-1. Anecdota Latina, 4 vols. 4to. 2. Anecdota Græca, 4to. 3. Della perfetta Poesia Italiana, 2 vols. 4to. 4. Del l'antichita Estense et Italiane, 2 vols. folio. 5. Liturgia Romana vetus, 2 vols. folio. 6. Antiquitates Italicæ medii ævi, 6 vols. fol.; and 17 vols. 4to. 7. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 25 vols. fol. 8. Novus Thesaurus veterum Inscriptionum, 4 vols. fol. 9. Dissertazioni sopra la antichita Italiana, 3 vols. 4to.. 10. Annali d'Italia del principis dell' era volgare, sino all' anno 1749, 12 vols. 4to. There is an edition of his works in 43 vols. 8vo.; and another in 36 vols. 4to. Fabroni.

MURETUS (Marc Anthony), a learned critic, was born at Muret near Limoges in 1526. He studied at Agen under the elder Scaliger; after which he taught philosophy and civil law at Paris, where he published his poems in 1552. About this time he was thrown into prison, on a serious charge, and with some difficulty effected his release. He then went to Toulouse, which he was obliged to quit abruptly on a similar account. He then passed into Italy, and found a patron in the cardinal D'Este, whom he accompanied to Paris, where he read lectures on Aristotle's Ethics, with great applause. He next entered into orders, and died in 1585. His works were published at Verona, in 1727, in 3 vols. 8vo. ; and again at Leyden in 1789, 4 vols. 8vo. He edited several of the classics, which he illustrated with notes. MURILLIO (Bartholomew Estivan), a Spanish painter, was born near Seville in 1613. He was the disciple of Juan del Castillo, whose favourite subjects were markets and fairs; but Murillio, on going to Madrid, studied the works of Titian, Rubens, and Vandyke, with such success, that on his return to Seville he was employed to adorn most of the churches. He died in 1685.

- Moreri.

MURPHY (Arthur), a miscellaneous writer, was born at Clooniquin, in the county of Roscommon, in 1727. He lost his father, who was master of a vessel, early in life; but his mother gave him a good education at St. Omer's, from whence he returned, in 1744, and was placed in the counting-house of his uncle at Cork, which he soon quitted; and, in 1751, came to London, where he began a paper, called "The Gray's Inn Journal." He also made an attempt on the stage, but failed; after which he turned his attention to the law, and though refused admittance in the Temple, he succeeded in Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1762. His chief dependance, however, was upon his literary exertions, and few dramatists have been more successful. His "Grecian Daughter," a tragedy; "All in the Wrong," and "The Way to keep Him," comedies; with the smaller pieces of "The Citizen," the "Old Maid," and "Three eks after Marriage," still holding their

66

places among the acting plays. Mr. Murphy was likewise a political writer, in a paper called "The Test;" and "The Auditor," in favour of lord Bute against Wilkes. He also wrote "An Essay on the Life of Fielding," for an edition of that author's works. In 1792 he published “ An Essay on the Life and Genius of Dr. Johnson;" and the year following came out his translation of Tacitus, in 4 vols. 4to. In 1798 he printed a dramatic poem, entitled "Arminius;" and afterwards a "Life of Garrick." Lord chancellor Loughborough appointed him a commissioner of bankrupts; and he also obtained a pension from the crown. He died in 1805; and after his death was published his translation of Sallust.- Life by Foot.

