num sensibus et deleniendis animis et adhibendis voluptatibus? utrum lenocinium, inquit, a grege delicatae iuventutis an orbis terrarum imperium a populo Romano petebas?' horribilis oratio, sed eam usus, vita, mores, civitas ipsa respuit. neque enim Lacedaemonii, auctores istius vitae atque orationis, qui cotidianis epulis in robore accumbunt, neque vero Cretes, quorum nemo gustavit umquam cubans, melius quam Romani homines, qui tempora voluptatis laborisque dispertiunt, res publicas suas retinuerunt: quorum alteri uno adventu nostri exercitus deleti sunt, alteri nostri imperii praesidio disciplinam 75 suam legesque conservant. XXXVI. quare noli, Cato, maiorum instituta, quae res ipsa, quae diuturnitas imperii comprobat, nimium severa oratione reprehendere. fuit eodem ex studio vir eruditus apud patres nostros et honestus homo et nobilis, Q. Tubero. is, cum epulum Q. Maximus P. Africani patrui sui nomine populo Romano daret, rogatus est a Maximo, ut triclinium sterneret, cum esset Tubero eiusdem Africani sororis filius. atque ille, homo eruditissimus ac Stoicus, stravit pelli

delicatae] cf. ad Att. 1. 19. 8, libidinosae et delicatae iuventutis.

horribilis] 'awful,' with sarcastic horror. cf. Catull. XIV. 12, di magni, horribilem et sacrum libellum.

civitas] the spirit of our institutions.

cotidianis] sc. the ovooiria or φιδίτια. The Cretan messes were called ἄνδρια.

in robore] on hard oaken benches, ἐπὶ τοῦ κλιντηρίου ψιλοῦ. Athen. 142 a. cubans] leaning on the elbow or a cushion. They ate kalńμevol.

alteri] The proconsul Q. Caecil. Metellus (hence called Creticus) subdued the Cretans, B. C. 68-67.

alteri] Since the break-up of the Achaian League and the destruction of Corinth (B. C. 146), the Spartans had been protected dependants of Rome.

xxxvi. 75. eodem ex studio] so in § 66.

Q. Aelius Tubero] a grandson of L. Aemilius Paullus. Q. Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus was a grand

son, and this Scipio (cf. on § 58) a son of the same, adopted by a son of Scipio Africanus the Elder. Tubero was a noted Stoic, cf. Brutus § 117, de Or. III. § 87. Also a learned jurist, cf. Gellius, I. 22, 7. Scipio was found dead in his bed, not without some suspicion of foul play, B.C. 129. cf. Mommsen, bk.

IV. C. 3.

epulum] a funeral banquet.

nomine] 'in honour of.' This use is very nearly the same as that in §§ 69, 82.

triclinium] a table with a set of three couches. See Rich, dict. ant.

sterneret] 'lay.' Implies not merely the providing of rugs, &c., for the couches, but also the dishes for the table. H.

ac Stoicus] ironically thrown in, as if it were a step higher than homo eruditissimus. And a Stoic to boot.'

pelliculis] with shabby goatskins,' instead of rich coverlets and cushions.

culis haedinis lectulos Punicanos et exposuit vasa Samia, quasi vero esset Diogenes Cynicus mortuus et non divini hominis Africani mors honestaretur: quem cum supremo eius die Maximus laudaret, gratias egit dis immortalibus, quod ille vir in hac re publica potissimum natus esset; necesse enim fuisse, ibi esse terrarum imperium, ubi ille esset. huius in morte celebranda graviter tulit populus Romanus hanc perversam sapientiam Tuberonis. itaque homo integerrimus, civis opti- 76 mus, cum esset L. Pauli nepos, P. Africani, ut dixi, sororis filius, his haedinis pelliculis praetura deiectus est. odit populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam magnificentiam diligit; non amat profusas epulas, sordes et inhumanitatem multo minus. distinguit rationem officiorum ac temporum, vicissitudinem laboris ac voluptatis. nam quod ais nulla re adlici hominum mentes oportere ad magistratum mandandum nisi dignitate, hoc tu ipse, in quo summa est dignitas, non servas. cur enim quemquam, ut studeat tibi, ut te adiuvet, rogas? rogas tu me, ut mihi praesis, ut committam ego me tibi? quid tandem? istuc me rogari oportet abs te an te potius.

lectulos Punicanos] wooden benches of the Punic pattern, to serve as lecti. H. But see Appendix D.

vasa Samia] earthenware, not, as they should have been, of metal, e.g. Corinthian bronze: [not silver, as Fabius had himself not much of that, Plin. H. N. XXXIII. 141.] Z. cf. auct. ad Herenn. IV. 64, utatur (argento) licet, nos Samiis delectabimur. H.

