In

greatest part of the Church Catechism. 1572 he founded a free-school at Middleton; and also thirteen scholarships in Brasen-nose college; of which society he was elected principal in 1595. The dean died Feb. 13. 1601-2. His brother, Laurence Nowell, became dean of Lichfield, and died in 1576. He was particularly skilled in the Saxon language; of which he compiled a dictionary, still extant in the Bodleian library. Life by Churton.

NoY (William), a lawyer, was born at St. Burian in Cornwall in 1577. He studied at Exeter-college, Oxford, and next in Lincoln's Inn. When he became a member of the House of Commons, he opposed the royal prerogative; but on being made attorney general, in 1631, he supported the measures which he had before condemned, and among other projects brought forward by him, was the tax called ship-money. He died in 1634. His works are1. A Treatise of the Grounds and Maxims of the Laws of England. 2. Perfect Conveyancer. 3. Reports. 4. Complete Lawyer, or a Treatise concerning Tenures, &c. 5. Arguments of Law, and Speeches. Wood's Ath. Ox.

NUGENT (Robert Craggs, Earl), was a native of Westmeath in Ireland. He was born and educated in the Roman Catholic religion, which he quitted for that of the established church; and then became a member of the English parliament. He was three times returned for Bristol. In 1767, he was created viscount Clare, and in 1776, earl Nugent. He died in 1788. His lordship wrote some pieces of poetry, a volume of which was published in 1739, 8vo. 1774 he printed a poem called “Faith," and in 1775, "Verses to the Queen, with a new year's gift of Irish manufacture."- Royal and Noble Authors.

In

NUGENT (Thomas), a miscellaneous writer, was a native of Ireland, and a Roman Catholic. In 1765, he received the degree of doctor of laws at Aberdeen. He died in 1772. Dr. Nugent was a member of the Royal Society, and published-1. Burla maqui's Principles of Political Law, 8vo. 2. Condillac's Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge. 3. Macquer's Chrono logical Abridgement of the History of

France. 4. Henault's History of France, 2 vols. 5. History of Vandalia, 3 vols. 4to. 6. Travels through Germany, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. Observations on Italy. 8. The Tour of Europe, 4 vols. 9. A Translation of Benvenuto Cellini's Life, 2 vols. 10. Another of Grosley's Tour to London, 2 vols. &c. He is to be distinguished from Dr. Christopher Nugent, a physician and fellow of the Royal Society, who died in 1775. His daughter became the wife of Mr. Burke. This Dr. Nugent wrote "An Essay on the Hydrophobia.". Gent. Mag.

NUNEZ (Ferdinand), a Spanish writer, was born at Valladolid, of the family of Guzman. He studied at Bologna, and on his return home, was employed by cardinal Ximenes on his Polyglot. Afterwards he was appointed professor of Greek at Alcala, from whence he removed to Salamanca, where he died in 1553. His works are - 1. Annotationes in Seneca Philosophi Opera. 2. Observationes in Pomponium Melam. 3. Observationes in loca obscura et depravata Hist. Nat. C. Plinii, folio. 4. Glosa sobre las obras de Juan de Mena. 5. Refranes, o Proverbios en Romance, fol. - Anton. Bibl. Hisp.

NUVOLONE (Charles Francis), a painter, was born in 1608, at Milan, where his father was an eminent artist. The son studied the manner of Guido with great success, and his Madonnas are highly valued. He died in 1651. His brother, Joseph Nuvolone painted several fine pictures, particularly one of St. Dominic, raising a dead man to life. died in 1703, at the age of eighty-four.Pilkington.

He

He

Nuzzi (Mario), commonly called Mario dà Fiori, a flower painter, was born in 1603 at Penna in the kingdom of Naples. studied under his uncle Tomaso Salini, after which he visited Rome, where his pictures sold at high prices. He was chosen a member of the academy of St. Luke, and died in 1673. — Ibid.

NYE (Philip), a puritan divine, was born in Sussex in 1596. He took his degrees in arts at Magdalen Hall, Oxford; after which he became minister of St. Michael's church Cornhill; but in 1633 he went to Holland, and remained there till the rebellion, when he obtained the living of Kimbolton in Huntingdonshire. He was also one of the assembly of divines, and rector of St. Bartholomew behind the Exchange, of which he was deprived at the Restoration. His conduct had been so violent, that an act was passed, restraining him from holding any office, ecclesiastical or civil. He died in 1672. He published several books which are now obsolete. . . Calamy.

