maluisse, post, cum id adsequi non potuissent, istuc potissimum sunt delapsi. ut aiunt in Graecis artificibus eos auloedos esse, qui citharoedi fieri non potuerint, sic nonnullos videmus, qui oratores evadere non potuerint, eos ad iuris studium devenire. magnus dicendi labor, magna res, magna dignitas, summa autem gratia: etenim a vobis salubritas quaedam, ab iis, qui dicunt, salus ipsa petitur. deinde vestra responsa atque decreta et evertuntur saepe dicendo et sine defensione oratoris firma esse non possunt. in qua si satis profecissem, parcius de eius laude dicerem: nunc nihil de me dico, sed de iis, qui in dicendo magni sunt aut fuerunt.

XIV. duae sunt artes, quae possunt locare homines in am- 30 plissimo gradu dignitatis: una imperatoris, altera oratoris boni; ab hoc enim pacis ornamenta retinentur, ab illo belli pericula repelluntur. ceterae tamen virtutes ipsae per se multum valent, iustitia, fides, pudor, temperantia, quibus te, Servi, excellere omnes intellegunt, sed nunc de studiis ad honorem adpositis, non de insita cuiusque virtute disputo. omnia ista nobis studia de manibus excutiuntur, simul atque aliquis motu novo bellicum canere coepit. etenim, ut ait ingeniosus poëta et auctor valde bonus, proeliis promulgatis pellitur e medio

ut aiunt, etc.] loosely quoted by Quint. VIII. iii. 79.

artificibus]' artists.' So Gk. TeXVÍTns, Ar. Rhet. III. 2. 10. cf. Liv. V. I, VII. 2, XXXIX. 22.

citharoedi] Z.well cf. Quint. I. xii. 3.
qui......eos] cf. §§ 61, 69, 13.
res] matter, 'task.'

autem] with the last of a string of
substantives, laying stress
on it.
gratia. cf. § 24 fin.

salubritas] a sort of healthy condition, opposed to salus.

in qua] If this be sound, we must refer it to eloquentia to be gathered from what precedes: but this seems very awkward on looking closely at the words. Z. emends quo.

nunc] as it is I speak not of myself, but of the famous speakers of the present or the past.'

xiv. 30. artes] 'branches of professional skill,' or perhaps 'merits.'

cf. § 23.

tamen valent, sed] 'I am far from wishing to disparage the great worth of......, but they are not to the point just now, for'......

pudor] 'honour,' as we say. cf. §64. ad honorem adpositis] suited to the attainment of office.' cf. II in Verr. I. § 30, menses ad agendum maxime appositos. T.

motu novo] raising a stir,' i. e. a revolution or invasion.

auctor] teacher, authority for a statement. cf. Tusc. D. IV. § 3, where Cato is gravissimus auctor, Hor. Carm. I. 28. 14, Juv. X. 30.

proeliis promulgatis] A phrase which sounds like a quotation from Ennius, and probably is; promulgare legem was to post it up 17 days at least before it was to be voted upon (in trinum nundinum). 'When warning of battle is given.'

2

31

non solum ista vestra verbosa simulatio prudentiae, sed etiam ipsa illa domina rerum, sapientia: vi geritur res [publica], spernitur orator, non solum odiosus in dicendo ac loquax, verum etiam bonus: horridus miles amatur, vestrum vero studium totum iacet. non ex iure manum consertum, sed ferro, inquit, rem repetunt. quod si ita est, cedat, opinor, Sulpici, forum castris, otium militiae, stilus gladio, umbra soli: sit denique in civitate ea prima ars, propter quam ipsa est civitas omnium princeps.

verum haec Cato nimium nos nostris verbis magna facere demonstrat et oblitos esse bellum illud omne Mithridaticum cum mulierculis esse gestum. quod ego longe secus existimo, iudices, deque eo pauca disseram; neque enim causa in hoc continetur. nam si omnia bella, quae cum Graecis gessimus, contemnenda sunt, derideatur de rege Pyrrho triumphus M'. Curii, de Philippo T. Flaminini, de Aetolis M. Fulvii, de rege

simulatio prudentiae] your longwinded put-on learning.' The abstract for concrete, cf. annalium vetustas, § 16.

sapientia] eloquence. M. T. H., but from their quotations I doubt this; it may refer to such men as Virgil's pietate gravis ac meritis, who in the sedition (En. I. 148 foll.) regit dictis animos et pectora mulcet. So Laelius was called sapiens. See § 66, note.

res publica] The latter word is in all the MSS. save one; Cicero throws it in, just as non solum... verum etiam, to give his own turn of meaning to the quotation.

bonus] Cicero seems to make this mean 'good' = successful. But I fancy it was meant by Ennius as the honest pleader,' or, in Scotch phrase, 'the pleader, honest man,' merely a general term of approval, in opposition to horridus.

vero] 'as for your profession, it is utterly prostrated;' iacet, cf. §§ 17, 45.

ex iure] cf. on § 26: here it is opposed to ferro, manum conserere

being used in a double sense of (a) legal claiming of property, (b) fighting. consertum, the supine, sc. vocant or eunt.

