ZIM

Denmark, on being made acquainted with this oppression, ordered that the missionaries should be protected in their labours. Thus encouraged, Ziegenbalg renewed his zeal, and after visiting the Mogul territories, embarked for Europe on business connected with the mission. He met with great encouragement in Germany and England, and in 1716 returned to the east, where he died in 1719.- Chaufepie.

ZIEGLER (James), a learned divine, was born at Landshut, in Bavaria. He quitted the Romish church, and died in 1549, leaving "Notes on Passages of the Bible," and "A Description of the Holy Land," both printed in folio. He is to be distinguished from Gasper Ziegler, a jurist, who was born at Leipsic in 1621. He became professor of law, and a counsellor at Wittemberg, where he died in 1690. He wrote several esteemed works. Moreri.

ZIETEN (John Joachim Van), a Prussian general, was born in 1699. He distinguished himself greatly in the seven years' war, particularly at the battle of Prague, and the storming of the heights of Torgau. He died in 1785. Dict. Hist. ZIMMERMANN (John George), a physician, was born in 1728 at Brugg, in the canton of Bern. He studied under Haller at Gottingen, and in 1752 returned to his native place, where he practised till 1768, when he was appointed physician to the king of Great Britain at Hanover. The empress of Russia also invited him to her court, but he declined the offer. He, however, attended Frederic the Great in his last illness; after which he published a defence of that monarch, with some interesting anecdotes, in 3 vols. On the breaking out of the French revolution, Zimmermann wrote zealously against the Illuminati, and took pains to form societies for the purpose of counteracting them. This injured his nerves, and brought on a disorder, which carried him off, Oct. 7. 1795. The principal of his works, the "Treatise on Solitude," and "Essay on Natural Pride," have been translated into English. - Life by Tissot.

ZIMMERMANN (Eberhard Augustus William Von), a learned German, was born in 1743 at Uelzen, where his father was superintendant. He received his education first at Gottingen, and next at Leyden; after which he became professor of natural philosophy in the Caroline college at Brunswick. His first work was a treatise on the analysis of Curves, and in 1777 he published "Specimen Zoologiæ," the outline of his "Geographical History of Man and Quadrupeds," 3 vols. He visited England three times, and printed here in 1787 his "Political Survey of the present State of Europe." The French revolution made a strong impression upon the mind of Zimmermann, and he warned his countrymen of the evils which they would suffer from it. For this

ZOE

123

he was ennobled by the emperor Leopold. After this he published several geographical works, but one of his best was a "General Survey of France and of the United States of America," 2 vols. In 1806 Zimmermann left Brunswick, and went to Hamburgh, but afterwards he returned to the former city, and died there July 4. 1815.Life by Bottiger.

ZINCKE (Christian Frederick), a painter in enamel, was born at Dresden about 1684. He came to England in 1706, and studied under Boit, whom he surpassed, as he also did Petitot. He was patronized by the royal family, and died in 1767.- Walpole's Anecdotes.

ZINZENDORF (Nicholas Lewis, count), bishop of the Moravian church, or Unitas Fratrum, was born in Misnia in 1700. As soon as he came of age he purchased Bethelsdorf, in Upper Lusatia, where he gave an asylum to Christian David and the remains of the Moràvian brethren, who built a village near the Hutburg or Watch Hill, whence it was called Herrnhut, or "The Watch of the Lord." This place became considerable, and in 1727 the settlers formed an organized church; of which the count, who had previously received episcopal ordination, became the bishop. After this he travelled over Europe, and twice visited America. In England the Brethren were recognized as an episcopal church by parliament, notwithstanding which many writers attacked them with violence, as a sect not fit to be tolerated. Under this odium the count and his friends remained silent, and time has completely refuted the calumnies that were heaped upon them. Count Zinzendorf lived many years in this country, but died at Herrnhut, May 9. 1760. — Life by Spangenberg.

ZISCA (John), or rather Trocznow, the reformer of Bohemia. He served in the army when young, and lost an eye in battle, whence he was called Zisca. On the death of John Huss, he became the leader of his disciples and gained several victories over the Romanists. He also built a town off an eminence and named it Tabor, from whence his followers were called Taborites. At the siege of Rubi, he lost the other eye; notwithstanding which, he continued the war with such vigour that the emperor Sigismund found it expedient to propose terms of peace, which Zisca accepted, but died of the plague during the negociation in 1424. He is said to have left directions, that a drum should be made of his skin to animate the reformers and appal their enemies. - Gilpin's Life of Huss.

ZOEGA (George), a learned antiquary, was born in 1751, at Keil in Danish Holstein. He resided many years at Rome as the consul of Denmark, and was much esteemed by cardinal Borgia and Pius VI. at whose desire he wrote his book "De Origine et

usu Obeliscorum," The irruption of the French into Italy reduced Zoega to poverty, from which he was relieved by the king of Denmark, who also sent him the order of Danebrog. He died at Rome in 1809.His other works are, a “Catalogue Raisonné," of the imperial medals struck at Alexandria; and "A Dissertation concerning Lycurgus and the Menades."— Life by Thiebaut de Berneaud.

