ed fatal at Brundusium, Sept. 22. B. C. 18. His remains were interred near Naples; and this epitaph, dictated by himself, was inscribed on his tomb:

Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet

nune

Parthenope: cecini Pascua, Rura, Duces.

The best editions of Virgil are those of Masvicius at Leuwarden, 2 vols. 4to. 1717; Burman, Amsterdam, 4 vols. 4to. 1746; and Heyne, London, in 1793. We have several translations of this great poet; the most popular of which are, Dryden's, Pitt's, and Warton's; but one, combining their several excellencies, with substantial improvements, and a most valuable commentary, has recently been published by John Ring, esq., in 2 vols. 8vo. - Biog. Classica.

VISCONTI (Ennius Quirinus), an Italian antiquary, was born at Rome, in 1753. His father, John Baptist Visconti, was keeper of the Pontifical Museum; and under him the son imbibed a taste for antiquarian research, which was encouraged by several cardinals and princes. His greatest work is "A Description of the Museum Pio-Clementinum;" in which he has explained a vast number of obscure inscriptions, medals, and basso-relievos. When the French carried off the ancient monuments, and works of art, to Paris, M. Visconti was called thither, and appointed keeper of the museum. There also he published his "Iconographie Grecque et Romaine;" which, however, he did not live to complete. He died in 1818. - Eloge by Rochette.

VITALIS (Ordericus), an English historian, was born at Shrewsbury, in 1075, and edu cated in Normandy, where he entered into the monastic state, and the priesthood. He died about 1143. He wrote "Historia Ecclesiastica;" in which he gives an account of the transactions in the reign of William the Conqueror. It is in Duchesne's "Scriptores Normanni ;" and part of it has been printed by Baron Maseres, in his "Historia Anglicana." Nicholson.

VITRINGA (Campegius), a protestant divine, was born at Leuwarden, in Friesland, in 1659. He took his doctor's degree at Leyden; and became successively professor of oriental languages, divinity, and sacred history, at Franeker, where he died in 1722. His works are -1. A valuable Commentary on Isaiah, 2 vols. folio. 2. Apocalypesos Anachrisis, 4to. 3. Typus Theologiæ prac4. Hypotyposis Historiæ et Chronologiæ Sacræ. 5. Synagoga vetus. 6. Archisynagogus. 7. De Decemviris otiosis Synagoga. 8. Observationes Sacræ. His son, Campegius Vitringa, was also professor of divinity, at Franeker, and died in 1723, aged 31. He wrote an "Abridgment of Natural Theology," 4to.; and "Sacred Dissertations."

ticæ.

Niceron.

VITRUVIUS (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio), a

VIVARES (Francis), an eminent engraver, was born at St. John de Breul, a village of Rouergue, in 1709. He came to London in 1727, and became an apprentice to his uncle, who was a tailor; but soon afterwards he exchanged the needle for the burin, and, by the instructions of Amiconi, acquired an extensive reputation. He excelled in landscape, and died in 1780. By his three wives he had thirty-one children.

VIVES (John Lewis), a learned Spaniard, was born at Valentia in 1492. He studied at Paris and Louvain, after which he visited England, and in 1517 was chosen one of the first fellows of Corpus Christi-college, Oxford. He was also employed in the education of the princess Mary, for whose use he composed his work "De Ratione studii purerilis" and another piece entitled "De institutione fœminæ Christiana." During his residence at Oxford, he was admitted doctor of laws; but when the divorce was agitated, Vives was sent to prison for writing against that measure. When released he went to Bruges, where he taught polite literature till his death in 1541. His works were printed at Basil in 1555, in 2 vols. folio; but this collection does not include his commentary on St. Austin "de Civitate Dei.". Moreri.

VIVIANI (Vincentio), a mathematician, was born at Florence in 1621. He was the disciple of Galileo, after whose death he was much employed in public works by the grand duke, who appointed him his first mathematician. Louis XIV. also gave him a pension; and he was chosen an associate of the academy of sciences at Paris. He died at Florence in 1703. His works are 1. De Maximis et Minimis Geometrica divinatio in quintum Conicorum Apollonii Pergæi, fol. 2. Enodatio Problematum. 3. De Locis Solidis secunda Divinatio Geometrica. Fabroni. Hutton.

VOETIUS (Gisbert), a Dutch divine, was born at Heusden in 1589. He studied at Leyden, where he read lectures on logic, and had Burgersdicius for one of his pupils. In 1617, he became pastor of his native place, and soon after distinguished himself as an opponent of the Arminians at the synod of Dort. He next had a controversy with Jansenius, on the points disputed between the protestants and papists. But his principal contest was with Des Cartes, whom he attacked as an enemy to religion, and the

dispute extended to such a length that those who took part with Voetius were called by his name. He was at this time professor of divinity at Utrecht, where he also taught Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic. He died in 1676. His principal works were collected under the title of "Selectæ Disputationes Theologicæ," 5 vols. 4to. His grandson John Voet, became professor of law at Herborn, and wrote a "Commentary on the Pandects," 2 vols. fol. He died in 1714. - Chaufe pie.

