RUSH (Benjamin), an American physician, was born in the state of Pennsylvania, of parents who were quakers, in 1745. He studied in the college of Princeton, but took his doctor's degree at Edinburgh in 1768. On his return to Philadelphia, an attempt was made to form a medical school in that university, and Dr. Rush became professor of chemistry. In 1776 he was chosen a member of congress, and appointed surgeongeneral of the military hospital, which office he exchanged for that of physician-general, but soon resigned that situation also. Soon afterwards, when the medical colleges of Philadelphia became united, under the name of the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Rush was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine and clinical practice. He died in 1813. His works are numerous, and highly esteemed by his countrymen. The principal tracts were collected into an octavo volume, entitled "Essays, literary, moral, and philosophical," 1798. Dr. Rush also wrote "A History of the Yellow Fever;" which was translated into the Spanish and French languages. — American Medical Register.

RUSHWORTH (John), an historian, was born in Northumberland, in 1607. He studied at Oxford, and became a barrister of Lincoln's Inn. In 1640 he was appointed assistant-clerk of the House of Commons, and was much employed in negociations during the civil wars. After the Restoration he became secretary to the lord-keeper Bridgeman, but falling into distress, he died in the King's Bench prison, in 1690. The "Historical Collections," with the Trial of the Earl of Strafford, published by him in eight volumes, folio, are valuable, though not impartial. — Biog. Brit.

RUSSEL (William, first duke of Bedford), was the eldest son of Francis, the fourth earl of Bedford, and born in 1614. He received his education at Magdalen-college, Oxford, and at the coronation of Charles I. was created knight of the bath. In the beginning of the civil war, he acted against the king, and commanded the reserve of horse in the battle of Edgehill; but in 1645 he joined the royal standard, and fought with great bravery at the battle of Newbury. His estate, in consequence, was put under sequestration, but on his submission to the parliament it was restored. He then led a private life till the return of Charles II., when he assisted at the coronation, and was made a knight of the garter. He also attended the coronation of William and Mary, and in 1694 was created duke of Bedford. He died in 1700. Birch's Lives.

RUSSEL (William, lord), third son of the preceding, was born about 1641. He received a private education under puritanical teachers. His early life, however, appears to have been rather dissipated, till he marin 1667, the excellent daughter of lord

Southampton. On becoming a member of the House of Commons, he distinguished himself by his zeal for the exclusion of the duke of York; and at length became so far involved in a conspiracy for effecting a revolution, that, when the Rye-house plot was discovered, an indictment was preferred against him, and he was condemned at the Old Bailey. Great exertions were made to save his life, but all without effect, and he was beheaded in Lincoln's-Inn-fields, July 18. 1683. After the Revolution an act was passed, to annul and make void the proceedings against lord Russel. His widow, lady Rachael, died Sept. 29. 1723, at the age of eighty-seven. Her letters were printed in 1773, 8vo.; and lately, some more of her correspondence, together with her memoirs, and those of her husband, have been published.

RUSSEL (Alexander), a physician, was born at Edinburgh, where he received his education, and took his degree; after which he went to Aleppo, as physician to the English factory, and resided there many years. On his return, he settled in London, and be came physician to St. Thomas's hospital, in which situation he continued to his death, which happened in 1770. Dr. Russel wrote "The Natural History of Aleppo," printed in folio, in 1755; and again, with additions, in 1794. His brother, Patrick Russel, who died in 1805, aged 79, was also physician to the factory at Aleppo, and afterwards in the East Indies. He published-1. A Treatise on the Plague, 4to., 1791. 2. Descriptions and figures of two hundred Fishes, collected on the Coast of Coromandel, 2 vols. fol. — Gent. Mag.

RUSSEL (George), an ingenious divine, was born in the island of Minorca in 1728. He was educated at Westminster-school, and next at St. Mary-hall, Oxford, where be assisted George Ballard in his Memoirs of celebrated Women. On entering into orders, he obtained the rectory of Skull, in the diocese of Cork, and died there in 1767 His poetical works were printed in 1769, in 2 vols. 8vo. — Malone's Life of Dryden.

RUSSEL (William), a miscellaneous writer, was born in 1746, in the county of Mid Lothian. He was educated at Inverleithen, after which he served his time to a printer and bookseller. On the expiration of his apprenticeship, he published a “ Collection of Modern Poems;" soon after which he removed to London, where, for some time, he followed the business of a printer, but at length became an author by profes sion. His principal publication was, " The History of Modern Europe," in 5 vols. 8vo; after which he undertook the "History of Ancient Europe;" but did not complete it. He now obtained the degree of doctor of laws in Scotland, and engaged in a "History of England during the Reign of George III.;" but died without having

made any progress in the work, Jan. 1. - Gen. Biog. Dict.