MURRAY (William, earl of Mansfield), was the fourth son of David, earl of Stormont, and born March 2. 1705, at Perth, in Scotland. He was educated at Westminster-school, and elected from thence toChrist-church, Oxford, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1730; after which he entered as a student in Lincoln's Inn, and in due course was called to the bar. In 1742 he was made solicitorgeneral; but in 1753 the charge of jaco bitism was brought against him, which he repelled with becoming indignation. In 1754 he became attorney-general; and two years afterwards was appointed lord chief justice of the King's Bench; when he was created baron of Mansfield. During the unsettled state of the ministry, in 1757, his lordship accepted the office of chancellor of the exchequer; in which situation he effected a coalition of parties. At the commencement of the late reign he was assailed with the utmost virulence by the self-called patriots of the day, particularly in the affair of Wilkes; and the viperous Junius poured upon him a torrent of malignant slander, all of which he bore with dignified silence. In 1776 he was created an earl of Great Britain, with remainder to the issue of Louisa viscountess Stormont. The disgraceful riots of 1780 proved a great calamity to his lordship, and more so to pos terity, in the destruction of his town house with its library and manuscript collections. On this occasion, also, he showed his dr interestedness, by refusing all compensation for his loss. After a long life, spent in public and private virtue, he retired from office in 1788, and died March 20. 1793.— Life by Holliday.

MUSA (Antonius), physician to the em peror Augustus, about 21 B. C. He is said to have been the first who prescribed the use of the cold bath; and there is extant, under his name, a tract, entitled "Libellus de Botanica;" but its authenticity is doubtful. — Eloy, Dict. Hist.

MUSEUS, a philosopher and poet of antiquity, who is said to have been the son of

Orpheus, and president of the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. He versified the oracles, and wrote a poem on the sphere. A hill near Athens was called by his name. He is to be distinguished from Musæus, the grammarian, who wrote a poem, called "The Loves of Hero and Leander." Vossius de Poet. Græc.

MUSCULUS (Wolfgang), one of the reformers, was born at Dieuze, in Lorrain, in 1497. His parents could give him no education, so that he begged from door to door by singing; till he was taken into a convent of Benedictines, where he studied with diligence, and became an excellent preacher. On embracing the doctrines of Luther, he was obliged to fly to Strasburgh, from whence he removed, in 1531, to Augsburgh; but when Charles V. entered that city, in 1548, Musculus went to Berne, where he was appointed professor of divinity. He died in 1563. His Commentaries on the Scriptures are valuable; besides which he published several translations from the Greek, particularly of the ecclesiastical historians. Melch. Adam.

MUSGRAVE (Sir Richard, bart.), an Irish historian, was born about 1758. By his marriage into the Cavendish family, he obtained a seat in parliament, the collectorship of the excise for Dublin, and a baronetcy. He published, in 1801, "Memoirs of the Rebellions in Ireland," 4to., a work which gave great offence to the Roman Catholics, on account of the glowing picture exhibited in it of the atrocities committed by the Insurgents in 1798. Sir Richard died in 1818. - Annual. Biog. MUSGRAVE (William), a physician, was born at Charlton, in Somersetshire, in 1657, and educated at Winchester-school, from whence he was elected to New-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of laws in 1682; but afterwards applied to physic; and became a fellow of the Royal College, as also of the Royal Society; to which last learned body he acted as secretary. In 1691 he settled at Exeter, where he died in 1721. Besides some Latin tracts on the gout, he published four volumes of dissertations on Roman and British Antiquities. His grandson, Dr. Samuel Musgrave, was also a physician at Exeter, where be died in 1782. He distinguished himself in 1763, by charging the ministers with having been bribed to settle a peace advantageous to France. As a scholar he is known by an edition of Euripides, 4 vols. 8vo.; and two dissertations on the Grecian Mythology, and the Olympiads. - Nichols's Bowyer.

MUSSATO (Albertin), an historian and poet, was born at Padua in 1261. He rose from a state of indigence to public employments in his native city; but notwithstanding his services, he became an object of popular fury; and in 1314 an attempt was

He

MUSSCHENBROECK (Peter de), a mathematician, was born at Leyden in 1692. took his doctor's degree in physic, but applied chiefly to natural philosophy; and on visiting London was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. About 1734 he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Utrecht; from whence he removed to Leyden, where he died in 1761. He published several valuable works in Latin, one of which, entitled "Elementa Physica," was translated into English, by Colston, in 2 vols. 8vo. - Dict. Hist.

