SWEDENBORG (Emanuel), an enthusiast, was born at Stockholm, Jan. 29. 1689. His father, who was bishop of West Gotha, gave him an excellent education, the fruits of which appeared in the publication of a volume of Latin poems, when Swedenborg was no more than twenty. In 1716 he was appointed assessor of the metallic college; and in 1719 was honoured with a patent of nobility. In 1734 he published, at Dresden, his "Opera Philosophica et Mineralia," in 3 vols. folio; but his mind after this took a different turn, and he fancied that the spiritual world was opened to him, which disengaged his thoughts from scientific objects. Accordingly his publications from this time were all of the wonderful cast, as " De Nova Hierosolyma;" "De Cœlo et Inferno ;"—"Sapientia angelica de Divina Providentia." Baron Swedenborg died in London, March 29. 1772, and was buried in the Swedish church, near Radcliffe Highway. Swedenborg did not form a sect in his lifetime; but his writings have had the effect of organizing one since, called by the name of the "New Jerusalem Churchi."Europ. Mag.

SWIFT (Jonathan), a fainous writer, was the grandson of Thomas Swift, vicar of Goodrich, in Herefordshire, who married Elizabeth Dryden, aunt of the poet, and by her had six sons. Jonathan, the father of the subject of this article, was bred an attorney, and married a lady of Leicestershire, but in two years left her a widow, with one child, and pregnant with another. In this state she went to live with her brother-inlaw, Godwin Swift, an attorney at Dublin, where, Nov. 30. 1667, she was delivered of a son, who was baptized Jonathan. When Mrs. Swift returned to her friends in Leices. tershire, she left this child to the care of his uncle, who sent him first to the school of Kilkenny, and next to Trinity-college, Dublin, where he so far neglected his academical learning, as to be refused his bachelor's degree for insufficiency. However, he at last obtained it as a mark of favour, and in 1692 took that of master of arts, at Oxford. In 1688 Swift lost his uncle, and being left without support, he came to England, where don sir William Temple, who made panion. During his residence brated statesman, he had fre

quent interviews with king William, who offered him a troop of horse, which he de clined, as his thoughts were directed to the church. After some time, Swift quarrelled with his patron, and went to Ireland, where he took orders, and obtained a prebend in the diocese of Connor. But sir William, finding he could not do without his company, requested him to return; with which Swift complied, and lived with him till his death; when he received a legacy, and the posthumous works of that eminent writer, which he published, with a dedication to the king, He also petitioned for the first vacant prebend of Canterbury or Westminster; but no regard being paid to his request, he accepted an invitation from the earl of Berkeley, lord lieutenant of Ireland, to accom pany him as chaplain and secretary. Here again he met with another disappointment, for, instead of the deanery of Derry, which he expected; he was put off with the living of Laracor and Rathbeggin, in the diocese of Meath. At the former of these places he resided some time, and, while there, invited from England the lady whom he has celebrated by the name of Stella. She was the daughter of Mr. Johnson, steward of sir William Temple, who left her one thousand pounds. Though Swift married her after his advancement to the deanery, he never would acknowledge her as his wife, and refused to do so when she was on her deathbed. In 1701 he took his doctor's degree, and, on the accession of queen Anne, visited England, where he lived a great part of that reign, and distinguished himself as powerful writer on the side of the Tories His principal friends were Harley and St. John, but he obtained no preferment till 1715, when he was made dean of St. Patrick's Before this advancement, he had formed a remarkable intimacy with Miss Vanhomrigh, the daughter of a Dutch merchant at Dublin; and matters went so far on both sides, that the lady, on coming into the possession of her fortune, pressed Swift to marry her, which he declined, and she died soon after of a broken heart, after cancelling the will she had made in his favour. In 1794, Swift wrote his "Drapier's Letters;" occasioned by the patent granted to one Wood, to coin copper money for the use of Ireland, which would have enriched him, and impoverished the nation. The dean, however, under the character of a draper, succeeded in exposing the fraudulent job, and Wood and his coin soon disappeared. In 1727 Stella died, after which Swift led a more retired life; and his mental faculties gradually declined, till he sunk into that state of idiotcy which be had long anticipated. He died in October, 1745, and was buried in his cathedral. He left the bulk of his fortune to erect an hospital for lunatics. Swift's excellence lies in his prose writings, the style of which is simple, clear and

forcible. His poetical productions are lively, but coarse. His two principal works are "The Tale of a Tub," and " Gulliver's Travels."-Life by Hawkesworth, Sheridan, &e.

