ecclesiastical court. In 1640 he published "The Antiquities of Canterbury," 4to.; which has been enlarged to a folio by Batteley. In 1652 he added a Saxon Glossary to the "Historiæ Anglicana Scriptores;" which was followed by the compilation of a Saxon dictionary. Sir Henry Spelman, having founded a lecture in that language at Cambridge, the salary was given to Somner to prosecute this undertaking, which was published at Oxford, in 1659. In 1660 he was made master of St. John's hospital, and auditor of Christ Church, at Canterbury. The same year he published "A Treatise of Gavelkind." He died in 1669. His other works are"Two elegiac Poems on Charles I." 1648; "A treatise on the Roman Ports and Forts in Kent," 1693, 8vo. ; and " Julii Cæsaris Portus Iccius illustratus," 1694, 8vo. Life by Kennet. SOPHOCLES, a Greek tragic poet, was born at Athens, about 500 B. C. He studied poetry under Eschylus, with whom he contended in tragedy, and gained the prize. His countrymen paid him extraordinary honours; and he was joined in a commission with Pericles, to reduce the revolted Samians. He continued writing for the stage to so late a period of life, that his sons complained against him to the judges, as being incapable of managing his estate. Sophocles, upon this, appeared in court, and recited his tragedy of "Oedipus of Colonos," which he had but just finished; and then asked, whether that was the work of a dotard? No more evidence was necessary, and the sons were declared mad for bringing such a charge. Sophocles lived to be above ninety years old; and his death is said to have been occasioned by the joy which he felt on having gained another poetical prize. Only seven of his plays exist; the best editions of which are that of Johnson, 1746, 3 vols. 8vo. ; and of Both, 1806, 2 vols. 8vo. They have been translated into English by Francklin and Potter. Biog. Class. SORBAIT (Paul), a physician, was a native of Hainault. He practised at Vienna, where he was professor in the university, and physician to the court. He died in 1691. His works are-1. Commentaries on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates. 2. Medicina Universalis, fol. 3. Consilium Medicum, de Peste Viennensi, 1679. · Eloy, Dict. Hist. SORBIERE (Samuel), a French physician, was born in 1615. His parents were of the protestant religion, but he turned Roman catholic, and went to Rome, expecting some preferment from Clement IX. who only bestowed upon him some marks of honour, which made Sorbiere say, "Holy Father, you give ruffles to a man who has got no shirt.' He next visited England, of which voyage he published an account in Soro (Dominic), a Spanish Dominican, was born at Segovia, in 1494. Though his origin was mean, he qualified himse:f for the university of Alcala, from whener he proceeded to Paris, and, on his retura, appeared with distinction at Salamanca Charles V. sent him to the council of Trent, where he took an active part, and was much consulted. He refused the bishopric of Segovia, and died in 156 His principal works are-1. On Naturt and Grace, 4to. 2. De Justitia et Jure, folio. He is to be distinguished from Peter Soto, a Dominican of Salamanca, whe came to England with Philip II., and be came professor of divinity and Hebrew st Oxford. On the death of Mary, be turned to Spain, and was called to the council of Trent, where he died in 1969 He published "Institutiones Christians,” and other works. Moreri. SOUCHAI (John Baptist), a French writer, was born at Saint-Amand, near Vendore, in 1687. He became a member of the academy of inscriptions, canon of Rodez counsellor to the king, and professor of eloquence in the royal college. He died in 1746. His works are- 1. Essais sur le Erreurs Populaires, translated from the English of sir Thomas Browne, 2 vals 2. Remarks on D'Andilly's Josephus 3 An edition of Ausonius, 4to. tations in the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions. Dict. Hist. 4. Disser SOUCIET (Stephen), a Jesuit, was Sern at Bourges in 1671. He became professor d rhetoric and theology in the college of 2 order; and afterwards librarian of that of Louis the Great. He died at Paris m 1744. His principal works are-1. As tronomical Observations made in China and the Indies, 3 vols. 4to. 2. Dissertations critiques sur les endroits difficiles de l'Ecriture Sainte, 4to. 3. Dissertations contre la Chronologie de Newton, 4to. He had a brother, who was also a Jesuit and professor of divinity in the same college. He wrote a poem on comets, and another on agriculture, in Latin. Dict. Hist. SOUFFLOT (James Germain), an architect, was born at Trenci in 1713. He studied at Rome, and, on his return, settled at Lyons, where he built an exchange and hospital, which gained him so much credit, that he was called to Paris, and made superintendant of the royal buildings. His principal work was