OBS

ATES (Titus), an infamous character, was born about 1619. He was the son of a baptist preacher, and educated at Merchant Taylors' school, from whence he removed to Cambridge, and afterwards took orders. In 1677, he turned Roman Catholic, and was admitted into the society of Jesuits. On his return to England, however, he declared himself a protestant, and in conjunction with one Dr. Ezrael Tongue, gave information of a pretended Popish plot; which met with too ready a belief, and several persons were executed. Oates was rewarded with a pension of 12001. a year; but when James II. came to the throne, he was found guilty of perjury, pilloried, whipped, and ordered to be imprisoned for life. In the reign of William III., he obtained his liberty and a pension of 400l. a year. He died an anabaptist in 1705. North's Examen. Burnet's own Time.

OBERLIN (Jeremiah James), a learned German, was born at Strasburgh in 1735. He studied at his native place, where in 1757 he published his thesis "Dissertatio philologica de veterum ritu condiendi mortuos. After this he contributed great assistance to Dr. Kennicott, by collating for him four manuscripts in the library of Strasburgh, of which he printed a description. In 1763 he was appointed librarian to the university, and in 1770 he became one of the professors of Latin eloquence. In 1782 he obtained the chair of logic and metaphysics. He died in 1806. His other works are Rituum Romanorum primæ lineæ, orbis antiqui, artis diplomaticæ, &c. 2. Jungendorun marium fluminumque omnis ævi molimina. 3. De Latinæ linguæ medii ævi mira barbaria. 4. Essai sur le patois Lorrain. 5. Glossarium Germanicum medii ævi, potissimum dialecti Suevicæ. The Strasburgh Almanac. 7. Editions of Horace, Tacitus, Cæsar, &c. 8. Life of John Guttenberg, &c.— Dict. Hist.

1.

6.

OBRECHT (Ulric), a German writer, was born at Strasburgh in 1646. He became professor of history and elocution at Strasburgh, but in 1684 he turned Roman Catholic, after which he was almost wholly employed in public affairs. He died in 1701. His principal works are-1. Epistola de Nummo Domitiani Isiaco. 2. Prodromus rerum Alsaticarum. 3. An Edition of Dictys Cretensis. 4. Excerptorum historicorum et juridicorum de natura successionis in monarchiam Hispaniæ. 5. Dissertationes, 4to. 1676. 6. An edition of Grotius de Jure Belli ac Pacis, fol. Niceron.

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OBSEQUENS (Julius), a Latin writer, who flourished A. D. 395. He wrote a treatise "De Prodigiis," which is nothing more on a list of the wonders recorded by Livy.

ODI

The best editions are that of Hearne, 1708, and that of Leyden, 1720, 8vo. - Fabricius Bibl. Lat.

OCCAM OF OCKHAM (William de), a school divine of the fourteenth century, who was so called from the place of his birth in Surrey. He was of Merton college, Oxford, and a pupil of Duns Scotus. On entering into orders he became archdeacon of Stow in the diocese of Lincoln, but resigned it about 1319. He was called the "invincible doctor," which title he deserved, for he had the resolution to oppose the pope, and was excommunicated. He was of the order of Munich in 1947. extant. — Fuller's

Cordeliers, and died at
Some of his works are
Worthies.

OCELLUS LUCANUS, so called from being a native of Lucania. He was a Pythagorean philosopher, and flourished B. C. 500. His treatise "On the Universe," is still extant, and was printed in 1539. Several editions of it have since been published, with commentaries. — Brucker.

OCHINUS (Bernard), an Italian divine, was born at Sienna in 1487. He was at first a Cordelier, but renounced the habit and became a physician. Afterwards he resumed the monastic profession among the Capuchins, of which order he became vicargeneral; but in 1542 he turned Lutheran, married, and settled at Augsburgh, from whence he came to England in 1547, and was made prebendary of Canterbury. the death of Edward VI. he went to Strasburgh, and afterwards to Zurich, but was banished the canton on account of his dialogues in favour of polygamy and divorce. In this distress he travelled to Moravia, where he joined the Socinians, and died in 1564. His dialogues and sermons have been translated into English. — Moreri.

On

2.

OCKLEY (Simon), a learned divine, was worn at Exeter in 1678, and educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of bachelor in divinity. He was elected professor of Arabic in that university, with which he held the vicarage of Swavesey, but died poor in 1720. His works are1. Introductio ad Linguas Orientales. The History of the present Jews throughout the World; being a translation from the Italian of Leo Modena. 3. The Improvement of Human Reason, or the Life of Hai Ebn Yok'dhan, translated from the Arabic. 4. An Account of Barbary, 8vo. 5. A Translation of the Second Book of Esdras. 6. The History of the Saracens, 2 vols. Sra. 7. Sermons. Gen. Biog. Dict.