SWIFT (Deane), a relation of the preceding, was descended, by the mother's side, from admiral Deane, a naval officer in the time of Cromwell. He was educated at Trinity-college, Dublin, from whence he removed to Oxford, and died in an advanced age at Worcester, in 1783. He was the author of "An Essay on the Life, Writings, and Character of Dr. Jonathan Swift,' printed in 1755. Gen. Biog. Dict. SWINBURNE (Henry), a civilian, was born at York. He studied first at Harthall, and next at Broadgate-hall, Oxford, where he proceeded to his doctor's degree in civil law, after which he became judge of the prerogative court at York. He died in 1624. His works are-1. A Treatise of Spousals, or matrimonial Contracts. 2. A Treatise of Testaments and Last Wills. This last has gone through many editions. Wood.

SWINBURNE (Henry), a traveller, was born of a catholic family in Northumberland. After going through a preparatory course of education at Scorton-school in Yorkshire, he went to Paris, Bourdeaux, and Turin, for improvement. In 1774 he again made a tour on the continent, where he spent six years; and on his return retired to his seat in the bishopric of Durham; but owing to a failure in his circumstances, was obliged to go to the island of Trinidad, where he died in 1803. Mr. Swinburne published "Travels in Spain," in 1 vol.; and "Travels in the two Sicilies," in 2 vols. 4to. - Nichols's Bowyer.

SWINDEN (Tobias), an English divine, who took the degree of master of arts at Cambridge, and became rector of Cuxton in Kent, where he wrote an extraordinary book entitled "An Enquiry into the Nature and Place of Hell," printed first in 1714, and again, with a supplement by another hand, in 1727. The author labours to show, that the sun is Tartarus; and an Italian ecclesiastic took the unnecessary pains to write a confutation of the hypothesis.

SWINTON (Jolin), a learned divine, was born at Bexton, in Cheshire, in 1703. He became a servitor, and next a scholar, at Wadham-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1726. Two years afterwards he was presented to the rectory of St. Peter le Bailey in Oxford; and at the same time was elected to a fellowship of his college. He also became chaplain to the English factory at Leghorn, and on his return settled at Oxford, where he took his degree of bachelor in divinity, and was elected keeper of the university records. He died in 1777. He was one of the principal writers of the Universal History,

besides which he published several Latin dissertations on the Etruscan language, Phoenician antiquities, and Samaritan and other ancient coins. Some of his papers on similar subjects are in the Philosophical Transactions; and he was also the author of a "Critical Essay on the Words Dæmon and Demoniacks." Gen. Biog. Dict.

SYBRECHT (John), a landscape painter, was born about the year 1630 at Antwerp, where he was instructed in the principles of his art by his father. Afterwards he became a close imitator of nature, and drew a number of fine views on the Rhine. The duke of Buckingham brought him to England, and employed him at Cliefden. He died in London in 1703.- Walpole's Anecdotes.

SYDENHAM (Floyer), a learned but unfortunate gentleman, was born in 1710. He was educated at Wadham-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1734. He published translations of several of Plato's works; but died in great indigence, under arrest for debt, April 1. 1787. The melancholy case of this scholar gave rise to that valuable institution the Literary Fund. Gent. Mag.

SYDENHAM (Thomas), an eminent physician, was born in 1624, at Winford Eagle, in Dorsetshire. He became a commoner of Wadham-college, Oxford, where, in 1648, he took the degree of bachelor of physic; and about the same time became fellow of All Souls' college. After studying some time at Montpellier, he returned and settled in Westminster, where, on completing his degrees, he commenced practice, and attained a high reputation. He died in Pall Mall, December 29. 1689, and was buried in St. James's church. His works were written by himself in English, and translated into Latin by Dr. Mapletoft. They have been frequently printed in one volume, octavo, with the author's life by Dr. John

son.

He

The last English edition is that of Dr. George Wallis, in 1788, 2 vols. 8vo. SYKES (Arthur Ashley), an English divine, was born in London about 1684. was educated at St. Paul's school, and next at Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, where he wrote some Hebrew verses on the death of king William; and in 1708 took his degree of master of arts. In 1713 he became vicar of Godmersham in Kent, which he resigned the following year, on being presented to the rectory of Dry-Drayton; as he did this also in 1718, when he was instituted to that of Rayleigh in Essex. next became preacher at King-street-chapel, Golden-square; in 1723 prebendary of Salisbury; and three years afterwards chancellor of the same church. In 1725 he was appointed assistant preacher at St. James's church; and the next year he took his doctor's degree. In 1739 he was made dean of St. Burien in Cornwall; and soo

He

after was collated to a prebend in the church of Winchester. He died November 23. 1756. Dr. Sykes was of the latitudinarian school, and published several controversial tracts, particularly in the Bangorian controversy, on the side of Hoadley; but his principal work is entitled "The Connection of Natural and Revealed Religion," 8vo. — Life by Disney.