1794.

RUSSEL (Richard), a physician, was the son of a bookseller in London. He studied at Padua, where he took his degree; after which he settled at Reading, but had a quarrel with Dr. Addington, who refused to join him in consultation, because he had graduated abroad. The truth, however, was, that Russel was a jacobite, and Addington a violent whig. The former then removed to London, and afterwards to Brighton. He died in 1768. He wrote a treatise on the Virtues of Sea Water, 8vo. His brother was an artist, and wrote "The Letters of a Painter from Italy," 2 vols. 8vo.

RUST (George), a learned prelate, was born at Cambridge. He became fellow of Christ's college; but, at the Restoration, he went over to Ireland, and was preferred to the deanery of Connor, and the rectory of Magee, by bishop Taylor, whose funeral sermon he preached and published in 1667. The same year he was made bishop of Dromore, where he died in 1670. His other works are 1. "A Letter of Resolution concerning Origen and the Chief of his Opinions, 4to. This was reprinted in the Phoenix. 2. A Sermon on the Death of the Earl of Mount Alexander. 3. Remains, 4to. A Discourse of Truth, 8vo. Gen. Biog. Dict.

His works are 2. Variarum Lectionum quibus utriusque linguæ Scriptores, quà emendantur, quà illustrantur, 3. Notæ in Martialem. 4. Spicilegium in Apuleium. 5. Emendationes in Q. Curtium. 6. Poemata. 7. Lectiones Venusinæ. Vita Jani Rutgerii.— Niceron.

8.

RUTHERFORTH (Thomas), an English divine, was born at Papworth Everard, in Cambridgeshire, of which parish his father was rector, in 1712. He received his education at St. John's college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship, in 1740. In 1745 he was appointed professor of divinity, upon which he took his doctor's degree. His church preferments were successively the rectories of Barrow in Suffolk, Stanfield in Essex, and Barley in Hertfordshire, with the archdeaconry of Essex. died in 1771. Dr. Rutherforth published -1. A System of Natural Philosophy, 2 vols. 4to. 2. An Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue, 8vo. 3. A Letter in Defence of Bishop Sherlock on Prophecy, 8vo. 4. A Discourse on Miracles, 8vo. 5. Institutes of Natural Law, 2 vols, 8vo. 6. Two Letters to Dr. Kennicott. 7. A Vindication of the Right of

He

RUTTY (John), a physician, was born in Ireland, of parents who were quakers, in 1698. He was educated first in his native country, and next in London; from whence he proceeded to Holland, and having taken his doctor's degree, he returned to Dublin, where he resided till his death, in 1775. He was the author of - 1. A History of the Quakers. 2. An Essay on Women's preaching. 3. A Synopsis of Mineral Waters. 4. A Chronological History of the Weather and Seasons, and of the Diseases of Dublin. 5. An Essay towards a Natural History of the County of Dublin, 2 vols. 6. Observations on the London and Edinburgh Dispensatories. 7. Materia Medica Antiqua et Nova, 4to. 8. Spiritual Diary and Soliloquies, 2 vols. 8vo. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

RUYSCH (Frederic), a physician, was born at the Hague in 1638. He graduated at Leyden, after which he settled at his native place; but removed from thence to take the chair of anatomy at Amsterdam, where he formed a museum, which the czar Peter, who often dined with him, purchased, in 1717. In 1685 he was appointed professor of physic, and superintendant of the midwives of Amsterdam. He died in 1731, having been blind some years. His works were published in 1735, under the title of "Opera omnia Anatomico-Medico-Chirurgico," 5 vols. 4to. His son, Henry, who died in 1727, published "Theatrum universale omnium Animalium, 2 vols. fol. 1718. - Eloy, Dict. Hist.

