every Gothic monument of the age. After the secession of the Masons from the church, the works were suspended, leaving only the choir, with its side aisle, completed." This structure, commenced by the traveling Masons six centuries ago, has, within a few years, been finished after the original plans. Another writer,* remarking on the same class of builders, says: "The architects of all the sacred edifices of the Latin church, whenever such arose-North, South, East, and West-thus derived their science from the same central school; obeyed in their designs the same hierarchy; were directed in their constructions by the same principles of propriety and taste; kept up with each other, in the most distant parts, to which they might be sent, the most constant correspondence; and rendered every minute improvement the property of the whole body, and a new conquest of the art. The result of this unanimity was that, at each successive period of the monastic dynasty, on whatever point a new monastry or church might be erected, it resembled all those raised at the same period in every other place, however distant from it, as if both had been built in the same place by the same artist. For instance, we find, at particular epochs, churches as far distant from each other as the north of Scotland and the south of Italy to be minutely similar in all the essential characteristics."

TRESTLE-BOARD. "As the operative Mason erects his temporal building in accordance with the designs laid down upon the Trestle-Board by the master-workman, so should we, both operative and speculative, endeavor to erect our spiritual building in accordance with the designs laid down by the Supreme Architect." What is here masonically designated the "Trestle-Board," artists, poets, and philosophers denominate the Ideal. All things that exist, save God, are created by the ideal, or are reflections of it. The visible creation is God's ideal, wrought out in material forms; and all the works of man are copies of ideal types which he discovers traced on the Trestle-Board of his soul. Every nation exists according to an ideal which is reflected in its life, its institutions, and manners; and the life of man, as an individual, is high or low, as his ideals of life are high or low; or, in other words, it is fashioned after the designs that are traced on the moral Trestle-Board. Societies, also, are constructed from the ideal. If a society have no ideal, it can have no influence, and can exist but for a brief period, because it has no ability to arouse the enthusiasm, or command the respect and allegiance of men. The Masonic

Hope, "History of Architecture," p. 239.

society has been able to adapt itself to various and changing circumstances of mankind, with facility, because its ideals of society, of benevolence and virtue, rose higher, and shone brighter, as the ages rolled away. It is a part of its mission to keep the minds of its adepts fixed intently upon the designs pictured upon the Trestle-Board, or, to speak more correctly, to establish a perpetual communion between man and the world of glorious ideals.

TRIAD. Three in one. An important symbol in Freemasonry. The number three was thought holy in the earliest antiquity. Numbers, xix. 12, furnishes an instance. This must have its reason in the nature of the number. It represents to us unity and opposition, the principle and its development or opposition, and the connecting unity-synthesis. It is the first uneven number in which the first even one is found: herein lie its peculiar signification and perfection. Even in antiquity it could not escape attention, that this number is to be found wherever variety is developed. Hence we have beginning, middle, end, represented in the heavenly rise, point of culmination and setting; morning, noon, evening, and evening, midnight, morning; and in general, in the great divisions of time, the past, the present, and the future. In space, also, this number three occurs, as in above, midst, and below; right midst, and left; and in general, in the dimensions of space, as length, breadth, and thickness, or depth. To the eye, the number is represented in the regular figure of the triangle, which has been applied to numberless symbolical representations; the ear perceives it most perfectly in the harmonic triad. As the triple is also the basis of symmetry, that three-figured form is found in architecture, and in simple utensils, without any particular reference to symbolical or other significations. Of this kind are the triglyphs in architecture, the tripod, trident, the three thunderbolts of Jupiter, the ancient threestringed-lyre, though the number has in these objects, as well as in the three-headed Cerberus, other more symbolical relations. The Triad, represented by the delta, is a significant emblem in a large number of Masonic degrees.

TRINOSOPHISTS, LODGE OF. A body of Masons once, if not at present, very popular and influential in Paris. It was at one time the most intelligent society of Freemasons ever known. It adhered to the ancient Landmarks, but gave clearer and more satisfactory interpretations of the symbols of Freemasonry than are afforded in the symbolical Lodges. It practiced five degrees as follows: 1. Apprentice; 2. Fellow-Craft; 3. Master; 4. Rose Croix, reformed-rectifiè

5. Grand Elect Knight K.. S.. We have elsewhere given an account of the Rose Croix degree as it is practiced in this Lodge. The following extracts from the preliminary instructions to a candidate for initiation into the third degree will be found interesting, and will serve to illustrate the way in which these Trinosophical Masons explain the ceremonies and symbols of Freemasonry. "Man, cast, as it were, by accident, upon the earth, feeling that he is born free, and yet seeing himself a slave, seeking the good, and yet often finding the bad, and not being able to attribute to the same author both good and evil, imagined that there were two principles distinct and separate, eternally antagonistic to each other. It is thus that the ancient Persians recognized Oromazdes, the good principle, and Arimanius, the principie of evil; the Jews, Jehovah and the serpent, and the Egyptians Osiris and Typhon. Masons who form an elect family in the social order, who study and seek the true and the good, also have their traditions and allegories. They have the history of the death and resurrection of H... A.., the perfect workman, assassinated by three wicked fellows, notwithstanding the efforts of the nine good F... C's.. to save him. This legend, it is true, has been mutilated, and made insignificant and often ridiculous by ignorant expounders of the Masonic mysteries; but all enlightened Masters know that this Perfect Master is the genius of beneficence and truth both in the physical and moral order. In the physical order he is the sun, that glorious luminary which gives life to all nature, and which makes his revolution in the regular space of twelve months, which become, so to speak, his eternal and inseparable companions. These twelve months form the spring, the summer, the autumn, and winter. The first nine of these give the flowers, the fruits, warmth and light. They are the nine good F.. C's.. who love and wish to preserve their master. The three last are the authors of the rains, the frosts, and darkness. It may be said that they kill nature and the sun himself. They are the three bad F... C's... In the moral and spiritual order, H... M.. is the Eternal Reason by which all things are weighed, governed, and preserved. He is also Knowledge, Justice, and Truth, by which the Eternal Reason is manifested. The good F... C's.. are the virtues that honor and bless humanity; the wicked F.·. C's.· are the vices which degrade and kill it."