the church of St. Genevieve. He was a knight of the order of St. Michael; and died in 1780. Ibid. SOUTH (Robert), an eminent divine, was born at Hackney in 1633; and educated at Westminster-school, from whence he was elected to a student's place at Christ-church, Oxford. In 1660 he was chosen public orator of the university, and the year following appointed chaplain to the earl of Clarendon, who gave him a prebend in the church of Westminster, on which he took his degree of doctor in divinity. In 1670 he was made canon of Christ church, and in 1676 went with the English ambassador to Poland, of which journey he wrote a narrative. In 1678 he was presented to the rectory of Islip, in Oxfordshire. In 1693 he had a controversy with Sherlock, on the doctrine of the Trinity, when both disputants were charged with heresy, for attempting to explain an indefinable mystery. Dr. South was distinguished by his wit, and his sermons, eleven volumes of which have been published, possess great merit. He died in 1716, and was interred in Westminster-abbey. His "Opera posthuma Latina;" and his " English Miscellaneous Works,' were printed in 2 vols. 8vo. Biog. Brit. His SOUTHERN (Thomas), a dramatic writer, was born at Dublin in 1659. He was educated in Trinity-college, and then removed to the Middle Temple, where, instead of law, he applied to poetry. His first production was, the "Persian Prince," acted in 1682; but his best performance was "Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave.” tragedies, however, were disfigured by the intermixture of farcical scenes. Southern died in 1746. His works have been published in 3 vols. 12mo. - Cibber's Lives. SOUTHGATE (Richard), a pious divine, was born at Alwalton, in Huntingdonshire, in 1729. He took one degree at St. John'scollege, Cambridge, and then entered into orders. After holding a small living in the country, he resigned it, to settle in the metropolis, where he became curate of St. James's, and afterwards of St. Giles in the Fields. In 1783 he was presented to the rectory of Little Steeping, in Lincolnshire, and the following year appointed one of the librarians of the British Museum. In 1790 he obtained the living of Warsop, in Nottinghamshire. He died in 1795. His sermons have been published in 2 vols. 8vo. with his life prefixed. SOUTHWELL (Robert), an English Jesuit, was born in 1560. He studied at Rome, where he became prefect of the college of his order; but afterwards returned to England as a missionary. In 1592 he was sent to prison, where he remained three years before he was brought to trial, when he was condemned, and executed, in 1595. His poetical works exhibit a correct taste and vivid imagination. He is to be distinguished from Nathaniel Southwell, a Jesuit, who published a history of his order at Rome, in 1676, fol. — Dodd. Wood. SOZOMEN (Hermias), an ecclesiastical historian of the fifth century. He was a native of Palestine; and became a pleader of causes at Constantinople, where also he applied to church history, a compendium of which he wrote in a florid style, from the ascension to the year 440. The part of this work which remains, is full of legendary tales. — Cave. Dupin. SPAGNOLETTO (Joseph), commonly called Ribera, a painter, was born in 1589, at Xativa, in Spain. After studying in his own country, he went to Italy, where he imitated the works of Correggio. He next altered his style for that of Caravaggio, to whom he became superior. His favourite subjects were old saints and martyrs, particularly St. Jerome. He died at Naples in 1656.- D'Argenville. He SPALLANZANI (Lazarus), a naturalist, was born at Scandiano, in Italy, in 1729. studied at Modena, and next at Bologna, where his cousin, Laura Bassi, was at that time one of the most distinguished professors in Italy. Under her instructions he acquired a considerable knowledge of philosophy and polite literature; but being destined for the law, he removed to Padua, where he was dissuaded from following that pursuit, and, in 1754, was chosen professor of Greek at Reggio. In 1760 he accepted the chair of natural philosophy at Modena, and published there some works; which occasioned his removal to the university of Padua, where he enriched the cabinet of natural history by his contributions; as he did the world of science by his discoveries. He travelled over a great part of Europe and Asia; and was enrolled among the associates of numerous societies. He died Feb. 17. 