Tromp, and distinguished himself as well in the great battle of three days, fought in February, 1653, as in that where Van Tromp fell in July following. In 1658 he defeated the Swedes, for which the king of Denmark gave him a patent of nobility. At the renewal of hostilities with England, in the reign of Charles II., De Ruyter gained an advantage over prince Rupert and Monk; but, two months afterwards, another battle was fought, in which the Dutch were defeated. The following year, however, he avenged himself, by riding triumphantly in the Thames, and destroying several English men of war at Sheerness. In 1672 he attacked the combined English and French fleets; and, though the battle was undecided, De Ruyter kept the sea, and convoyed home a fleet of merchantmen. This gallant commander was mortally wounded in an engagement with the French, off Messina, and died at Syracuse, April 11. 1676. His remains were interred at Amsterdam, and a monument erected to his memory. Moreri.

RYCKE (Theodore de), a learned critic, was born in Holland in 1640. He quitted the profession of the law, on being appointed to the chair of history at Leyden, where he died, in 1690. He published an excellent edition of Tacitus, 2 vols. 12mo., 1687. He was also the author of a curious dissert ation, "De primis Italiæ Colonis, et de adventu Æneæ in Italiam;" another, "De Gigantium," &c. Ibid.

RYER (Andrew du, sieur de Malesais), was a native of Marcigny. After a long residence in the East, as French consul, he returned to Paris, and became gentleman of the king's bedchamber. He died about 1640. His works are - 1. A Turkish Grammar. 2. A translation of the Koran, 2 vols. 3. Another of the "Gulistan, or Empire of the Roses;" from the Persian of Sadi.- He is to be distinguished from Peter Ryer, historiographer to the king of France. He was one of the forty members of the academy, and secretary to the king. He died in 1658. He translated several works into French, and wrote nineteen tragedies. - Dict. Hist. RYLAND (John), a baptist minister, who kept an academy many years, and officiated to a congregation at Northampton, where he was intimate with Mr. James Hervey, some of whose letters he published. He was also much esteemed by Dr. Johnson, and other eminent men. He died at Enfield in 1792. Mr. Ryland printed Contemplations on the Works of the Creation," in 3 vols. 8vo.; and some other books of a useful character. Gent. Mag.

-

66

RYLAND (William Wynne), an engraver, was born in London in 1732. He was placed early under Ravenet, and, at the expiration of his apprenticeship, went to Paris, where he resided five years with Boucher, whose manner of stippling he added to that which he had previously been taught. After this

he studied some time at Rome, and on his return to England, became engraver to the king. To extricate himself from some enbarrassments, he committed a forgery on the East India Company, for which he was tried and executed, in 1783. - Strutt

RYMER (Thomas), an English writer, was born in Yorkshire, and educated at the school of Northallerton, from whence he removed to Sidney-college, Cambridge. On quitting the university, he became a student of Gray's Inn, and in 1692 was appointed historiographer to the king. He first attempt dramatic poetry in a tragedy, entitled " Egar;" which was unsuccessful. He afterwards published "A View of the Tragedies of the last Age;” but he succeeded better as the editor of that great work, called the "Fœdera;" of which he lived to p lish fifteen volumes, in folio. He also wrote some poems; and translated Rapin's Reflections on Aristotle's Poetics into Engs He died in 1713. After his death appear a small volume of his, "On the Antiquity, Power, and Decay of Parliaments;" whic was followed by "Translations from Grees. Latin, and Italian Poets."— Gen. hig Dict.

He

RYSBRACH (John Michael), a sculptur was born in 1694, at Antwerp, where is father was a landscape painter, and del a 1726. On coming to England, he obtained considerable employment, particularly a monuments and busts. The principal of the former were those of sir Isaac Newton, and the duke of Marlborough. executed the equestrian statue of king W liam, for the city of Bristol; but his chief performance is a statue of Hercules, now in the possession of sir Richard Hoare. H died in 1770. He had two brothers, who were painters of still life and landscape. Walpole's Anecdotes.

RYVES (Bruno), an English divine, was born in Dorsetshire, and educated at Newcollege, Oxford, after which he became chaplain of Magdalen-college. In 1659 he took his doctor's degree, at which time be was vicar of Stanwell, in Middlesex, and rector of St. Martin Vintry, London. He suffered muh in the Rebellion, during which he dista guished himself by publishing Mercures in favour of the royal cause. At the he storation he was made dean of Windsor, rector of Acton, and secretary to the garte He died in 1677. Dr. Ryves pubished some sermons, and had a concern in Wa ton's Polyglott. - Walker's Sufferings.