TRIVIUM. The name given, in the middle ages, to the first three of the seven liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. The other four, consisting of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy, were called the quadrivium.

TROWEL AND SWORD. Emblems in the degree of Knights of the East. They are borrowed evidently from a religious and mechanical society, called the Brethren of the Bridge, which was founded at an early period in France, when a state of anarchy existed, and there was little security for travelers, particularly in passing rivers, on which they were subject to the rapacity of banditti. The object of this society was to put a stop to these outrages by forming fraternities for the purpose of building bridges and establishing ferries and caravansaries on their banks. Always prepared for an attack from the marauders, they carried a sword in one hand and a trowel or hammer in the other. Ramsay says that they adopted this custom in imitation of the Jews at the building of the second temple; and he endeavors to establish some connection between them and the Knights of the Temple, and of St. John of Jerusalem.

TROWEL, ORDER OF. A Berlin periodical of April, 1791, gives the following account of the formation of this society: Vasari, in his 'Life of the Painters,' makes mention of a society of artists, called the 'Brotherhood of the Trowel,' which arose as follows. In the course of the fifteenth century several artists were supping one night in a garden at Florence. By accident their table was placed near a heap of lime, in which a trowel was sticking. One of the guests seized the trowel, and threw, sportively, some lime into the mouth of another guest, exclaiming, at the same time: 'The trowel! the trowel!' This circumstance led to the establishment of a fraternity which chose a trowel for its emblem, and St. Andrew for its patron Saint." It is possible, as Clavel conjectures, that this society might have borne some relationship to the Traveling Masons.

TRUE MASONS, ORDER OF. Baileau, a Masonic mystic, founded, 1778, a Lodge of Hermetic Masonry at Montpelier, and gave it this name. It practiced six degrees: 1. The True Mason; 2. The True Mason in the Right Way; 3. Knight of the Golden Key; 4. Knight of the Rainbow; 5. Knight of the Argonauts; 6. Knight of the Golden Fleece.

TRUE PATRIOTS, SOCIETY OF. In the Latin of the Middle Ages, patriota signified a native, in contradistinction to peregrinus, a foreigner who did not enjoy the rights of citizenship. As the native, i. e., citizen, was considered to be attached by his interests to the commonwealth, the word gradually received the meaning of a citizen who loves his country. Here, however, it has a wider sense still-the

True Patriots style themselves the friends of mankind. This brotherhood appeared at Frankfort in the year 1787. Its object was to unite all classes of men together, "through the agency of the learned-the society of Freemasons, and other closely-allied fraternities, for the promotion of their mutual interests." The order conferred several degrees, and appears to have had some connection with the Order of Jerusalem, or the Order of Freemasonry, a priori.

TRUTH. One of the great tenets of a Freemason's profession. It is the foundation of all Masonic virtues; it is one of our grand principles; for to be good men and true is a part of the first lesson we are taught; and at the commencement of our freedom we are exhorted to be fervent and zealous in the pursuit of truth and goodness. It is not sufficient that we walk in the light, unless we do so in the truth also. All hypocrisy and deceit must be banished from among us. Sincerity and plain dealing complete the harmony of a Lodge, and render us acceptable in the sight of him unto whom all hearts are open, all desires known, and from whom no secrets are hid. There is a charm in truth, which draws and attracts the mind continually toward it. The more we discover, the more we desire; and the great reward is wisdom, virtue, and happiness. This is an edifice founded on a rock, which malice cannot shake or time destroy. In the ancient mythology of Rome, Truth was called the mother of Virtue, and was depicted with white and flowing garments. Her looks were cheerful and pleasant, though modest and serene. She was the protectress of honor and honesty, and the light and joy of human society.

TWELVE GRAND POINTS OF MASONRY. "There are in Masonry," say the ancient lectures, "twelve original points which form the basis of the system, and comprehend the whole ceremony of initiation. Without the existence of these points, no man ever was, or can be, legally and essentially received into the Order. Every person who is made a Mason must go through all these twelve forms and ceremonies, not only in the first degree, but in every subsequent one." Esteeming these points of the highest importance in the ceremonies of the Order, our ancient brethren exercised great ingenuity in giving them symbolical explanations, and refer the twelve parts of the ceremony of initiation to the twelve tribes of Israel. Notwithstanding the value and importance our ancient brethren deemed these points to possess, the Grand Lodge of England thought proper, at the union in 1813, to strike them from its rituals, and substitute three "new" points. Neither of these systems