MUSURUS (Marcus), a native of Candia, who went to Italy at the beginning of the sixteenth century, and became professor of Greek at Padua. He published an edition of Plato; to which he prefixed some Greek verses, for which Leo X. made him bishop of Malvasia. He died in 1517. He also superintended the first editions of Aristophanes and Athenæus. Gen. Dict.

MUTIS (Joseph Celestine), a Spanish physician, divine, and botanist, was born at Cadiz in 1734. He became professor of anatomy at Madrid; but in 1760 he accompanied the marquis Della Vega to New Grenada, where he was appointed professor of philosophy, mathematics, and natural history. Owing to some misfortunes he entered into orders; after which he was made superintendant of a botanical school On his return to Europe, in 1804, he was appointed professor of botany, and keeper of the royal garden at Madrid. Of his death we have no account. Rees's Cyclop.

MYDORGE (Claude), a mathematician, was born at Paris in 1585, and died there in 1647. He was the friend of Des Cartes, and published a treatise on Conic Sections, with other works. He was also an excellent mechanician, and constructed some excellent instruments. 1 Moreri.

MYLNE (Robert), an architect, was born in 1734 at Edinburgh, where his father was of the same profession, and a magistrate of the city. The son went to Rome for improvement, and during his residence there gained the first prize in the architectural class at St. Luke's academy, of which he was elected a member. He was also chosen a member of the academies of Florence and Bologna. On his return home he settled in London, and was selected to build Blackfriars' bridge. He was also appointed surveyor of St. Paul's cathedral, and built a number of fine seats in different parts of the country. He died in 1811. Bowyer.

Nichols's

NAN

literature.

NAR

NALSON (John), a divine and historian, was born about 1638, and educated at Cambridge, where he obtained the degree of doctor of laws. After the Restoration he became rector of Doddington, in the Isle of Ely, and prebendary of that cathedral. He died in 1686. His principal work is "An Impartial Collection of the Affairs of State, from the Scotch Rebellion to the Murder of Charles I.," 2 vols. folio. He also published "The Trial of Charles I.," and a translation of Maimbourg's History of the Crusades. He is to be distinguished from Valentine Nalson, who held a prebend in the cathedral of York, with the living of St. Michael in that city. He died in 1724. A volume of his sermons has been printed. - Gen. Biog. Dict.

NANCEL (Nicholas de), so called from a village of that name near Soissons, was born in 1539. He taught Greek at Paris and Douay; after which he practised physic, and died in 1610. His works are- - 1. Stichologia Græca Latinaque informanda et reformanda. 2. A Treatise on the Plague. 3. Tractatus de Deo, de immortalitate animæ, &c. 4. Life of Peter Ramus. Moreri.

NANGIS (William de), a French historian of the fourteenth century, was a Benedictine monk in the abbey of St. Denis. He wrote the Lives of St. Louis and Philip le Hardi; together with two chronicles of France. Ibid.

NANI (John Baptist), a Venetian nobleman, was born in 1616. He distinguished himself as ambassador to the French court, where he obtained succours for the republic to carry on the war against Turkey. He was afterwards employed in other missions of importance, for which he was made proctor of St. Mark, and captain-general of the marine. He died in 1678. He wrote the "History of Venice," part of which has been translated into English. - Tiraboschi. VANNI OF NANNIUS (Peter), a learned

NANTUEIL (Robert), a celebrated artist, was born in 1630 at Rheims, where he received an academical education; but applied himself chiefly to painting portraits in crayons, which he afterwards engraved. On coming to Paris, he executed the likeness of the king so admirably, that he was rewarded with a pension. He died in 1678. — Strutt. Dict. Hist.