VOISIN (Joseph de), a learned Frenchman, was born at Bourdeaux. He was at first a counsellor of the parliament, but relinquished that profession for the church, and became preacher and almoner to the prince of Conti. He died in 1685. His principal works are-1. A System of Jewish Theology. 2. On the Divine Law. 3. On the Jubilee. 4. Notes on Martin's Pugio Fidei. 5. Defence du Traité de M. le Prince de Conti contre la Comedie et les Spectacles. 6. A French translation of the Roman Missal, 4 vols. Moreri.

VOITURE (Vincent), a French writer, was born at Amiens in 1598. His sprightly wit recommended him at court, where he procured both pensions and employments. Being sent to Madrid, he became very popular there, and wrote verses in Spanish, which were ascribed to Lope de Vega. He also visited England and Italy; but though his emoluments were considerable, he died poor in 1648. His letters have been often printed in 2 vols. 12mo. - Dict. Hist.

VOLNEY (Constantine Francis Chassebeuf de), a French writer, was born at Craon in 1757. After finishing his education he went to Egypt and Syria, of which countries he published a description in 2 vols. 8vo. 1787. At the beginning of the revolution he became a member of the States-general; but afterwards he purchased an estate in Corsica, where he gave such offence by his opinions that he was obliged to leave the island. In the reign of terror, he suffered imprisonment; but in 1794 he was appointed one of the professors in the new school of education. On the failure of this project Volney went to America, where he had a controversy with Priestley on the origin of Christianity. At the peace he returned to Europe, and died at Paris, April 20. 1820. His other works are-1. On the Simplification of the oriental languages. 2. Chronology of the twelve centuries preceding the entrance of Xerxes into Greece. 3. The Ruins, or meditations on the Revolutions of Empires. 4. The Law of Nature, or physical principles of morality. 5. Account of Corsica. 6. Lectures on History. 7. On the climate and soil of the United States of America. 8. The hronology of Herodotus. 9. New Rehhes on Ancient History. 3 vols. &c. - by D

Francis Arouet de), was

born Feb. 20. 1694 at Paris, where his father was notary of the Châtelet and treasurer of the chamber of accounts. He received his education in the college of Louis le Grand, and, while a boy, wrote some essays, for which Ninon de l'Enclos left him a legacy. He was intended for the law, which profession he declined, and on producing the tragedy of "Oedipus," his father suffered him to follow his inclination for letters. That play also procured his discharge from the Bastille, into which he had been thrown for writing satires on the government. This tragedy was followed by two others which met with such a cool reception, that Voltaire retired to England, and while here printed his "Henriade" by subscription, which proved so liberal, that it laid the foundation of his fortune In 1730, he published his " Brutus" which was followed by "Zara," the most affecting of his tragedies. His next work, the "Lettres Philosophiques," gave such offence by its profaneness, that warrants were issued for apprehending the author, who took shelter with the Marchioness du Châtelet. In this retreat he wrote his "Elements of the Newtonian Philosophy," which was then but little known in France. He also produced the plays of " Alzira" and "Mahomet,” which last was censured as immoral and irreligious; but his "Merope," brought out in 1743, was received with such applause that the poet became a favourite at court, and was appointed gentleman of the bed-chamber and historiographer of France. In 1746 he obtained admission into the academy of sciences, on which occasion he broke through the old custom of panegyrizing Cardinal Richelieu; but this innovation created him so many enemies, that he retired to Luneville, and did not return to Paris till 1749. The year following he went to Berlin at the invitation of the king of Prussia, who made him one of his chamberlains, and gave him a pension. He had not, however, been long there before he had a violent quarrel with Maupertuis, for which he was ordered out of the kingdom. He then purchased an estate near Geneva, but soon quitted that neighbourhood on account of the disputes which raged in that republic. He next fixed his residence at Ferney in Le Pays de Gex, which village became very populous after his settlement there, and numbers of artists resorted thither, particularly watchmakers, who carried on a large trade under his auspices. At the beginning of 1778, Voltaire visited Paris, where he was overwhelmed with honours, the fatigue of which hastened his death on the 30th of May in that year. His remains were interred at Sellices a Benedictine abbey near Nogent. Different accounts have been related of his behaviour in his last sickness; but Tronchin, the physician, asserted that the furies of Orestes gave a faint idea of those of Voltaire. His works are too multifarious to be enumerated here, and too well known to

which scene he afterwards drew so lively a picture, that he applied entirely to that style of painting. He drew the designs for the tapestry hangings of the house of lords, re

presenting the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588. When he died is not ascertained. Walpole's Anecdotes.

