was born in Lincolnshire, and educated at Eton, from whence he was elected to King's college, Cambridge, after which he became tutor to the sons of the duke of Suffolk. In the reign of Mary, he lived abroad, and was seized by the inquisition at Rome, but escaped in consequence of a fire which induced the populace to force open the dungeon that the prisoners might not be burnt. Queen

Elizabeth made him master of requests, master of St. Katherine's hospital, and dean of Durham. He died in 1581. Sir Thomas wrote -1. obitu Epistola de vita et duorum fratrum Suffolciensium, Henrici et Caroli Brandon. 2. The Rule of Reason, containing the Art of Logic. 3. The Art of Rhetoric. 4. Discourse upon Usury. Gen. Biog. Dict.

WILSON (Thomas), a puritan divine, was a native of Kent, and became minister of St. George's church, Canterbury, one of the six preachers of that city, and chaplain to lord Wotton. He died in 1621. His works are-1. A Commentary on the Romans. 2. Theological Rules. 3. A complete Christian Dictionary, folio. This last went through several editions. - Ibid.

WILSON (Thomas), an eminent prelate, was born at Burton in Cheshire, in 1663. He was educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and on entering into orders became curate to his uncle, Dr. Richard Sherlock of Winwick, whose life he afterwards published. In 1692, he was appointed chaplain to the earl of Derby and tutor to his son, lord Strange. In 1697, the earl, as lord of the Isle of Man promoted him to that bishopric, on which occasion he received the degree of doctor of laws from the archbishop of Canterbury; and, in 1707, that of doctor in divinity was conferred on him by both the English universities. He was truly an apostolical bishop, and chancellor King said, that "if the ancient discipline of the church were lost, it might be found in all its purity in the Isle of Man." His regard to discipline, however, involved him in trouble; for on exercising the right of seizing a deistical publication, called the "Independent Whig," he was opposed by the governor, who sent the bishop's officer to prison. But this was followed by a still more flagrant act of violence. The governor's wife having been proved guilty of defamation, was interdicted from the communion, till pardon was asked of the persons whom she had offended. defiance, however, of the episcopal authority, the archdeacon admitted the lady to the sacrament, for which the bishop suspended him; and the governor out of revenge threw him and his two vicars-general into a damp and gloomy dungeon, where they remained two months. Though on appeal to the king in council the bishop obtained his release, he met with no redress for the ill usage which he had received. He was indeed offered an hopric, but he refused to leave

In

his flock, though his income did not exceed three hundred a-year. He died March 7. 1755, in his ninety-third year, and the fiftyeighth of his episcopate. His works, consisting chiefly of practical treatises and sermons, have gone through numerous editions separately, and were published together in 2 vols. folio, 1780. His notes on the Bible have also been printed in 3 vols. 4to. Dr. Tmas Wilson, son of the bishop, became prebendary of Westminster, minister of St. Margaret's, and rector of St. Stephen, Walbrook. He rendered himself ridiculous by espousing the cause of Wilkes, and more so by his attachment to Catherine Macaulay, whose statue he placed in his church of Walbrook, though afterwards he caused it to be removed. He died at Bath at the age of eighty-one, in 1784. — Crutwell's Life of Bishop Wilson.

WINCHESTER (Thomas), a learned divine, was born at Farringdon in Berkshire, and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, where he was elected fellow in 1747, and took his doctor's degree in 1749. In 1761, he was presented to the rectory of Appleton in Berkshire, where he died in 1780. Dr. Winchester wrote "A Dissertation on the Seventeenth Article of the Church of England," 8vo. 1773. A new edition of this tract, with the life of the author, was published in 1803.

WINDER (Henry), a dissenting minister, was born in 1693, at Graystock in Cumber land. He was educated at Whitehaven, and next in an academy at Dublin, after which he became pastor of a congregation at Tunley in Lancashire, from whence he removed in 1718 to Liverpool. In 1740, he received the degree of doctor in divinky at Glasgow. He died in 1752. Dr. Wis der was the author of "A critical and chro nological history of Knowledge," 2 vols. sta - Life by Benson.