NANTIGNI (Louis Chazot de), a genealo gist, was born at Saulx-le-duc in Burgundy, in 1692, and died in 1755. He published 1. Genealogies Historiques des Rois, des Empereurs, et de toutes les Maisons Souveraignes, 4 vols. 4to. 2. Tablettes Geogra phiques. 3. Tablettes Historiques, Genealogiques, et Chronologiques, 9 vols. 4. Tablettes de Themis. — Ibid.

NAOGEORGE, OF KIRCHMAER (Thomas), a protestant divine, was born at Straubinge in Bavaria in 1511, and died in 1578. He wrote a Latin poem against popery, entitled "Regnum papisticum." His other works are-1. Pamachius Tragedia. 2. Incendia sive Pyrgopolinices Tragedia. 3.'Agricultura Sacra. 4. Hieremias, Tragedia. 5. Mercator Tragedia, &c.— Moreri.

NAPIER OF NEPER (John), baron of Merchiston, in Scotland, was born in 1550. He studied at St. Andrew's; after leaving which university he travelled abroad, and on his return devoted himself to mathematical pursuits and theology. In the former be acquired great celebrity by the invention of logarithms, and the contrivance of a mechanical method of computation, called Napier's bones or rods. As a theological writer he distinguished himself by a curious book on the Apocalypse. He died in 1617. His other works are-1. Logarithmorum canonis descriptio. 2. Mirifici Logarithmorum canonis constructio. 3. Rabdologia, seu numerationis per Virgulas. — Martin's Biog. Phil.

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NARDI (James), an historian, was born of a noble family at Florence in 1476. When the house of Medici gained the superiority, he was banished from the republic, on which he removed to Venice, where he employed himself in writing the history of his native country; which however was not published till after his death, an event that is supposed to have occurred in 1555. - Tirabosci

NARES (James), a musical composer,

born at Stanwell, in Middlesex in 1715. He was educated first under Mr. Gates, master of the royal choristers, and next under Dr. Pepusch. At the age of nineteen he became organist of York cathedral; from whence he removed to London, in 1755, on being appointed organist and composer to the king. The year following, he was created doctor in music at Cambridge; and in 1757 obtained the place of master of the choristers, which he resigned in 1780. He died in 1783. Dr. Nares published several esteemed compositions. He was the father of the present archdeacon of Stafford, and brother to the late Mr. Justice Nares. Gen. Biog. Dict.

NARY (Dr. Cornelius), a Roman catholic divine, was born in the county of Kildare in 1660, and died in Dublin in 1738. He published-1. The New Testament translated from the Vulgate, with notes, 8vo. A History of the World, folio. Edition of Ware.

2. Harris's

NASH (Thomas), a satirist, was born at Lowestoff in Suffolk, about 1564; and educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, which he left after taking one degree, and then settled in London, where he died in 1601. He wrote three dramatic pieces; but was chiefly distinguished by the virulence of his pamphlets against Gabriel Harvey, and Penry, who assumed the title of Martin Marprelate. His principal performance is "Pierce Penniless," published in 1589.Biog. Dram.

NASH (Treadway Russel), an English divine, who took his degree of doctor of divinity at Worcester college, Oxford, in 1758. He was a man of fortune, and died at his seat in Worcestershire in 1811, aged 87. Dr. Nash published "Collections for a History of Worcestershire," 2 vols. folio; a splendid edition of Hudibras, 3 vols. 4to.; and some papers in the Archæologia. Nichols's Bowуст.

NASMITH (James), a divine, was born at Norwich in 1740, and educated at Bene'tcollege, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1773 he was presented to the living of St. Mary Abchurch, which he exchanged for Snailwell in Cambridgeshire. He took the degree of doctor in divinity in 1797; and his last preferment was the rectory of Leverington in the Isle of Ely, where he died in 1808. Dr. Nasmith published "A Catalogue of Bene't-college Library ;" an edition of the " Itineraries of Simon and William of Worcester," 8vo. ; a new edition of Tanner's "Notitia Monastica;" a pamphlet entitled "An Examination of the Statutes relating to the Assize of Bread," &c. Gent. Mag. NATHAN (Isaac), a rabbi of the fourteenth century, who compiled a Concordance of the Bible, which Calasio enlarged into 4 vols. folio. It was republished more correctly by

Buxtorf; and lastly by Romaine, London, 4 vols. fol. - Moreri.