ZOILUS, a celebrated critic, was born at Amphipolis in Thrace, about the year 270. B. C. He was a disciple of Polycrates the sophist, who rendered himself notorious for his invectives against Socrates. The pupil imbibed the same rancorous spirit, and employed all his time in criticizing eminent authors, particularly Xenophon, Plato, Demosthenes, Aristotle, and Homer. He entitled his attack upon the great poet, "Zoilus, the scourge of Homer, wrote this against that lover of fables." Zoilus died a violent death. -Life by Pathell.

ZOLLIKOFER (George Joachim), a protestant divine, was born at St. Gall in Switzerland in 1790. He was educated at Bremen, and next at Utrecht, after which he became a preacher at Murten in the Pays de Vaud, from whence he removed to Monstein in the Grisons, next to Isenburg, and lastly to Leipsic, where he died in 1788. His " Devotional Exercises" and Sermons have been translated into English, with an account of the author.

ZONARAS (John), a Greek historian, who held some honourable offices at the court of Constantinople, after which he entered into the monastic order of St. Basil. He lived in the twelth century, and wrote "Annals of the empire to the year 1118," printed at Paris in 1687, in 2 vols. folio. He was also the author of commentaries on the canons of the apostles and councils. — Vossius de Hist. Græc.

ZOROASTER, a philosopher of antiquity, whose history is involved in obscurity. Some assert that there was but one of the name, who was a Persian, while others speak of six Zoroasters, whom they carry up to the patriarchal ages. The most credible supposition is, that there was a Zoroaster a Perso- Median in the time of Darius Hystaspes,and also another who lived at a more remote period, and who taught the Babylonians astronomy. Zoroaster, called Zardusht, the reviver of philosophy among the Persians, was born in Media, and derived much of his learning from the Brachmans of India. He restored the worship of fire, and his followers still exist under the names of Gaurs and Parsees. They are said to possess a work of their founder, entitled the Zend, and a compendium on it called the Sadder. Fragments of a poetical work in Greek with the title of the "Oracles of Zoroaster," were published at Paris in 1589. Brucker.

ZOSSIMUS, an historian of the fifth century, was of noble birth, and advocate of the m perial treasury. He wrote a Roman history in Greek, part of which is extant, and full of virulence against Christianity. The best ed tion is that of Leipsic, in 1784, 8vo. —Fa bricius Bibl. Græc.

Zouch (Richard), a civilian, was born of a noble family at Ansley in Wiltshire, about 1590. He was elected from Winchester school, to a fellowship at New-college, where he took his doctor's degree in civil law, after which he became an advocate in doctors' com mons. In 1620, he was appointed regius professor of law at Oxford; and in 1625, made principal of St. Alban's Hall. He was also warden of the cinque ports, and judge of the court of admiralty. He died in 1660. His works are mostly in Latin, and still of authority. — Wood.

ZOUCH (Thomas), a learned divine, was born in 1737, at Sandal near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, and educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was chosen fellow in 1763. In 1770, he was presented to the rectory of Wycliffe, in his native county; in 1793, instituted to that of Scrayingham, and in 1805 collated to a prebend in the cathedral of Durham, on which occasion he took his doctor's degree. In 1808, he was offered the bishopric of Carlisle, which he declined on account of his age. He died in 1816 His works are — 1. The Crucifixion, a Seaton prize poem. 2. An Inquiry into the prophetic character of the Romans, as described by Daniel. 3. The good Schoolmaster, exemplified in the character of the Rev. John Clarke. 4. Memoir of Sir Phi lip Sidney, 4to. 5. Memoir of John Sudbury, dean of Durham, 4to. 6. An edition of Izaac Walton's "Love and Truth" Another of that writer's Lives of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, Herbert, and Sanderson. Dr. Zouch also left a manuscript memoir of Sir George Wheler, which is now in the press. Gent. Mag.

ZUCCARCELLI (Francis), a painter, was born at Florence about 1710. He came to England about 1752, and while here painted many pictures, some of which were engraved by Vivares. He returned to Florence in 1773, and died there in 1788. — Edward's Anecdotes.

ZUCCHERO (Taddeo), a painter, was born in the duchy of Urbino, in 1529. He studied at Rome under Pietro Calabro, and improved himself afterwards by contemplat ing the works of Raphael. He died in 1566. His brother, Frederico Zuccher, was born in 1543. He was instructed by Tadora, many of whose pictures he finished. He was patronized by Gregory XIII. till he exhibited a picture of Slander, in which were represented some persons of eminence, with asses' ears. To avoid punishment, he travelled as far as England, and while here

painted the portrait of queen Elizabeth. At length, he was recalled to Roine, where he established an academy. He died in 1616. -D'Argenville.