WINDET (James), a physician, was educated at Queen's college, Oxford, but took his doctor's degree at Leyden, after which Le became a member of the college of physicians in London. He was, says Wood, a good Latin poet, an excellent linguist, a great rabbi, and a curious critic, but rather shaped for divinity than the faculty he professed. He published a very erudite work, entitled "De Vita Functorum statu," 4to., and other pieces. He died in 1680. — Athen. Üzən.

WINDHAM (Joseph), an eminent antiquary, was born at Twickenham in 1799, and educated at Eton, from whence he went to Christ's college, Cambridge. He next travelled to Rome, and while there took drawings of the monuments of antiquity. He also composed the principal part of the letterpress of the "Ionian Antiquities," pubashed by the Dilettanti society, and assisted Stuart in his Athens. In the Archæologia are his "Observations on a passage in Pluny relative to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus."

He died at Earsham-house, Norfolk, in 1810. Gent. Mag.

WINDHAM (William), a statesman, was the son of colonel Windham of Felbrigg in Norfolk; and born in 1750. He was edu

cated first at Eton, next at Glasgow, and lastly at University-college, Oxford. In 1773, he set out with lord Mulgrave on his voyage to the North-pole, but, being taken ill, was obliged to land in Norway. After this he travelled, and on his return was elected into parliament. In 1782 he went to Ireland as secretary to the lord-lieutenant; but quitted that kingdom in a few months. Till the French revolution he acted with the opposition; but in 1794 he joined Mr. Pitt, and was appointed secretary at war, which office he held till 1801, when he vigorously opposed the peace. On the death of Mr. Pitt, Mr. Windham became secretary of state for the war department, but went out of place again the following year. His death, which happened June 4. 1810, was occasioned by a contusion of the hip in a fall, while exerting himself to save the library of Mr. North during a fire in ConduitHis speeches in parliament have been published, with his life prefixed, in 3 vols. 8vo.

street.

WINGATE (Edmund), a lawyer and mathematician, was born in Yorkshire in 1593. He studied at Queen's-college, Oxford, where he took one degree in arts, and then removed to Gray's Inn. In 1624 he went to France, and was employed to instruct the princess Henrietta Maria in the English tongue. After his return he became a bencher of Gray's Inn; where he died in 1656. His works are-1. The Use of the proportional Rules in Arithmetic and Geometry. 2. A Treatise on Natural and Artificial Arithmetic. The Lost edition of this useful book is that of Dodson. 3. The Construction and Use of Logarithms. Ludus Mathematicus. 5. The exact Sur

4.

veyor of Land. 6. An Abridgement of the

Statutes. 7. Maxims of Reason, &c.
Wood.

WINKELMAN (John), an eminent antiquary, was born at Stendall in the Marche of Brandenburg in 1718. He was the son of a shoemaker, who gave him a liberal education; and he became a teacher of languages in the college of Seehausen, but afterwards he was appointed librarian to the count Bunau. In 1754 he renounced the Protestant religion and went to Rome, where he was made writer in the Vatican, and president of antiquities. In 1756 he began his "Restoration of Ancient Statues," which was followed by his work on the "Taste of the Greek Artists." To these succeeded the "History of Art ;" and "Monumenti Inediti," of which last he published two volumes, and had commenced the third when he was assassinated at Trieste, by a wretch to whom he had exhibited his coins

The murderer The abbé Winkel

and medals, June 8. 1768. was taken and executed. man, for he had taken the lower ecclesiastical orders, possessed a fine taste and extensive learning. A new edition of the "History of Art," was published at Vienna, after his death; and has been translated into French, in 3 vols. 4to. His letters were printed at Amsterdam in 1781, in 2 vols. Eloge by Heyne.

12mo.