Diogenes] of Sinope, the most celebrated of the Kuviko. He was noted for his plain-speaking (rappnoia), and for his devotion to proving the smallness of human needs. His tub is well known. The Cynics were in many points the moral forerunners of the Stoics.

et non] instead of.' supremo die] his funeral.

laudaret] the funeral oration, delivered in the Forum at the Rostra by some relative of the deceased. sapientiam] 'philosophy.' 76. deiectus est]

=

in praeturae

petitione repulsam tulit. cf. I in Verr. § 23, si me aedilitate deiecissent.

odit......diligit] quoted by Quint. IX. iii. 82, as an instance of the figure distinctio.

privatam......publicam] For sense cf. pro Flacco § 28, Hor. Carm. II. 15, 13, privatus illus census erat brevis, commune magnum. inhumanitatem]

H.

'boorishness,' want of refinement. cf. § 66. distinguit...voluptatis] The thought is the same as § 74, qui tempora voluptatis laborisque dispertiunt. But what it does here I know not. well remarks that nam quod ais, etc. refers to the sordes, etc. above, and that this is probably an addition by some later hand. It is, however, good Latin enough: I only doubt the term voluptas of a funeral-banquet.

ut mihi praesis]=ut tibi liceat mihi praeesse. H. quid tandem?] what is one to say? ' dear me!'

a me, ut pro mea salute laborem periculumque suscipias? 77 quid, quod habes nomenclatorem? in eo quidem fallis et decipis. nam si nomine appellari abs te cives tuos honestum est, turpe est eos notiores esse servo tuo quam tibi. sin etiam, cum noris, tamen per monitorem appellandi sunt, cur nomen petis quasi incertum sit? quid, quod, cum admoneris, tamen quasi tute noris, ita salutas? quod, posteaquam es designatus, multo salutas neglegentius? haec omnia ad rationem civitatis. si derigas, recta sunt: sin perpendere ad disciplinae praecepta velis, reperiantur pravissima. quare nec plebi Romanae eripiendi fructus isti sunt ludorum, gladiatorum, conviviorum, quae omnia maiores nostri comparaverunt, nec candidatis ista benignitas adimenda est, quae liberalitatem magis significat quam largitionem.

78

XXXVII. at enim te ad accusandum res publica adduxit. credo Cato, te isto animo atque ea opinione venisse, sed tu impru

te potius a me] For this question cf. Plato Rep. 345-6, Ar. Pol. II. ii. 6. The Stoic dogma is given by Diog. L. VII. 121, TONTEÚσEσ0αι φασὶ τὸν σοφόν, ἂν μή τι κωλύῃ...... καὶ γὰρ κακίαν ἐφέξειν, καὶ ἐπ ̓ ἀρετὴν παρορμήσειν.

77. nomenclatorem] These must have been at this time allowed by law, for in B.C. 72 when Cato was candidate for the military tribuneship, νόμου γραφέντος ὅπως τοῖς παραγγέλλουσιν εἰς ἀρχὴν ὀνοματολόγοι μὴ παρῶσι, χιλιαρχίαν μετιών μόνος ÉTEίOето т vоuw, Plut. Cato, 8.

sin etiam......etc.] very mutilated in the MSS. H. gives it up. I have taken his etiam cum, and Z.'s quasi. incertum sit is from MS. Lag. 9. 'But if, even in case of men whom you know, you must needs make a show of asking your recognitionagent before addressing them, why is it that you ask "who is this coming?" making as though you did not know the man?' I admit that this is forced, but the passage is too far gone for any clear or certain explanation.

rationem civitatis]=civitas § 74.

derigas ad]=judge by the standard of......, guide by......cf. § 3, ad normam derigenti, de Or. 1. § 130, ut ad hanc similitudinem huius histrionis oratoriam laudem derigamus. de Rep. II. § 55, exempla ad quae reliqua oratio derigatur mea. So with abl. de Fin. II. § 7, voluptate omnia dirigentes. The MSS. vary as to the form of the word.

recta] cf. on § 3. Pravum or curvum is the Stoic antithesis to rectum. cf. Hor. Epp. II. 2. 44. Persius III. 52, IV. II, V. 38.

perpendere] test by weighing them in the Stoic scale of right and wrong. cf. § 3.

reperiantur] 'must surely be found,' though of course I leave it to a Stoic like yourself to decide. cf. Madv. § 350 b. For the matter of this passage H. cf. de Or. 1. § 112.

comparaverunt]=instituerunt. cf. auct. ad Herenn. IV. § 23, bene maiores nostri hoc comparaverunt.

xxxvii. 78. res publica] the common weal. State interests.