ODINGTON (Walter), or Walter of Evesham, a monk of that monastery in Worces tershire, who flourished in the reign of Henry III. He was both a mathematician

OECOLAMPADIUS (John), one of the reformers, was born in Franconia in 1482. He studied at Heidelberg, after which he became tutor to the son of the Elector Palatine, and was presented to a benefice. In 1520 he entered into a monastery, but on reading the books of Luther, he quitted his cell, and went to Basil, where he was made professor of divinity. He embraced the doctrine of Zuinglius on the sacrament, but conducted himself with great moderation. In 1528, he married the widow of Cellarius. He died of the plague in 1531. His works evince considerable learning. - Melchior Adam.

OECUMENIUS, a Greek writer on the bible, was bishop of Trica in Thessaly in the tenth century. His commentaries on the Acts of the Apostles, and the Epistles, were published at Verona in 1532, and at Paris in 1631, 2 vols. fol. Cave Hist. Lit. OEDER (George Christian), a botanist, was born at Anspach in 1728. He studied at Gottingen, under Haller, by whose interest he became professor of botany at Copenhagen, but on account of his intimacy with the unfortunate Struensee, he was obliged to retire to Oldenburgh, where he died in 1791. His works are 1. Flora Danica, 3 vols. fol. 2. Elementa Botanica. 3. Nomenclator Botanicus. 4. Enumeratio Plantarum Flora Danicæ. — Rees's Cyclop. OGDEN (Samuel), an eminent divine, was born at Manchester in 1716, and educated at the grammar-school there, from whence he removed to King's college, Cambridge, and next to St. John's, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1744, he became master of the school at Halifax; but resigned that situation in 1753, and returned to Cambridge. He now took his doctor's degree, and was presented to the vicarage of Damerham in Wiltshire. In 1764 he was appointed Woodwardian professor, and in 1766 obtained the rectories of Lawford in Essex, and Stansfield in Suffolk. He died in 1778. His sermons were published, with his life, by bishop Halifax, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1780.

OGILBY (John), an industrious writer, was born at Edinburgh in 1600. Though of a good family, his education was neglected, notwithstanding which, he acquired a competent knowledge of the Latin, as well as of modern languages. He became a teacher of dancing, in the practice of which he con

tracted a lameness, but still continued to give instruction in families. On going to Ireland with the earl of Strafford, he was made deputy master of the revels in that kingdom, and he also built a theatre at Dublin; but in the rebellion, he lost all his property. He then returned to England, and settled at Cambridge, where he published a translation of Virgil. At the age of fiftyfour, he learnt Greek, and gave a specimen of his proficiency in a translation of the Iliad, published in 1660, which was followed by the Odyssey in 1665. While at Cambridge, he edited a superb impression of the Bible, and in 1661, he was appointed to conduct the poetical part of the coronation pageantry. He was also restored to his place of master of the revels in Ireland, where he again built a theatre. In London, after the great fire, he erected a printing-house, and was appointed king's cosmographer; in which capacity he published several large volumes, mostly translated from the Dutch, and illustrated with plates. He died in 1676. Biog. Brit.

OGILVIE (John), a divine of the church of Scotland, was born in 1733. He became minister of Midmar in the county of Aberdeen, and received from the university there, the degree of doctor of divinity. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and greatly distinguished for his learning, genius and piety. He died in 1814. His works are 1. Poems on several Subjects, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. Sermons, 8vo. 3. Paradise, a Poem, 4to. 4. Philosophical and Critical Observations on Composition, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. Rona, a Poem. 6. Inquiry into the Causes of Infidelity and Scepticism, 8vo. 7. The Theology of Plato, compared with the Principles of Oriental and Grecian Philosophers, 8vo. 8. Britannia; an Epic poem, 4to. 9. Examination of the Evidence of Prophecy, in behalf of the Christian Religion. - Gent. Mag.

OGLETHORPE (James Edward), an English general, was the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe, and born in the parish of St. James in 1698. He was educated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, after which he obtained a commission in the guards. He next served under Prince Eugene, and on his return to England, became a member of parliament. In 1733 he settled the colony of Georgia, for which he obtained the royal charter, and to which province he was accompanied by the two Wesleys. While in that government he had to contend with the Spaniards, whose attempts he repelled,though he was unsuccessful in an expedition against St. Augustine. In 1745 he was made major-general, and the same year, marched against the rebels; but his conduct was made the subject of an inquiry, and he was acquitted. He died in 1785. — Europ. Mag.