WINSLOW (James Benignus), an eminent anatomist, was born at Odensee in Denmark in 1669. He studied at Paris under Duverney, and having changed his religion, he became a member of the College of Physicians, lecturer at the Royal Garden, and admitted into the Academy of Sciences. His "Exposition Anatomique" has been published in English in 2 vols. 4to. He died in 1760. Haller Bibl. Anat.

WINSTANLEY (William), a literary compiler, was originally a barber. He lived in London in the reigns of Charles II. and James II.; and published some books, which, however homely they may appear, are not devoid of information. The best are1. A Loyal Martyrology; or, an Account of suffering Royalists, 8vo. 2. England's Worthies; abridged from Fuller, 8vo. 3. The Muses' Cabinet, 12mo. 4. Lives of the Poets, 8vo. — Granger.

-

1. An

WINTLE (Thomas), a learned divine, was born at Gloucester in 1737. He was educated at Pembroke college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship and took the degree of bachelor in divinity. Archbishop Secker made him his chaplain, and gave him the rectory of Wittrisham in Kent, with which he held the living of St. Peter Wallingford, but relinquished both on being presented to the rectory of Brightwell in Berkshire, where he died in 1814. His works are improved version of Daniel, with notes. 2. A dissertation on the vision in Zechariah. 3. Sermons at the Bampton Lecture. 4. Christian Ethics, or Discourses on the Beatitudes. 5. A letter to bishop Hurd, occasioned by his strictures on archbishop Secker and bishop Lowth. Gent. Mag. WINTRINGHAM (sir Clifton), baronet and a physician, was the son of Dr. Clifton Wintringham, who was a medical writer of reputation, and died at York in 1748. was born in 1710," and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took his doctor's degree in 1749. He then settled in London, and became fellow of the college, a member of the royal society, and physician general to the army. He was also appointed physician to the late king, who conferred on him the honour of knighthood, and, in 1774, the dignity of a baronet. He died in 1794. Sir Clifton published an edition of his father's works, 2 vols. 8vo. ; another of Mead's Monita; and a production of his own, entitled, "De Morbis quibusdam Commentarii," 2 vols. -Nichols's Bowyer.

The son

WINWOOD (Sir Ralph), a statesman, was born at Aynho in Northamptonshire, about 1565. He became fellow of Magdalencollege, Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of civil law, and served the office of proctor. In 1607, he was knighted and sent on an embassy to Holland, where he prevailed with the States-general to banish Vorstius for heresy. In 1614, he was made secretary of state, which office he held till his death in 1617. In 1725, were published his "Memorials of Affairs of State," 3 vols. folio. Wood.

WISE (Francis), a divine and antiquary, was born at Oxford in 1695. He became fellow of Trinity college in 1718. In 1726, he was elected keeper of the archives, and, in 1727, took the degree of bachelor in divinity. In 1745, he was presented to the rectory of Rotherfield Greys in Oxfordshire, besides which he had the living of Ellesfield. In 1748, he was appointed Radcliffe librarian. He died in 1767. His publications are 1. Asser Menevensis de rebus gestis Alfredi Magni, 8vo. 2. A letter to Dr. Mead, concerning some antiquities in Berkshire, particularly the White Horse, 3. Catalogue of the coins in the Bodleian Library, folio. 5. Enquiries concerning the first inhabitants, learning and letters of Europe, 4to. 6. History and chronology of fabulous ages considered. Gen. Biog. Dict.

4to.

WISHART (George), a Protestant martyr, was descended from an illustrious family in Scotland, but no account is given of his early history. He is said to have resided some years at Cambridge, where he taught with reputation in Benet college. In 1544, he returned to his native country, and began to preach the doctrines of the reformation, which so greatly irritated the popish clergy, that two attempts were made to assassinate him. At length, cardinal Beaton had him seized by treachery, and delivered him over to the secular arm at St. Andrews, where he was burnt, March 2. 1546. A story has long passed current, that while at the stake, he predicted the death of his persecu tor, the archbishop; but the tradition is of a legendary description.

Buchanan.