SYLBURGICS (Frederic), a learned critic, was born at Marpurg in 1546. He became master of the school at Licha; but quitted that employment to reside at his native place, where he published valuable editions of ancient authors; a Greek grammar; a lexicon, entitled Etymologicon Magnum,' and other works. He rendered great assistance to Stephens in the compilation of his Greek Thesaurus. Sylburgius died in

1596.-Moreri.

"

SYLLA (Lucius Cornelius), a celebrated Roman, was born of a noble but reduced family. Nicopolis, a courtezan, left him all her property, which was increased by the wealth of his mother-in-law. He first bore arms under Marius, whom he accompanied to Numidia as quæstor, where he distinguished himself in such a manner as excited the jealousy of his commander. Upon this they separated, and Sylla served under Catullus; soon after which he obtained the prætorship, and was commissioned to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, in opposition to Mithridates, king of Pontus. This he accomplished, and on his return to Rome was appointed to conduct the war with the Marsi. In this also he was successful, and was rewarded with the consulship, B. C. 88. He now wished to have the whole management of the war with Mithridates; but being thwarted in that object by Marius, he entered the city at the head of an army, put Sulpicius to death, and obliged Marius to fly. Sylla upon this went into Greece, made himself master of Athens and the Piræus, and plundered the temples of the gods, to gratify his soldiers. He next gained the two battles of Cheronæa and Orchomenes; then crossed the Hellespont, and compelled Mithridates to sue for peace. Sylla now hastened to Italy, where he found Marius at the head of a powerful army. By bribery, however, he contrived to draw over the soldiers of his enemy; and being thus left without opposition, he entered the city, the streets of which he filled with blood. After committing the most horrible enormities, he abdicated the authority of perpetual dictator, and retired to his seat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest of his life in debauchery. He died B. C. 78. Corn. Nepos.

SYLVESTER (Joshua), an English poet, was born in 1563, and died at Middleburg, in Holland, in 1618. He translated Du Bartas into English verse; which was once a very popular book, and was praised by Ben

Johnson. Sylvester also wrote a piece entitled "Tobacco battered, and the Pipes shattered, about their Ears that idlely idoute so base and barbarous a Weed; or at least wise over-love so loathsome a Vanity," ta - Wood.

SYLVIUS, OF DUBOIS (James), a French physician, was born at Amiens, in Picardy, in 1478. He studied under his brother, Francis Sylvius, who was principal of the college of Tournay in Paris; where he became an accomplished scholar. Having adopted medicine as a profession, he became an eminent teacher in that faculty, and read lectures both upon anatomy and botany, some years before his election to the profes sorship of physic in the Royal college. He died in 1555. Sylvius was a man of great abilities, but excessively avaricious. medical works were published by Moreau, in 1630, folio. He also wrote a Latin and French grammar. He is to be distinguished from Francis Sylvius, a native of Han who died at the age of fifty-eight, in 1672 He was professor of physic at Leyden, and the first who espoused and demonstrated there the doctrine of the circulation of the blood. His works were printed at Amsterdam in 1679, 4to.; and at Venice in 1708, folio. — Moreri.

SYMMACHUS (Quintus Aurelius), consal of Rome, A. D. 391. He warmly opposed the Christian religion; but when banished by Theodosius, was glad to take refuge in a church to save his life. His epistles were printed at Leyden, in 1653, 12mo. — Cave. Dupin.

SYNCELLUS (George), an historian of Constantinople, who lived about the year 192 The name Syncellus belonged to him as the official attendant on the patriarch, corre spondent with the situation of archdeacon. The person here mentioned was a mork, and the compiler of a chronography, which Goar published in Greek and Latin, in 1652, folio. It is valuable for the account which it gives of the dynasties of Egppt. — Int. Hist.

SYNESIUS, a Platonic philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote three treatises of natural philosophy, printed at Paris m 1612, 4to.; and one on Dreams, printed with the works of Jamblichus — Pei.

SYNESIUS, a philosopher and bishop, was born at Cyrene in Africa, and studied under Hypatia at Alexandria. He went about the year 400, on an embassy to Constantinon, where he pronounced, before the emperor Arcadius, an oration on government, and delivered a pathetic representation of the sufferings which his native country endured from the Goths. In 410 be was chosest bishop of Ptolemais, much against his own inclination. He was far from being arthodox in his belief, particularly on the doctrine of the resurrection of the same body. Ha works were published by Petavius, at Parm,

Shrewsbury. In 1443 he concluded a treaty with the French king; and the following year went again to Ireland as lord lieutenant; but in 1450 he was recalled to serve in France, where he fell at the battle of Chastillon, in his eightieth year, July 20. 1453. Carte's Hist.