OISEL (James), a civilian, was born at

Dantzic in 1631. He received his education at Leyden, where he took his doctor's degree, and afterwards became professor of law at Groningen. He died in 1686. His works are-1. An Edition of Minutius Felix, 4to. 2. Another of Aulus Gellius, 8vo. 3. Thesaurus selectorum numismatum antiquarum ære expressorum, 4to.-Mo

reri.

OISEL OF OUSEL (Philip), a learned divine, was born at Dantzic in 1671. His family were originally French, and being protestants, after the massacre of Paris, took refuge in Flanders, from whence, during the persecution of the duke of Alva, they withdrew to Leyden, where the subject of this article was educated. He then removed to Franeker, and took his degree as doctor in medicine; but afterwards resumed his theological studies, and in 1717 became professor of divinity at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where he died in 1724. His principal works are1. A Thesis on the Leprosy of the Hebrews. 2. Introductio in Accentuationem Hebræorum metricam et prosaicam, 4to. 3. Tracts on the Decalogue. Gen. Biog. Dict.

OKOLSKI (Simon), a native of Russia, who was provincial of the Dominicans in Poland in 1649. He published a curious and rare work entitled "Orbis Polonus,' 3 vols. folio; also "Preco divini verbi Albertus Episcopus Ratisbonensis," 1649.Moreri.

OLAFSEN (Eggert), a learned Icelander, who studied at Copenhagen, after which he returned to his native island, which he travelled over repeatedly in company with his fellow-student Biarne Paulsen. The result of their observations was printed at Copenhagen in 2 vols. 4to. 1772. Olafsen was then appointed a magistrate in Iceland, where he devoted much of his time to natural history and poetry; but about four years before his death, he applied almost wholly to the study of the scriptures. He was drowned with his wife in crossing the Breidafiord in 1776. Henderson's Tour in Iceland.

he was burnt alive in St. Giles's Fields in 1417.- Life by Gilpin

OLDENBURG (Henry), a learned German, was born in the duchy of Bremen in 1626. He became consul for his countrymen in England, and while at Oxford, acted as private tutor to several persons of distinction. He was also one of the founders of the Royal Society, of which he afterwards became secretary. In 1674 he had a dispute with Dr. Hooke, respecting the invention of the spiral spring for watches, but the Royal Society interposed, and justified their secretary from the reflections of his antagonist. He died in 1678. Besides his papers in the Philosophical Transactions, he published -1. The Prodromus of Steno concerning Solids. 2. An Explication of the Book of Revelations. 3. The Life of the Duchess of Mazarine. Gen. Dict.

OLDENBURGER (Philip Andrew), a learned civilian, who was professor of law and history at Geneva, where he died in 1678. His works are-1. Thesaurus rerum publi carum totius orbis, 4 vols. 8vo. 2. Limnæus enucleatus, fol. 3. Notitia Imperii, 4to. 4. De origine et progressu juris Romani. To some of these he affixed the name of Burgoldensis. — Moreri.

OLDFIELD (Anne), an eminent actress, was born in Westminster, in 1683. Her father was an officer of the guards, who left a widow and family in destitute circumstances. This daughter was brought up to the business of a sempstress; but having a fine voice, and good figure, she was brought upon the stage in comic characters, and attained the highest reputation. She was successively mistress to Arthur Maynwaring, and general Churchill. She died in 1780, and was buried in Westminster abbey. Biog. Brit.

OLDHAM (John), a poet, was born in 1653, at Shipton in Gloucestershire, where his father was minister. He was educated at the school of Tedbury, and next at Edmundhall, Oxford, where he took one degree, and then became usher in the free-school, at Croydon. From thence he was taken into the family of Sir Edward Thurland, as tutor to his grandson, and afterwards into that of Sir William Hickes. His last patron was the earl of Kingston, in whose house he died of the small-pox in 1683. His works, of which the principal are his satires on the Jesuits, have been published in 3 vols. 12ma Biog. Brit.

born at Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, in 1673. He became a virulent partizan, and distinguished himself by his abuse of the Stuart family. He also accused the editors of lord Clarendon's History with having interpolated that work; a charge which was effectually refuted by bishop Atterbury. It is remarkable, that Öldmixon was guilty of the same crime which he falsely charged upon others; for, when employed in the first edition of Kennett's Complete History, he made many alterations in Daniel's Chronicle. He was appointed collector of the customs of Bridgewater, and died in 1742. His principal works are 1. A History of the Stuarts, folio. 2. Critical History of England, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. Life of Arthur Maynwaring. 4. Life of Queen Anne. - Gen. Biog. Dict.