WISHART or WISCHEART (George), a Scotch prelate, was born in East-Lothian in 1609. He was educated at the university of Edinburgh, after which he became minis ter of North Leith, but was deposed in 1638, and thrown into prison for refusing to take the covenant. On his release, he joined the marquis of Montrose, and narrowly escaped being put to death with that gallant nobleman. At the restoration, he was presented to the rectory of Newcastleupon-Tyne, and in 1662 was consecrated bishop of Edinburgh. He died in 1671. The history of the marquis Montrose, which he wrote in Latin, has been translated into English. Keith's Scotch Bishops.

WISSING (William), a Dutch painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1656. He came to England, and worked under Lely, whose manner he imitated, and after his death became the fashionable artist of the day. He died in 1687. Walpole's Anecdotes. WITCHELL (George), a mathematician, was born in 1728. He was originally a watch maker, but afterwards became a teacher of mathematics and fellow of the royal society. In 1767, he was appointed master of the royal naval academy at Portsmouth, where he died in 1785. He was the author of a method for calculating the effects of refrac tion, and parallax on the moon's distance from the sun or a star, to facilitate the discovery of the longitude. He also published a map exhibiting the moon's shadow over England in the solar eclipse of 1764, and calculated the tables for the Nautical Almanack. · Hutton.

WITHER (George), a poet, was born at Bentworth in Hampshire, in 1588. He studied at Magdalen college, Oxford, and afterwards in Lincoln's inn, where, in 1613, he wrote his satires, entitled "Abuses stria and whipt," for which he was imprisoned. In 1615, he published "The Shepherd's Hunting," which is the best of his works, and has been lately reprinted. He fought on the side of parliament, and enriched himself ent of the estates of the royalists to such a degree, that at the Restoration he was sent to the Tower. He died in 1667. Wood.

He

WITHERING (William), a physician, was born in 1741, at Wellington in Shropshire, where his father was an apothecary. graduated at Edinburgh in 1766, after which he settled at Stafford, from whence he removed to Birmingham. He died, Oct. 6. 1799. His works are 1. A Botanical arrangement of British Plants, 4 vols. 8vo. 2. Outlines of Mineralogy translated from Bergmann. S. An account of the Scarlet Fever and Sore Throat. 4. An account of the Foxglove, and its medical properties, 8vo. 5. Papers in the Philosophical Transactions.Gent. Mag.

WITHERSPOON (John), a presbyterian d vine, was born in 1722, at Yester near Edinburgh. He was educated at Haddington, and next at the university of Edin burgh, after which he became minister of Beith, from whence he removed to Paisley, but in 1768, he was invited to America to become president of the college at Princetown. He died there in 1794. Dr. Witherspoon published-1. Essays on theologica subjects, 3 vols. 2. Sermons, 2 vols & Ecclesiastical Characteristics. 4. On the nature and effects of the Stage. Biog. Dict.

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WITSIUS (Herman), a Calvinistic divine, was born at Enkhuysen in Holland, in 1636. He became professor of the 'ogy. first at Franeker, next at Utrecht, and lasy

at Leyden, where he died in 1708. His principal works are-1. Ægyptiaca, et Decaphylon; sive, de Ægyptiacorum Sacrorum cum Hebraicis collectione lib. tres. 4to. 2. Economia Foederum, 4to. This last has been translated into English, under the title of the "Economy of the Covenants," 3 vols. 8vo; with the life of the author prefixed.

WITTE OF WITTEN (Henning), a German biographer, was born in 1634. He was professor of divinity at Riga, and died there in 1696. He published · 1. Memoria Theologorum nostri Sæculi, 2 vols. Memoria Medicorum. 3. Memoria Juris consultorum. 4. Memoria Philosophorum,

2.

4. Diarium Biographicum Scriptorum, Morhoff

&c. 2 vols.

WODHULL (Michael), an ingenious writer, was born at Thenford in Northamptonshire, in 1740. He was educated at Winchester school, and next at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, which he left without a degree to settle upon his paternal estate, where he died in 1816. Mr. Wodhull wrote several poems, but is best known by his translation of Euripides, first printed in 4 vols. in 1782. Gen. Biog. Dict.