WACE

WAG

ACE (Robert), an Anglo-Norman poet, was born in Jersey, at the beginning of the twelfth century. He wrote in French verse the History of Brute, king of England; the romances of Rollo; William Longsword; and Richard, duke of Normandy; a History of the Norman Dukes; a Chronicle of Normandy; and other works; for which Henry II. gave him a canonry in the cathedral of Bayeux. When he died is unknown.. · Gen. Biog. Dict. WADDING (Luke), an Irish Franciscan, was born at Waterford, in 1588. He read lectures on divinity at Salamanca; and in 1618 went to Rome as chaplain to the bishop of Carthagena, who was appointed legate to Paul V., on the disputes respecting the immaculate conception of the Virgin. Of this mission, Wadding wrote a history in Latin; but he rendered a more acceptable service to learning by editing Calasio's Concordance, in 4 vols. folio, 1621. After this he publish ed Duns Scotus's works, in 12 vols. fol. He founded the college of St. Isidore, for Irish students of the Franciscan order. Wadding refused a cardinal's hat; but disgraced himself by giving encouragement to the Irish rebellion in 1641. He died at Rome in 1657. He wrote a history of his order, printed in 1654, in 8 vols. folio; and which was enlarged in 1745, to 19 vols. - Harris's Edition of Ware.

WAGENAAR (John), a Dutch historian, was born at Amsterdam, in 1709, and died there in 1773. He wrote the " History of Holland," 21 vols.; for which he was appointed historiographer to his native city. His other works are-"The present State of the United Provinces," 12 vols. ; a "Description of Amsterdam," 3 vols. folio. ; and "The Character of John de Witt." Dict. Hist.

WAGENSEIL (John Chistopher), a learned German, was born at Nuremberg, in 1633. He was educated at Altorf; where, in 1667, he was made professor of law and history, which last chair he exchanged for that of oriental languages. He was also honoured with the title of counsellor, and employed on diplomatic concerns at Vienna. He died in 1706. His principal work is entitled "Tela Ignea;" a collection of pieces written by Jews against Christianity, 2 vols. 4to.Niceron.

WAK

WAGSTAFFE (Thomas), a learned diving, was born in Warwickshire, in 1645. He was educated at the Charter-house, and next at New-inn, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1667. Two years afterwards he was instituted to the rectory of Martin's Thorpe, in Rutlandshire; after which he became chancellor of Lichfield, and rector of St. Margaret Pattens, in London. At the revolution, he lost his preferments for refusing the oaths, on which he practised phy sic. In 1693, he was consecrated a bishop among the nonjurors. He died in 1712 His principal work is "A Vindication of King Charles the First, and his Right to the Icon Basiliké," 4to. His son became protestant chaplain to the Pretender, and died at Rome, in 1770. Gen. Biog. Dict. WAGSTAFFE (William), a physician, was born at Cublington, in Buckinghamshire, in 1685. He took his degrees at Lincoln-college, Oxford; and became physician to St. Bartholomew's-hospital, and fellow of the Royal Society. He died in 1725. His works, which are full of humour, were printed in 2 vols. 8vo. ; besides which he wrote Annotations on the Tatler. — Ibid.

WAKE (Isaac), a statesman, was born at Billing, in Northamptonshire, about 1575. He became fellow of Merton-college, Ox ford; and in 1604, was chosen public orator of that university. He was afterwards employed as ambassador to several forega courts; and in 1619, received the honour of knighthood. He died at Paris, in 1632. His principal work is entitled "Rex Platonicus, sive de potentiss. Princip. Jac, regis ad Acad. Oxon. adventu, anno 1605." 4to. Wood.

WAKE (William), a learned prelate, was born in 1657, at Blandford, in Dorsetshire. He became a student of Christ-church, Oxford; and took his master's degree in 1679. In 1682, he was appointed chaplain to the English embassy in France; and es his return, was chosen preacher to the society of Gray's-inn. In 1686 he had a dispute with Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, on the alterations made by him in his exposition of the Roman Catholic faith, contrary to his private judgment. He also wrote several pieces in the popish controversy; for which at the revolution, he was created doctor in divinity, at Oxford; and made canon of

Christ-church. In 1693, he published his translation of the "Epistles of the Apostolical Fathers;" and, in the same year, was presented to the rectory of St. James's, Westminster. After this he had a dispute with Dr. Atterbury, respecting the rights of the clergy in convocation. In 1701, Dr. Wake was made dean of Exeter; and, in 1705, advanced to the bishopric of Lincoln; from whence, in 1716, he was raised to the see of Canterbury. In this station he distinguish ed himself by his firmness and liberality; for while he opposed the design of Hoadley to abolish the corporation and test acts, he kept up a correspondence with the foreign protestants, on an union with the churches. But the archbishop has been grossly calumniated for endeavouring to promote a junction of the English and Gallican churches, though his object was deserving of praise rather than censure; since, had the scheme taken effect, the papal power would have sus tained a shock nearly as severe as that which weakened it at the reformation. Archbishop Wake died Jan. 24. 1737, and was buried at Croydon. His other works are "An Exposition of the Church Catechism;" and three volumes of Sermons. Biog. Brit.