OLDYS (William), a biographer and antiquary, was the natural son of Dr. Oldys, a civilian, and born in 1696. In 1726 he succeeded Wanley in the care of lord Oxford's library, the catalogue of which was partly drawn up by him; and he was also employed in the selection of the "Harleian Miscellany." He became Norroy king at arms; but his principal dependence was on the booksellers, for whom he compiled several works; the principal of which are, "A Life of Sir Walter Raleigh;" the "British Librarian ;" The Universal Spectator; and various Lives in the Biographia Britannica. He died in 1761. Europ. Mag.

OLEARIUS (Adam), an eminent traveller, was born in 1599, at Aschersleben, in Anhalt. He received his education at Leipsic; after which he became secretary to an embassy sent to Russia and Persia, by the duke of Holstein. On his return the prince made him his librarian, and keeper of his inuseum. He was an able mathematician, and constructed a curious globe, and an armillary sphere. He died in 1671. His travels have been published in English. Moreri.

OLEARIUS (Godfrey), a learned divine, was born at Leipsic in 1672. After studying in his own country and Holland, he visited Oxford; and on his return home was appointed professor of Greek, but in 1708 he succeeded to the chair of divinity. He died in 1715. His works are-1. Dis. sertatio de miraculo Piscinæ Bethesdæ. 2. Dissert. de adorátione Dei Patris per J. Christum. 3. Introduction to the Roman and German History. 4. An edition of Philostratus. 5. A Translation of Stanley's History of Philosophy, with Notes. 6. Observationes in Evangelium Matthæi. Chaufepie.

O'LEARY (Arthur), a Roman Catholic divine, was born at Cork, and educated at St. Maloes, where he became a Franciscan. On his return to his native place he distin. guished himself by persuading his brethren

to take the oath of allegiance, for which, and his other exertions in the cause of loyalty, he obtained a pension. Afterwards he settled in London, and officiated at the chapel in Soho-square. He died in 1802. His tracts against Wesley, and others, were collected into one volume, 8vo.; besides which he published "A Defence of his Conduct and Writings, in Answer to Dr. Woodward, Bishop of Cloyne."— Gent. Mag.

OLEASTER (Jerome), a Portuguese monk of the Dominican order, was born at Azambuja. He was at the council of Trent; after which he became inquisitor-general, and died in 1563. He wrote Commentaries on the Pentateuch and Isaiah, 2 vols. folio. · - Moreri.

OLIVA (Alexander), a cardinal, was born at Saxoferato, in Italy, in 1408. He became a monk of the order of St. Augustine, of which he rose to be general; and in 1460 he was created a cardinal. He died in 1463. His works are 1. De Christi ortu sermones centum. 2. De Cœna cum apostolis facta. 3. De peccato in Spiritum Sanctum. 4. Orationes. Ibid.

OLIVA (John), an eminent antiquary, was born in 1689, at Rovigo, in the state of Venice. He became professor of ethics at Azzolo, afterwards secretary to the conclave at Rome, and librarian to cardinal de Rohan, at Paris, where he died in 1757. He published-1. On the Study of Medals. 2. On the Progress and Decay of Learning among the Romans. 3. On a Monument of the Goddess Isis. 4. A Piece of Sylvestri's on an ancient Monument of Castor and Pollux. Ibid.

OLIVER (Isaac), an English painter, was born in 1556. He studied under Hilliard and Zucchero; after which he applied to portraits in miniature, though he also executed some historical pictures of great beauty. He died in 1617. His son, Peter Oliver, who died about 1654, was also an admirable artist in the same line, and much employed by Charles I.-Walpole's Anecdotes.

OLIVET (Joseph Thoulier D'), a learned critic, was born at Salins, in France, in 1682. He entered into the society of Jesuits, but left them to lead a retired life at Paris, where he was admitted a member of the academy, whose history he continued, in 2 vols. 12mo. His greatest work, however, is his edition of Cicero, printed first in 9 vols. 4to., 1740; and at Oxford in 1783, in 10 vols. 8vo.

The abbé Olivet also published translations from Cicero and Demosthenes, executed in a spirited and elegant manner. He died in 1768. Dict. Hist.

OLIVEYRA (Francis Xavier de), a Portuguese knight, and gentleman of the household to the king, was born at Lisbon in 1702. On going to Vienna, as secretary to the embassy, he became a convert to the protestant faith; to profess which he came to