WODROW (Robert), a Scotch historian, was the son of James Wodrow, professor of divinity at Glasgow, and born there in 1679. He became librarian of the university of Glasgow, and in 1703, was ordained minister of Eastwood, where he died in 1734. He published "A history of the sufferings of the Church of Scotland, during the twenty eight years preceding the revolution," 2 vols. folio. Encyclop. Brit.

WOIDE (Charles Godfrey), a learned divine, was born in Holland. He became preacher at the Dutch chapel in St. James's palace, and also reader and chaplain at that in the Savoy. He was employed by the university of Oxford to superintend the publication of Scholtz's "Egyptian Grammar," and "La Croze's Lexicon Egyptiaco Latinum," which he completed in 1778. In 1782, he was appointed assistant librarian at the British Museum, and, in 1786, received at Oxford the degree of doctor of laws. The same year he published the Greek New Testament, being a fac-simile of the Alexandrian manuscript, originally in the King's library, and now in the Museum. Dr. Woide died May 6. 1790. — Nichols's Bowyer.

WOLCOT (John), a satirist, was born at Dodbrook in Devonshire, in 1738. He was educated first at Kingsbridge, in his native county, and next at Bodmin in Cornwall, after which he was brought up under his uncle, an apothecary at Fowey, who left him the principal part of his estate. In 1767, he obtained a doctor's degree in Scotland, and the same year went with sir William Trelawney to Jamaica, but on the death of his patron he returned to England and settled as a physician in Cornwall, where

he became the instructor of Opie the painter, with whom he visited London in 1780. He now quitted physic,and began,under the name of Peter Pindar, some severe attacks on the royal academicians, in a series of odes, criticising their annual exhibitions. After this, he took higher aim, and published a satirical poem, called "The Lousiad;" in which he ridiculed the king, with more wit than truth or manners. After this he brought out a number of ludicrous pieces, which went through numerous editions, both separately and in a collected state. The author became blind some years before his death, which happened in Somerstown, Jan. 14. 1819. Annual Biog.

WOLFE OF WOLFIUS (Christian), a German philosopher, was born at Breslaw in 1679. He was educated at Jena and Leipsic, after which he became professor of mathematics and philosophy at Hall; but in 1723 he was expelled the university for teaching erroneous principles. He then obtained the mathematical chair at Marpurg, where he published several works. On the invitation of the king of Prussia he returned to Hall in 1741, and resumed his former station. He was also made a privy-councillor, vice chancellor, and professor of the law of nature and nations. Afterwards he was appointed chancellor of the university, and created a baron of the empire. He died in 1754. His principal works are- " Elementa Matheseos Universæ," 5 vols. 4to.; "A System of Philosophy," 23 vols. 4to.; and a treatise "on the Law of Nature and Nations," 3 vols. Life by Formey.

WOLFE (James), was the son of lieutenantgeneral Edward Wolfe, and born at Westerham, in Kent, in 1726. He entered early into the army, and before he was twenty, distinguished himself at the battle of Lafeldt. At that of Minden, he gained additional laurels as lieutenant-colonel of Kingsley's regiment, as he afterwards did at Louisbourg, from whence he had but just returned, when he was appointed to command the expedition against Quebec. The enterprize was hazardous, but general Wolfe surmounted all obstacles, and on the heights of Abraham encountered the enemy; when, in the moment of victory, he received a ball in the wrist, and another in the body, which obliged him to be carried into the rear. In his last agonies he was roused by the shout, "They run!" on which he eagerly asked, "Who run?" and being told the French, he said, "I thank God: I die contented," and expired Sept. 13. 1759. His body was brought to England, and buried at Greenwich; but a monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. — Annual Register.

WOLFE (John), an historian, was born in 1537 at Bergzabern in the duchy of Deux Ponts. He took his degree in civil law at Dol, after which he entered into the service