgics. - Fabr

cius Bibl. Lat.

The

VARRO (Atacinus), a Latin poet, was born B. C. 18, near Narbonne. His works are, a poem on the war with the Sequani; As tronomics; and the Argonautics, tran-lated from Apollonius Rhodius. — l'assius Pre. Lat.

VASARI (George), an Italian painter and writer, was born at Arezzo in 1512. He studied under Michael Angelo, Andres del Sarto, and other masters; after which he was patronized by the Medici family Florence, where cardinal Farnese emplovs him in writing the lives of artists, which be published, in 1550, with the title of de piu eccellenti Pittori, Scultori et Ar chitetti," in 2 vols., reprinted in 1571, 3 vols. 4to., and in subsequent edmens i 7 vols. Vasari died in 1574. — Trak

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VASSOR (Michael le), a French writer. was born at Orleans. He was a member of the congregation of the Oratory, where he éstinguished himself by his learning, and re by the singularity of his character. in N