These lines from Ennius, Annal. VII., are quoted in full by Gellius XX. 10. 4. pellitur e medio sapientia, vi geritur res; spernitur orator bonus, horridus miles amatur. haut doctis dictis certantes nec maledictis, miscent inter sese inimicitias agitantes. non ex iure manum consertum, sed magis ferro rem repetunt regnumque petunt, vadunt solida vi.

forum castris] Not so in his poem de suis temporibus, fragm. 1, cedant arma togae.

umbra soli] sc. a sedentary life to an active one, cf. Prof. Mayor's note on Juv. VII. 105.

31. mulierculis] 'weak women,' opposed to viri in Lael. § 46. T. neque enim] refers to pauca. Pyrrho] battle of Beneventum B.C. 275 or 276, triumph in same year. Mommsen, bk. II. c. 7.

Philippo] Kynoskephalae 197, triumph 194. Mommsen, bk. III. c. 8. Aetolis] 189, triumph 187.

Perse L. Pauli, de Pseudophilippo Q. Metelli, de Corinthiis L. Mummii sin haec bella gravissima victoriaeque eorum bellorum gratissimae fuerunt, cur Asiaticae nationes atque ille a te hostis contemnitur? atqui ex veterum rerum monumentis vel maximum bellum populum Romanum cum rege Antiocho gessisse video: cuius belli victor L. Scipio aequa parta cum Publio fratre gloria, quam laudem ille Africa oppressa cognomine ipso prae se ferebat, eandem hic sibi ex Asiae nomine adsumpsit. quo quidem in bello virtus enituit egregia M. 32 Catonis, proavi tui: quo ille, cum esset, ut ego mihi statuam, talis, qualem te esse video, numquam cum Scipione esset profectus, si cum mulierculis bellandum arbitraretur. neque vero cum P. Africano senatus egisset, ut legatus fratri proficisceretur, cum ipse paulo ante Hannibale ex Italia expulso, ex Africa eiecto, Karthagine oppressa, maximis periculis rem publicam liberasset, nisi illud grave bellum et vehemens puta

Perse] Pydna 168, triumph 167. Pseudophilippo] 148, triumph 146. Mommsen, bk. IV. c. I.

Corinthiis] 146, triumph 145. Mommsen, bk. IV. c. I.

gratissimae] Only in one bad MS. but gravissimae is clearly wrong. ‘A great relief.'

victoriae bellorum] cf. § 1, comitiorum precatio.

Asiaticae] H. well remarks that this refers to what we call Asia Minor, where Greek was generally spoken; hence it agrees well with cum Graecis above. For nationes cf. on § 69.

contemnitur] sing. as fuit § 15. Antiocho] B.C. 192-190. Mommsen bk III. c. 9.

belli victor] so Stat. Theb. IX. 624, da visere belli victorem.

aequa parta] Of the various restorations of this passage, this of Kay. ser and Sorof seems to me the best. MSS. mostly si qua parta. The statement is grossly exaggerated.

ille] because Publius was the elder and greater of the two; hic then answers it, otherwise it would

be superfluous. Z. cf. de Leg. II. § 5. nomine] sc. Asiaticus.

32. M. Catonis] in 191 B. C. at the battle of Thermopylae. Liv. XXXVI. 18, Plut. Cato 13.

statuam] so I prefer to read with the MSS., as better than statuo in both sense and authority: 'to set him in my mind's eye.'

cum Scipione] These words are to be kept, as (a) if he went with M'. Acilius Glabrio, the inaccuracy is one into which Cicero might well have faller, and (b) Z. has shewn that he is very possibly right.

arbitraretur and below putaretur] For the tense cf. Madv. § 347 h, obs. 2. had he thought (=been thinking) that'..

neque vero] 'nor yet again.'

egisset] For all the ingenuity of Z. I still think that this statement and those in Phil. XI. § 17, and Liv. XXXVII. I, are quite at variance. The two latter seem to be different versions, the present one an oratorical misrepresentation, of the same story.

fratri] dat. after legatus.