1798. His works are valuable, but humanity shudders at the recital of his experiments. — Dict. Hist. SPANHEIM (Frederic), a protestant divine, was born at Amberg, in the Palatinate, in 1600. He studied under his father, who SPANHEIM (Ezekiel), the eldest son of the preceding, was born at Geneva in 1629. At an early age he wrote a dissertation on the form of the ancient Hebrew letters against Capellus. In 1649 he was chosen professor of eloquence at Geneva, but relinquished it on becoming tutor to the son of the elector palatine, whose favour he gained by asserting his right to the post of vicar of the empire. That prince sent him to Rome, where he gained the esteem of Christina of Sweden, and the princess Sophia of Hanover, mother of George I., with the latter of whom he returned into Germany. He was afterwards employed on several negociations by the elector of Brandenburg, who, on assuming the regal title, created him a baron, and in 1702 sent him as his minister to England. He died in 1710, and was buried in Westminster-abbey. His principal works are-1. A French translation of the emperor Julian's "Cæsars," illustrated by Medals and other ancient Monuments. 2. An enlarged edition, in two folio volumes, of his Treatise on the Use of Medals, printed at London and Amsterdam. 3. Juliani Opera Græcè et Latinè, folio. 4. Notes on Callimachus and Aristophanes, &c. - Niceron. He was SPARROW (Anthony), a learned bishop, was born at Depden, in Suffolk, and educated at Queen's-college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship, but was deprived of it by the presbyterians in 1643. also ejected from the rectory of Hawkedon in Suffolk; but after the Restoration he recovered it, and was made archdeacon of Sudbury, with which he held a prebend of Ely. He was also elected master of his college; and in 1667 consecrated bishop of Exeter, from whence, in 1678, he was translated to Norwich, where he died in 1685. He published-1. The Rationale of the Book of Common Prayer, 8vo. 2. A Collection of Articles, Injunctions, Canons, Orders, &c. of the Church of England, 4to. Wood. SPEED (John), an historian, was born at Farrington, in Cheshire, about 1555. He was a taylor by trade, and became a member of that company in London: but sir Fulk Greville took him from the shopboard, and enabled him to pursue the study of antiquities. In 1606 he published a work, entitled "The Theatre of the empire of Great Britain," folio; which was followed, in 1614, by "The History of Great Bri tain under the conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans," folio. Speed also published a popular work, called " The Cloud of Witnesses, or the Genealogies of Scripture;" which was formerly prefixed to the large Bibles. He died in 1629.Biog. Brit. SPELMAN (Sir Henry), an eminent tiquary, was born at Congham, in Norick, in 1562. He studied at Trinity-college, Cambridge, and next in Lincoln's-ira When very young, he wrote a Latin treatise on coats of arins; which procured him almission into the first society of antiquaris In 1604 he served the office of high-sherif of Norfolk; soon after which he was set to Ireland as one of the commissioners for settling the titles of lands in that country. He was next appointed a commissioner » inquire into the exaction of fees in the courts and offices of England; for which he received the honour of knighthood. He now fixed his residence in London, where he employed himself in searching recurs and studying the Saxon language, the dif culty of acquiring which, led him to ou pile his "Archeologus," as he called it, a as it was afterwards entitled, the "Gasrium." This great work, however, be not complete, but published a part of it a 1626, folio; and the rest was made up from his papers by Dugdale, in 1664. In 16 sir Henry compiled a history of the cri affairs of the kingdom, from the conques to magna charta. His next undertaking was the "Collection of the Councils & the English Church," of which be ved to publish only one volume, in 1638 folio; and the second was edited, in 1666, by Dugdale. The last labour of sir Hern, was a "History of the Tenures by Knights Service in England." He died in inf', and was buried in Westminster-abbey. Ha other works are 1. De Sepultura, 2. De non temerandis Ecclesiis, 8va & Discourse concerning the Original of four Law Terms of the Year. 4 A Treatise concerning Tithes. 5. A Ha tory of Sacrilege. Some of these tracts, and others, were published in folio, with the life of the author, by bishop Gibson. St Henry Spelman, by his will, founded a Saxon lecture at Cambridge, but it was not carried into effect. His son, ar J Spelman, was knighted by Charles I., and made master of Sutton's Hospital. He died at Oxford in 1643. He pubashed the Saxon psalter, 4to.; and wrote "The Life of Alfred the Great," which was published by Hearne in 1709, 8vo. A Latin translation by Wise, was printed in 1678, folio. Clement Spelman, the youngest son of sir Henry, became one of the barons of the exchequer at the Restoration, and died in 1679. - Edward Spelman, who wrote a treatise on the Greek accents, and translated Xenophon, Cyropædia, and Dionysius Halicarnassensis was a descendant of the great antiquary. He died in 1767. Biog. Brit. SPENCE (Joseph), an