NATTIER (John Mark), a French artist, was born at Paris in 1685. Louis XIV. appointed him to a professorship in the academy of painting. He died in 1766. His designs for the Luxemburgh gallery have been engraved. Another artist of this name went to Petersburgh, where he died in 1763. He was an engraver of intaglios; and published a treatise on gems. - Dict. Hist.

He

NAUDÉ OF NAUDÆUS (Gabriel), a French writer, was born at Paris, in 1600. studied medicine at Padua, where he took his doctor's degree. After a considerable stay in Italy he returned to Paris, and became librarian to cardinal Richelieu, on whose death he entered into the service of Mazarin; but when that minister was banished, Naudé went to Sweden as librarian to queen Christina. His stay there, however, was short, and he died at Abbeville in 1653. His principal works are 1. Avis pour dresser une Bibliotheque. 2. Apologie pour les grande hommes soupçonnes de Magie. 3. Bibliographia Politica. 4. Hieronymi Cardani vita. 5. Jugement de tout ce qui a été imprimé contre le cardina! Mazarin. 6. Naudæana. Moreri.

NAUDÉ (Philip), a mathematician, was born at Metz in 1654. Being a protestant he retired to Berlin on the revocation of the edict of Nantes; and there became mathematical tutor to the court. He was also chosen a member of the academy in that city, where he died in 1729. He published a work on geometry, and some religious pieces. His son was a member of the royal societies of Berlin and London. He died in 1745. - Dict. Hist.

NAUNTON (Sir Robert), a statesman, was born in Suffolk, and educated at Trinitycollege, Cambridge, from whence he removed to a fellowship in Trinity-hall. After hav. ing been employed on some diplomatic concerns in Scotland and France, he returned to the university, and in 1601 was elected public orator, in which capacity he attracted the notice of James I. who made him master of the requests, surveyor of the court of wards, and secretary of state. His last preferment was that of master of the court of wards, which office he resigned in 1633, and died soon afterwards. His "Fragmenta Regalia," contains many curious particulars of the court of queen Elizabeth. -Lloyd's Memoirs.

NAVAGERO or NAUGERIUS (Andrew), an Italian poet, was born at Venice in 1483. He embraced the military life, after which he was employed as an ambassador, and in that situation died at Blois in 1529. His Latin poems were printed in 1530, fol. and again at Padua in 1718, 4to. - Life by Vulpius.

N VARETE (Juan Fernandez Ximenes), a

Spanish painter, was born in 1532, at Logronno. He was deaf and dumb from his childhood, whence he obtained the name of "El Mudo;" notwithstanding which he attained such excellence in his art, as to be called the Spanish Titian. He died in 1572. - Cumberland's Anecdotes. NAVARETTA (Ferdinand), a Spanish divine, was born in Old Castille. He belonged to the Dominican order, and in 1659, became head of the mission in China, from whence he returned to Spain in 1672. In 1678, he was made archbishop of St. Domingo, where he died in 1689. He wrote a work entitled "Tradados Historicos, Politicos, Ethicos, y Religiosos della Monarchia de China," of which there is a translation in Churchill's Voyages. Moreri. NAYLER (James), a Quaker, was born at Ardsley in Yorkshire in 1616. He became a soldier in the parliament-army, but quitted the service in 1649; and in 1651 attached himself to George Fox. Soon afterwards, however, he pretended to inspiration, and committed such extravagancies, that the parliament condemned him to be whipped, branded in the forehead, and have his tongue bored through with a hot iron. This barbarous sentence was carried into execution at Bristol, after which Nayler was removed to London, and confined in Bridewell, where he remained till 1660, when he was set at liberty. He died the same year on his journey into Yorkshire. - Biog. Brit.