ZUINGER OF ZWINGER (Theodore), a physician, was born at Basil, in 1534. He studied at Lyons, Paris, and Padua, after which he taught Greek, morality, politics, and physic, in his native city, where he died in 1588. His principal work, entitled "Theatrum Vitæ humanæ," was enlarged by his son, James Zwinger, a physician, to 8 vols. foiio. Theodore Zwinger, the son of James, was a divine and physician at Basil, where he died in 1651, leaving a son named John, who became professor of Greek at Basil, and died in 1696. Theodore, the son of the last mentioned, was professor of rhetoric, philosophy, and physic at Basil, and died in 1724. He wrote "Theatrum Botanicum," folio; "Fasciculus Disserta

tionum," 4to.; and "Triga Dissertationum," 4to. -- Moreri.

ZEINGLIUS (Ulricus), the reformer of Switzerland, was born at Wildehausen, in 1487. He took his doctor's degree in divinity at Basil in 1505, and was chosen pastor of Glaris, from whence he removed to Zurich in 1516. He opposed indulgences in Switzerland at the same time that Luther did in Saxony, but he went farther in the work of reformation, particularly in simplifying the mode of worship, and explaining the doctrine of the eucharist, which occasioned violent disputes between him and his German brethren. A civil war arising between the catholic and protestant cantons, Zuinglius accompanied the army of the latter, and was killed in the first action, Oct. 11, 1531. His works have been printed in four volumes, folio. ---Melch. Adam.

723

AIK

ALI

suffered martyrdom at the beginning of the present century. He and his friend Sabat agreed to travel into foreign countries. They were both zealous Mussulmans; and, after visiting the tomb of Mohammed, they passed through Persia and came to Cabul, where Abdallah was appointed to an office of state under the sovereign Zemaun Shah. Here Sabat left him, and proceeded into Tartary. Not long afterwards, Abdallah met with a Bible, which proved the means of his conversion; and, being unable to keep the change a secret, he quitted Cabul in disguise, and went to Bokhara in Tartary. Here he met Sabat, and earnestly supplicated his protection; but the faithless friend was só indignant at his apostasy, that he caused him to be seized and conveyed to the king, who sentenced him to die. An immense multitude attended the execution, and Sabat among the rest. When offered his life, on condition of his recanting, he refused, and had his right hand cut off. The blood was stanched, and the offer repeated; but he still remained firm, and, in the act of bowing his head to receive the fatal stroke, gave a smile of compassion to his accuser. Sabat after this became restless, and in his wanderings reached Madras, where, by read. ing the New Testament, his eyes were opened to the truth; for which he narrowly escaped being assassinated by his own brother.

He now wrote a work for the benefit of his countrymen, entitled "Neama Besharatin lil Arabi : or Happy News for Arabia;" besides which he undertook a translation of the Scriptures into Persian. He was living in India about the year 1804. — Buchanan's Christian Researches.

AIKIN (John), was the only son of a dissenting minister, who kept an academy first at Kibworth in Leicestershire, and next at Warrington in Lancashire. The subject of this article was born at Kibworth, Jan. 15, 1747; and, at the age of fourteen, was apprenticed to Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Garthshore, then a surgeon and apothecary at Uppingham in Rutlandshire. În 1764 Mr. Aikin became a student of the University of Edinburgh; but did not there proceed to graduation. In 1766 he became a pupil of

chester, with whom he continued three years, and then removed to London, where he studied under Dr. Hunter. Having completed his professional education, he settled at Chester as a surgeon, but in 1771 he went to live at Warrington, and remained there till 1784, in which year he took his doctor's degree at Leyden. On his return he went to live at Yarmouth in Norfolk, where, with a little interruption, he continued till 1792, when he removed to London. Dr. Aikin now seems to have devoted himself chiefly to literature, in which he was eminently suc cessful. For some time before his death, which happened at Stoke Newington, Dec. 7, 1822, Dr. Aikin suffered under the decay of intellect, occasioned by a paralytic attack. His principal works are, 1. Biographical Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain. 2. Essays on Song Writing. 3 Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose, the joint production of him and his sister, Mrs. Barbauld. 4. An Essay on the application of Natural History to Poetry. 5. The Calesdar of Nature. 6. England Delineated, vols. 7. A Volume of Poems. 8. A View of the Character of John Howard. 9. Even ings at Home, 6 vols. 10. Letters from a Father to a Son, 2 vols. 11. Letters on Poetry. 12. General Biography, 10 vols 4to. In this last he had Dr. Enfield for a coadjutor, whose life he wrote, prefixed to his Sermons. Dr. Aikin was also the first editor of the Monthly Magazine, in which are several of his Essays. After this, he superintended a periodical work called the "Athenæum," which extended to five volumes. — Memoirs by his Son and Daughter.

ALI PACHA, an Albanian chief, was born in 1750 at Tepelini, where his father died of grief, in consequence of being stripped of the greater part of his territories by the neighbouring Agas, leaving a widow, who was a woman of great energy and ambitice Urged on by her, Ali became the leader of a hardy band of his countrymen, who com mitted so many depredations, that the adjacent tribes took up arms in their own defence. The inhabitants of Gardiki, in a nocturnal expedition, carried off from Tepelin the mother and sister of Ali, but the adventure?