ingenious divine, was born in 1698. He was educated at Winchester, and next at New-college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship. He published, in 1727, "An Essay on Pope's Odyssey;" which produced a friendship between him and the poet. The year after this he was chosen poetry professor at Oxford. In 1731 he published an account of Stephen Duck, for whom he procured the living of Byfleet. About this time he travelled with the earl of Lincoln, and on his return, was presented to the rectory of Great Horwood, in Buckinghamshire. He was also appointed professor of modern history. In 1747 he published in folio, his "Polymetis, or Enquiry into the Agreement between the Works of the Roman Poets, and the Remains of Ancient Artists." In 1754 he was promoted to a prebend in the cathedral of Durham; and the same year drew the public attention to the circumstances of Blacklock, the blind poet; as he afterwards did to Robert Hill, the learned taylor. His last publication was entitled, "Remarks and Dissertations on Virgil, with some other Classical Observations, by the late Mr. Holdsworth. Published with Notes and additional Remarks, by Mr. Spence." He was accidentally drowned in a canal in his garden, Aug. 20. 1768. Several of his pieces are in Dodsley's and other collections: and lately have been pub. lished, the "Anecdotes collected by him, concerning eminent Literary Characters."Gen. Biog. Dict. SPENCER (John), a learned divine, was born at Bocton, in Kent, in 1630. He was educated at the King's-school, Canterbury, and next at Corpus Christicollege, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. In 1665 he took his doctor's degree, and two years afterwards was elected master of his college. About the same time he was made archdeacon of Sudbury; in 1672, prebendary of Ely; and in 1677, dean of that church. He died in 1695. His works are 1. A Discourse concerning Prodigies: with another concerning vulgar Prophecies, 8vo. 2. A Latin Dissertation on the Urim and Thummim. 3. De Legibus Hebræorum ritualibus et earum rationibus, 2 vols. folio. Biog. Brit. SPENER (Philip James), a Lutheran divine, was born in Alsace, in 1635. He was the founder of the sect of Pietists, which ori. ginated at Frankfort in a desire to free religion from scholastic obscurities. Spener died in Brandenburg in 1705. He wrote some religious works, in German; and some on genealogy, in Latin. His son, James Charles Spener, was the author of "Historia Germanica universalis et pragmatica;" and "Notitia Germaniæ Antiquæ." He died in 1730. — Moreri. SPENSER (Edmund), an English poet, was born in London about 1553. Where he received his early education is not known, but in 1569 he was admitted a sizar at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge; and in 1576 he took his degree of master of arts. In 1578 he became known to sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his "Shepheard's Calendar." In 1580 he was appointed secretary to lord Grey, of Wilton, viceroy of Ireland; and in 1586 he obtained a grant of lands in the county of Cork; upon which he fixed his residence at Kilcolman, where he was visited by sir Walter Raleigh, who persuaded him to write the "Faerie Queene," the first edition of which was printed in 1590, and presented to Elizabeth, who granted the poet a pension of fifty pounds a-year. In 1595 he published his pastoral of "Colin Clout's come home again ;" and the year following, the second part of his "Faerie Queene;" but the poem, according to the original plan, was never completed. About this time Spenser presented to the queen his "View of the State of Ireland;" being then clerk of the council of the province of Munster. In 1597 he returned to Ireland; but when the rebellion of Tyrone broke out, he was obliged to fly with such precipitancy, as to leave behind his infant child, who was burnt with the house. Spenser came to England, with a broken heart, and died in Westminster, January 16. 1598-9. His remains were interred at the expense of the earl of Essex, in Westminster-abbey, where the countess of Dorset raised a monument to his memory. The "Faerie Queen," of Spenser, has been often printed in a separate form; and the entire works of this elegant poet have been published, with an excellent life of him, by Mr. Todd, in six volumes octavo. SPERONI (Sperone), an Italian writer, was born at Padua in 1500. He became professor of logic and philosophy at Bologna: but in 1528 he resigned the chair to settle at his native place. In 1560 he went to Rome, where Pius IV. created him a chevalier. He died in 1588. His works have been printed in 5 vols. 4to. - Tiraboschi. SPIELMANN (James Reinhold), a physician, was born at Strasburgh in 1722. He be. came professor of chemistry at his native place; after which he travelled through a - SPIGELIUS, OF VANDEN SPIEGHEL (Adrian), a