RYVES (Sir Thomas), a relation of the pres ceding, was educated at Winchester-s and New-college, Oxford, where he beca doctor of laws, in 1610. He was a cvLSE in Doctor's Commons, and in 1618 was m of the masters in chancery, and judge prerogative court in Ireland. Charles 1. knighted him, and appointed him one of la assistants at the conference in the Ish

t

AA, or DE SA (Emanuel), a Portuguese Jesuit, was born in 1530, at Condé, in the province of Douro. He was employed by Pius V. on a new edition of the Vulgate ; and died at Arona, in the Milanese, in 1596. His works are-1. "Scholia in quatuor Evangelia," 4to. 2. "Notationes in totam sacram Scripturam,' 4to. 3. Aphorismi Confessariorum, 12mo. Moreri.

SAADIAS-GAON, a rabbi, was born in Egypt, A. D. 892. He presided over the academy at Sora; but was deposed for denying the doctrine of the metempsychosis, which was then prevalent among the Jews. He was afterwards restored; and died in 942. His works are 1. Sepher Haemunah, or Treatise on Faith. 2. A Commentary on Jetzirah. 3. An Arabic Translation of the Bible. 4. Commentaries on the Song of Solomon, Daniel, and Job. — Ibid.

SAAS (Johm), a French ecclesiastic, was born at Rouen in 1703, and died in 1774. He wrote-1. An Account of Manuscripts in the Cathedral of Rouen. 2. An Abridgment of Moreri, 4 vols. 3. Criticisms on Moreri's Dictionary. Dict. Hist. SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO (Diego de), a Spanish writer, was born in 1584, at Algezares, in Murcia. He became secretary to the embassy at Rome; and was rewarded with a canonry in the church of St. James, though not in orders. After this he was appointed agent for Spain at the papal court. He also assisted at some diets in Switzerland, and at the general one of the empire, at Ratisbon. He died in 1648. His works are-1. Idea de un Principe Politico-Christiano representada en cien empresas. There is a Latin translation of it, under the title of "Symbola Christiano-Politica." 2. Corona Gotica, Castellana, y Austriaca politicamente illus3. Respublica Litteraria. This last has been translated into English. — Antonio Bibl. Hisp.

trada.

SABATI-SEVI, a Jew of Smyrna, who, in 1666, pretended to be the Messiah, and was acknowledged by such numbers of his persuasion as excited the jealousy of the Turkish government; and he was thrown into prison, where his followers crowded to kiss his chains. The sultan having given him his choice to turn Mussulman or suffer

SAB

death, Sabati preferred the former, and exhorted the Jews to do the same. He died in prison, in 1676. - Moreri.

SABATIER (Peter), a Benedictine, was born at Poictiers in 1682, and died at Rheims in 1742. He prepared an edition of all the Latin versions of the Bible, which was published in 1743, in 3 vols. fol. - Dict. Hist. SABATIER (Raphael Bienvenu), a surgeon, was born at Paris in 1732, and died there in 1811. He was censor royal of the Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Institute. His works are-1. Theses Anatomicochirurgica, 4to. 2. De variis cataractam extrahendi modis, 4to. 3. Traité d'Anatomie, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. De la Medicine expectative, 3 vols. 8vo. 5. De la Medicine operatoire, 3 vols. 8vo. - Dict. Hist.

SABBATHIER (Francis), a French writer, was born at Condom in 1795. He became a teacher at the college of Chalons-surMarne, where also he established an academy, to which he acted as secretary. Afterwards he ruined himself by engaging in a paper manufactory. He died in 1807. His works are 1. Essai sur l'origine de la puissance temporelle des Papes. 2. Le Manuel des Enfans. 3. Dissertations sur divers sujets de l'Histoire de France. 4. Les Mœurs, Coutumes et Usages des Anciens Peuples, 3 vols. 5. Dictionnaire pour l'intelligence des auteurs classiques Grecs et Latins, 36 vols. 8vo. — Ibid.

SABBATINI (Andrea), or Andrea da Salerno, a painter, was born about 1480. He studied under Raphael, and imitated his manner with success. He died at Naples in 1545. There was another artist of this name, Lorenzo Sabbatini, called also Lorenzo di Bologna, whose pictures are frequently mistaken for those of Andrea. He died at Rome in 1577.- Pilkington.

SABELLICUS (Marcus Antonius Coccius), an historian, was born in the Roma Campagna in 1436. He became professor of eloquence, first at Udino, and afterwards at Venice, where he obtained a pension for writing the History of the Republic. died in 1506. His other works have been printed in 4 vols. folio. The principal is a Universal History, in Latin. Tiraboschi. SABELLIUS, a heretic of Ptolemais, in the

He