WAKEFIELD (Robert), an English divine, was born in the north of England, and educated at Cambridge. In 1519 he became professor of Hebrew at Louvain; but soon after returned home, and was employed by Henry VIII. to vindicate his divorce. He was for this made Hebrew professor at Oxford, and canon of Christ-church. He died in 1537. He also wrote, "Oratio de laudibus et utilitate trium linguarum, Arabicæ, Chaldaica, et Hebraica," 1524, 4to. &c.

- Wood.

WAKEFIELD (Gilbert), a controversial writer, was born in 1756 at Nottingham, where his father was rector of the parish of St. Nicholas. He took his bachelor's degree at Jesus-college, Cambridge, in 1776, and at the same time was elected to a fellowship. On entering into orders, he served a curacy at Stockport in Cheshire, and next at Liverpool; but soon afterwards turned Socinian, and left the church to become classical teacher in the academy at Warrington. In 1790 he was appointed one of the preceptors in the college at Hackney, but quitted that situation the year following. He now ventured into the path of politics; and in 1798 was prosecuted for a pamphlet written in reply to the late bishop of Llandaff. After a confine. ment of two years in Dorchester-gaol, he was released in May, 1801, and died at Hackney in September following. His principal works are-1. A translation of the first Epistle to the Thessalonians. 2. A translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew. 3. An edition of the Georgics. 4. Silva Critica. 5. A translation of the New Testament, 3 vols. 8vo. 6. An edition of Pope's Homer. 7. An edition of Lucretius. After

his death appeared a volume of his correspondence on classical subjects, with Mr. Fox. Memoirs, 2 vols. 8vo., 1804.

WALDENSIS (Thomas), an English Carmelite, whose real name was Netter, was born at Walden, in Essex, about 1367. He studied at Oxford; and in 1409 was sent by Henry IV. to the counsel of Pisa. Henry V. reposed entire confidence in him, and died in his arms. Waldensis became no less a favourite with the young monarch, whom he attended to France, and died there in 1430. He wrote, "Doctrinale Antiquum Fidei ecclesia Catholicæ," printed at Paris in 1521, in 3 vols. folio. Bale. Pits.

WALDO (Peter), a merchant of Lyons, who distinguished himself by opposing the doctrine of transubstantiation in 1160. He translated the Gospels into French, for the benefit of the common people, among whom he made numerous converts. He now left off merchandise, distributed his wealth to the poor, and preached with such boldness against popery, that the archbishop of Lyons excommunicated him, and would have put him to death had he not retired into Dauphiny, and afterwards to Bohemia, where he died in 1179. Perrin Hist. des Vaudois.

WALDO (Peter), an English gentleman, who is said to have been a descendant of the above, was born in London in 1731. He was educated at Cheam-school, and next at University-college, Oxford. He possessed a handsome estate at Mitcham in Surrey, where he proved a great blessing to the poor, as he afterwards did to the neighbourhood of Worting in Hampshire, where he died in 1803. He wrote "A Commentary on the Liturgy of the Church of England;" and some other pious works. — Annual Biog.

WALES (William), a mathematician, was born about 1734. In 1769 he went to Hudson's Bay, to observe the transit of Venus; of which voyage he published an account. He next accompanied captain Cook in his two voyages round the world; of which also he printed a narrative, with remarks on that of Forster's. Soon after this he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, master of the mathematical school in Christ's hospital, and secretary to the board of longitude. He died in 1798. His other works are- 1. An Enquiry into the Population of England and Wales. 2. A Treatise on discovering the Longitude by TimeKeepers. 3. Restoration of a Piece of Apollonius. 4. Papers in the Philosophical Transactions.

5. A Dissertation on the Astronomical rising of the Pleiades, annexed to Dr. Vincent's Nearchus. - Hutton.

WALKER (Adam), a philosophical lecturer, was born in Westmoreland, and brought up to the weaving business. While thus employed, he amused himself in constructing the models of mills, and devoted so much time to study, that, at the age of fifteen, he was qualified to be an usher in a school.