physician and anatomist, was born at Brussels in 1578. He studied at Louvain and Padua, in which last university he be came professor of anatomy and surgery; which office he discharged with such reputation, that the Venetian government made him a knight of St. Mark, and gave him a chain of gold. He died in 1625. His works were published by Vander Linden in 2 vols. folio, 1645. - Eloy. Dict. Hist. SPINCKES (Nathaniel), a learned divine, was born at Castor, in Northamptonshire, in 1654. He was admitted at Trinity-college, Cambridge, but removed from thence to Jesuscollege, where he took his master's degree in 1677. In 1685 he obtained the rectory of Peakirk in Northamptonshire; and two years afterwards was made prebendary of Salisbury, with which he held the living of St. Mary in that city; but lost his preferments at the Revolution for refusing the oaths. In 1713 he was consecrated a bishop among the non-jurors; and died in London in 1727. His principal work is entitled, "The Sick Man visited;" to which are prefixed, a memoir and portrait of the author. - Gen. Dict. SPINELLO (Aretino), an Italian painter, was born at Arezzo in 1328. His ma donnas and portraits are very fine. He died in 1420. His son, Paris Spinello, painted gloomy subjects, and having worked up a dreadful picture of Lucifer, it frightened him so afterwards, that he died at the age of fifty-six. — Pilkington. SPINOLA (Ambrose), a famous general, was born in Spain, of a noble Genoese family, in 1569. He commanded an army in Flanders, and in 1604 took Ostend; for which he was made general of all the Spanish troops in the Low Countries; where he was opposed by Maurice, of Nassau. During a cessation of operations, Spinola went to Paris, and in an interview with Henry IV., the monarch asked him, what were his plans for the ensuing campaign? The general, without hesitation, entered into a detail of his projects; and Henry communicated to Maurice the very contrary, as he could not believe that Spinola had revealed to him his real intentions. That general, however, performed exactly what he had stated, and succeeded: upon which Henry aid, "Others have deceived me by false 8 1 but this man has imposed upon me by speaking truth." In the war occasioned by the disputed succession to the duchy of Cleves and Juliers, Spinola took Aix-laChapelle, Wesel, and Breda. Afterwards he was employed in Italy, where he made himself master of the city of Casal; but not being able to subdue the citadel, owing to the imprudent orders sent to him from Madrid, he exclaimed, "They have taken from me my honour;" and died soon after, of chagrin, in 1630.- Dict. Hist. SPINOZA (Benedict), a celebrated sceptic, was born at Amsterdam in 1638. His parents were Portuguese Jews; who gave him the name of Baruch; which, on renouncing his religion, he altered to Benedict. He was for some time a Calvinist, and afterwards a Mennonist, but at last fell into atheism. He died in 1677. He published a work in Latin, entitled "Tractatustheologico-politicus;" which was reprinted in London in 1765, by Hume, though without his name or that of the author. The posthumous pieces of Spinoza were published soon after his death, in one volume, 4to. - Life by Colerus. SPIRA (Francis), a lawyer of Cittadella, in the Venetian state, who, being accused of heresy to the papal nuncio, made his submission, and afterwards a public recantation. Shortly after this, he fell into a deep me lancholy, and died full of horror and remorse for his apostacy in 1548.-Collier's Dict. SPIZELIUS (Theophilus), a German divine, was born in 1639. He studied at Leipsic, after which he became a minister at Augs burgh, where he died in 1691. His works are 1. De re literaria Sinensium commentarius. 2. Sacra Bibliothecarum illus trium arcana, &c. 3. Templum honoris reseratum, in quo quinquaginta illustrium hujus ævi orthodoxorum theologorum, philologorumque imagines exhibentur. Felix Litteratus. 5. Infelix Litteratus. 6. Litteratus felicissimus. — Moreri. 4. SPON (Charles), a physician, was born at Lyons in 1609. He took his doctor's degree at Montpellier, and then settled in his native city, where he died in 1684. He published the prognostics of Hippocrates in Latin verse, under the title of « Sibylla Medica."— Ibid. SPON (James), son of the preceding, was born at Lyons in 1647. He took his doctor's degree at Montpellier; but applied chiefly to the study of antiquities. In 16:5 he travelled with sir George Wheeler into the Levant. When the edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685, he went to Switzerland, but died at Vevay the year following. His works are-1. Recherches des Antiquites de Lyon. 2. Ignotorum atque obscurorum Deorum aræ. 3. Voyage de la Grèce et du Levant, 3 vols. 4. Histoire de la Ville et de l'Etât de Geneva, 2 vols. 5. Lettre P. la Chaise sur l'Antiquité de la Religion. |