TALBOT (William), bishop of Durham, was born at Stourton-castle, in Staffordshire, in 1659, and educated at Oriel-college, Oxford. In 1691 he was made dean of Worcester; in 1699 bishop of Oxford; in 1715 bishop of Salisbury; and in 1722 translated to Durham. He died in 1730. The bishop published some speeches and sermons, which last were collected in one volume, octavo. - Hutchinson's History of Durham.

TALBOT (Charles, lord), son of the preceding, was born in 1684. He became a commoner of Oriel-college, and afterwards fellow of All Souls' college, Oxford. He next entered at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar; after which he obtained a seat in parliament; and in 1726 was made solicitor-general. In 1733 he was constituted lord chancellor, and created a baron. He died Feb. 14. 1737, and was buried in the parish church of Barrington in Gloucestershire, where he had an estate. -Biog. Brit.

TALBOT (Catherine), an ingenious lady, was the only child of Edward Talbot, second son of the preceding bishop of Durham, and born in 1720. She and her mother lived constantly with archbishop Secker, who owed his promotion to Mr. Talbot, and requited it by the care of his family. Miss Talbot received an elegant education, which she improved by her own application to the languages and sciences. She died of a cancer, Jan. 9. 1770. Her works are Reflections on the Seven Days of the Week; essays; letters; dialogues; and poems, Miss Talbot was the bosom friend and correspondent of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter. Life prefixed to her works.

TALIACOTIUS, Or Tagliacozzo (Gaspar), a celebrated anatomist, was born at Bologna in 1546. He was professor of anatomy at his native place, where he acquired great celebrity as an operator, but is chiefly remembered by his skill in restoring lost parts of the face, particularly the nose; on which account he is ridiculed in Hudibras. But late improvements in England, and even the practice of the orientals, show that the method is easy. Taliacotius died in 1599. He wrote some works on the subject in Latin.- Eloy, Hist. Med.

TALLARD (Camille d'Hostun, count and duke de), marshal of France, was born in 1652 in Dauphiny. He served under Louis XIV. in Holland, in 1672. In 2 he was made lieutenant-general, and ent ambassador to England. renewed, he assumed the

command on the Rhine in 1702, and the year following made himself master of Landau, after defeating the prince of Hesse; but in 1704 he lost the battle of Hochstet, and was taken prisoner by Marlborough, to whom he said, "Your Grace has beaten the finest troops in Europe." The duke replied, "You will except, I hope, those who defeated them." Marshal Tallard remained in England till 1712, when he returned to Paris, and was created a duke. In 1796 be was made secretary of state. He died in 1728. - Dict. Hist.

TALLENTS (Francis), a nonconformist divine, was born at Palsley, in Derbyshire, in 1619. He became fellow of Magdalencollege, Cambridge; but in 1652 he left the university, and settled at Shrewsbury as minister of St. Mary's, from whence he was ejected in 1662. He died there in 1708. His " View of Universal History, or Chronological Tables," in folio, was once a work in great request. — Calamy.

TALLIS (Thomas), an English musician, in the 16th century. He was gentleman of the chapel to Edward VI. and queen Mary, and his salary is said to have been sevenpence halfpenny a day. In the reign of Elizabeth he was appointed organist of the chapel royal in conjunction with Bird, with whom he published a collection of hymns for church service. Tallis died in 1585.Hawkins. Burney.

TAMERLANE, OF TIMUR-BEC, or TITHE-LAME, was, according to some historians, the son of a shepherd, and to others, of royal descent. He was born in 1935, at Kesch, in the ancient Sogdiana. He gave early proofs of his courage, and having gained a number of followers, made himself master of Balk, the capital of Khorasan; after which he conquered the province of Candahar. He next subdued Persia, and took Bagdad; flushed with which success, he marched to India, where he entered Delhi, and gained posses sion of immense treasures. While engaged in this expedition, Bagdad revolted, on which Timur hastened back, delivered the city to pillage, and put to death thousands of the inhabitants. After this he turned bis arms against Bajazet, emperor of the Turks, whom he defeated, and took prisoner in 1402. Timur is said to have confined Bajazet in an iron cage; but this story is apocryphal. He next vanquished Egypt, and died in the midst of glory, April 1. 1405.— Univ. Hist.

TANNER (Thomas), a learned prelate, was born in 1674, at Market Lavington, in Wiltshire, of which parish his father was vicar. He became a student of Queen's college, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of All Souls. In 1701 he was presented to the rectory of Thorpe in Norfolk, and the chan cellorship of that diccese. In 1715 he was installed prebendary of Ely; in 1791 archdeacon of Norfolk; and in 1724 canon of