NEAL (Daniel), a dissenting minister, was born in London in 1678. After receiving a private education, he went to Leyden, and on his return to London, became minister to a congregation which met first at Loriner's Hall, and next in Jewin Street. Mr. Neal published in 1720, "A History of New England," 2 vols. 8vo., for which he received the degree of master of arts from one of the colleges in that country. But his greatest work is "A History of the Puritans," 4 vols. 8vo. which was answered by bishop Madox and Dr. Zachary Grey. A new edition of Mr. Neal's history was published in 1797, 5 vols. 8vo. He died in 1743. Prot. Diss. Mag.

NEANDER (Michael), a learned German, was born at Soraw, in Silesia, in 1525. He studied under Melancthon, and, in 1549, became regent of the school at Northusen in Thuringia; from whence he removed to the college at Isfeld, where he died in 1595. His principal works are-1. Erotemata Græcæ Linguæ. 2. Græcæ Linguæ Tabulæ. 3. Linguæ Hebrew Erotemata. Aristologia Pindarica Græco-Latina. 5. Aristologia Græco-Latina Euripidis. 6. Anthologicum Græco-Latinum. 7. Gnomologia Græco-Latina. 8. Opus Aureum et Scholasticum, &c. — Morhoff, Polyhistor. NEARCHUS, one of the captains under Alexander the Great, by whom he was sent

4.

rate the Indian ocean, in coasting

which from the mouth of the Indus, he reached Ormus. Of this voyage Arrian wrote a curious narrative; but the most elaborate and scientific account of it was published by the late dean Vincent in 1796, 4to.- Dict. Hist.

NECHAM OF NEQUAM (Alexander), an English monk, of the order of St. Augustine, who was educated in the abbey of St. Alban's He completed his studies at Paris, and died abbot of Cirencester in 1217. His principal work is a Latin poem, "De Laude Sapientiæ Divinæ.” — Warton's Hist. Poetry.

NECKER (James), a celebrated statesman, was the son of Charles Frederic Necker, professor of civil law at Geneva, and born there in 1732. At the age of fifteen, he was placed in a banking-house at Paris, after which he became partner with Thellusson, on whose death he established a house of his own, in conjunction with his brother and two others. In 1776 he was appointed director, and soon after, comptroller-general of the finances. This last office he held five years, and then published an account of his administration, which was attacked by M. Calonne, and defended by Necker, who was in consequence exiled to his country seat, where he wrote his treatise "On the Importance of Religious Opinions." In 1788, he was restored to his post, in which capacity he advised the convocation of the statesgeneral, a measure that accelerated the revolution. The year following, he was ordered to leave the kingdom, on which be retired to Copet in Switzerland, where he died in 1804. Besides his political works, he published "A Course of Religious Morality," and a novel, on the "Consequences of a Single Fault." — Life by his daughter.

He

NEEDHAM (John Turberville), a Roman catholic divine, was born in London in 1713, and educated at Douay, where he distinguished himself by his knowledge of natural philosophy. After presiding some time over a catholic seminary in Hampshire, he was appointed professor of philosophy in the English college at Lisbon; but he soon returned to his native country, and became a travelling tutor to some young noblemen. finally settled at Brussels, as director of the imperial academy, and died there in 1781. Mr. Needham was a member of the royal and antiquarian societies of London, and also of the academy of Sciences at Paris. Besides some papers in the Philosophical Transactions he published, in French, — 1. New Microscopical Discoveries. 2. On Microscopical Bodies, and the Generation of organized ones, 3 vols. He was engaged in a remarkable controversy respecting the Egyptian origin of the Chinese, which conclusion he drew from some characters on a bust at Turin. The idea, however, was soon exploded. — Life by Abbé Mann.

NEEDHAM (Marchmont,) a political writer, was born at Burford in Oxfordshire in 1690.