retur. xv. atqui si diligenter, quid Mithridates potuerit et quid effecerit et qui vir fuerit, consideraris, omnibus regibus, quibuscum populus Romanus bellum gessit, hunc regem nimirum antepones: quem L. Sulla, maximo et fortissimo exercitu, pugnae certe non rudis imperator, ut aliud nihil dicam, cum bello invectum totam in Asiam, cum pace dimisit: quem L. Murena, pater huiusce, vehementissime vigilantissimeque vexatum, repressum magna ex parte, non oppressum reliquit: qui rex, sibi aliquot annis sumptis ad confirmandas rationes et copias belli, tantum ipse conatu valuit, ut se Oceanum cum 33 Ponto, Sertorii copias cum suis coniuncturum putaret. ad quod bellum duobus consulibus ita missis, ut alter Mithridatem persequeretur, alter Bithyniam tueretur, alterius res, et terra et mari calamitosae, vehementer opes regis et nomen auxerunt; L. Luculli vero res tantae exstiterunt, ut neque maius bellum commemorari possit neque maiore consilio et virtute gestum. nam cum totius impetus belli ad Cyzicenorum moenia constitisset eamque urbem sibi Mithridates Asiae

xv. nimirum] in apodosis, as in de Off. II. § 71. Z.

pugnae certe etc.] here I believe Z. rightly emends from pugna certe of MS. Lag. 9.

cum pace] opposed to cum bello. He merely gave up what he had seized: this was in 85 B.C., the first Mithridatic war.

L. Murena] left behind in command by Sulla in 84 B.C. and ordered not to provoke Mithridates; he did not obey this and in the second Mithridatic war fared ill (83-81 B.C.) at the king's hands; here Cicero speaks with great oratorical license.

prefer spe conatuque, and perhaps they are right.

Oceanum] the Atlantic. Pontum, the Euxine. i. e., rule the land from

sea to sea.

Sertorii] For this see Mommsen, book v. ch. 1.

33. consulibus] L. Licinius Lucullus and M. Aurelius Cotta; for the full history of this war, called the third Mithridatic, see Mommsen, book v. ch. 2.

ita] with instructions that while the one (Lucullus) was to pursue Mithridates, the other (Cotta) was to cover Bithynia.'

calamitosae] The disaster of Chalkedon, before the arrival of Lucullus, in B.C. 74.

constitisset] I can see no alternative but to accept this correction for extitisset of the MSS., which seems inexplicable with impetus. We must not however compare Liv. XXI. 49, XXII. 32, for, as H. remarks, the meaning there is 'had come to a standstill;' here, 'had come to a

ianuam fore putasset, qua effracta et revulsa tota pateret provincia, ita perfecta ab Lucullo haec sunt omnia, ut et urbs fidelissimorum sociorum defenderetur et omnes copiae regis diuturnitate obsessionis consumerentur. quid? illam pugnam navalem ad Tenedum, cum contento cursu, acerrimis ducibus, hostium classis Italiam spe atque animis inflata peteret, mediocri certamine et parva dimicatione commissam arbitraris? mitto proelia, praetereo oppugnationes oppidorum: expulsus regno tandem aliquando tantum tamen consilio atque auctoritate valuit, ut se rege Armeniorum adiuncto novis opibus copiisque renovarit. XVI. ac si mihi nunc de rebus gestis esset nostri exercitus imperatorisque dicendum, plurima et maxima proelia commemorare possem, sed non id agimus. hoc dico: si bel- 34 lum hoc, si hic hostis, si ille rex contemnendus fuisset, neque tanta cura senatus et populus Romanus suscipiendum putasset, neque tot annos gessisset tanta gloria Luculli, neque vero eius belli conficiendi negotium tanto studio populus Romanus ad Cn. Pompeium detulisset. cuius ex omnibus pugnis, quae sunt innumerabiles, vel acerrima mihi videtur illa, quae cum rege commissa est et summa contentione pugnata. qua ex pugna cum se ille eripuisset et Bosporum confugisset, quo exercitus adire non posset, etiam in extrema fortuna et fuga animum tamen retinuit regium. itaque ipse Pompeius, regno possesso, ex omnibus oris ac notis sedibus hoste pulso, [tamen] tantum in unius anima posuit, ut, cum omnia, quae ille tenue

head.' The ruin of Mithridates' grand army before Kyzikus 74-73 B.C. is alluded to. When the full shock of the war had fallen at one swoop upon the fortress-town of Kyzikus.' defenderetur etc.] cf. pro Archia § 21, de im. Gn. Pomp. §§ 20—21. obsessionis] generally = 'occupation,' here' siege.' cf. Caes. Bell. Civ. III. 24, obsessionem nostrorum omisit. acerrimis] sent by Sertorius. cf. de imp. Gn. Pomp. § 21.

6

Italiam] To renew the civil war, it was thought. Spartacus was at this time roving about Italy unchecked. rege Arm.] Tigranes, his son-inlaw.

xvi. proelia] asTigranocerta, B.C.69. 34. hoc...hic] Pompeius was still fighting in Asia. ille, Mithridates had died this very year.

neque tanta gloria Luculli] 'nor, had they done so, would L. have won so much glory in it.' tanta gloria is abl.

cum rege] sc. the night-battle or surprise by the Euphrates, B.C. 66. A good conjecture is the insertion of nocte here before commissa (F. Richter).

tenuerat] his kingdom. adierat, the Roman possessions in Asia. sperarat, the rule of the Caucasian districts. H.