isto......ea] H. treats this as a case in which one demonstr. pronoun (as often) is caught up by another, re

dentia laberis. ego quod facio, iudices, cum amicitiae dignitatisque L. Murenae gratia facio, tum me pacis, otii, con cordiae, libertatis, salutis, vitae denique omnium nostrum causa facere clamo atque testor. audite, audite consulem, iudices, nihil dicam adrogantius, tantum dicam, totos dies atque noctes de re publica cogitantem! non usque eo L. Catilina rem publicam despexit atque contempsit, ut ea copia, quam secum eduxit, se hanc civitatem oppressurum arbitraretur. latius patet illius sceleris contagio, quam quisquam putat, ad plures pertinet. intus, intus, inquam, est equus Troianus, a quo numquam me consule dormientes opprimemini. quaeris a me, 79 ecquid ego Catilinam metuam. nihil, et curavi ne quis metueret, sed copias illius, quas hic video, dico esse metuendas; nec tam timendus est nunc exercitus L. Catilinae quam isti, qui illum exercitum deseruisse dicuntur. non enim deseruerunt, sed ab illo in speculis atque insidiis relicti in capite atque in cervicibus nostris restiterunt. hi et integrum consulem et

ferring to Nägelsbach Stil. § 93. I. Add. Madv. § 489 a. But ea goes with opinione; it does not catch up isto. Z. rightly explains isto animo as 'your usual spirit.' cf. § 64, cum ista natura, 'with the temperament we all know so well.' ea opinione= 'that belief,' viz. that the common weal demands the condemnation of Murena. The sense then will be, 'I readily believe that it was your wellknown patriotism, backed by the belief that in this case you had taken the side of your country, that brought you here.' cf. Madv. § 486.

opinione] There is a certain archness in this word: Cicero insinuates that Cato 'supposes' or 'believes' (I use the word in the modern sense) something at last. cf. §§ 61, 62, 63.

laberis] i.e. your patriotism is deceived; you are on the wrong side, for Rome needs a consul like Murena. T. cf. pro Marcell. § 20, viris non cupiditate aliqua aut pravitate lapsis sed opinione officii.

copia] the sing. is rare in this Z. suggests that it is used to

sense.

shew that in Cicero's opinion the force outside is not so dangerous as are the forces of conspirators (copiae) in the city. cf. in Catil. 1. § 9.

quisquam] cf. on § 60. intus, intus. cf. in Catil. II. § II.

dormientes] Verg. Aen. II. 265, invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepul

tam.

79. ego] Cicero had left the charge of the war to his colleague Antonius. Z.

quas hic video] in Catil. II. § 5, hos, quos video volitare in foro.

nec tam......] in Catil. II. § 5, non tam exercitum illum esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos.

dicuntur] sc. it is merely a lie, a stratagem, that they may catch us napping. Z. with MS. Lag. 9 reads videntur.

cervicibus] Z. quotes ad Fam. XII. 23. 2, easque (legiones) in cervicibus. nostris collocare.

restiterunt] have stopped behind. cf. Liv. XXXVII. 21, ut nemo pug nandi causa restiterit.

bonum imperatorem et natura et fortuna cum rei publicae salute coniunctum deici de urbis praesidio et de custodia civitatis vestris sententiis deturbari volunt. quorum ego ferrum et audaciam reieci in campo, debilitavi in foro, compressi etiam domi meae saepe, iudices, his vos si alterum consulem tradideritis, plus multo erunt vestris sententiis quam suis gladiis consecuti. magni interest, iudices, id quod ego multis repugnantibus egi atque perfeci, esse Kalendis Ianuariis in re 80 publica duos consules. nolite arbitrari, mediocribus consiliis aut usitatis vitiis aut **; non lex improba, non perniciosa largitio, non auditum aliquando aliquod malum rei publicae quaeritur; inita sunt in hac civitate consilia, iudices, urbis

custodia] cf. § 64.

6

reieci] have repelled.' cf. ad Fam. II. 10. 2, feliciter ab Antiochea hostem reiecerat. Have foiled' probably comes nearest to the sense. See the metaphor from gladiators' thrusts, in Catil. 1. § 15 with Mr Wilkins' note,

in campo] cf. § 52.

debilitavi] so §§ 80, 43. The word properly means to 'cripple,' 'maim.' cf. Liv. XXI. 40, Gaius, III. 146, debilitati opp. to integri of gladiators after a fight. cf. also § 82. in foro refers, I think, especially to the second speech against Catiline. See the menace in § 6 of that speech.

compressi] so Phil. II. § 21, impetum tuum compressisset. 'Have stopped,' 'brought up sharp.' Sallust says ianua prohibiti.

domi meae] alluding to the attempt of G. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius on his life. cf. in Catil. 1. §§ 9, 10, Sall. Cat. 28. add pro Sulla § 18.

saepe] Cicero speaks of previous attempts in Catil. 1. §§ 11, 15, but there as here he is probably exaggerating the fact by way of frightening the jury.

his vos si=hi, si vos iis. H.

egi atque perfeci] sc. I stood out against the further delay of the consular election, and carried it through in spite of danger. cf. § 52. T.

duos] cf. § 4. This was the argument that procured Murena's acquittal, as Cicero says, pro Flacco § 98, nemo illorum iudicum clarissimis viris accusantibus audiendum sibi de ambitu putavit cum bellum iam gerente Catilina omnes me auctore duos consules Kalendis Ianuariis scirent esse oportere. Quintilian VI. i. 35 remarks the same.

80. vitiis] so the MSS. Z justifies usitatis by II in Verr. II. § 9, si usitato more peccasset. The lacuna which follows is filled up thus by Fr. Richter, aut [humana ac toleranda audacia ab istis desperatis hominibus agi]. H.

largitio] cf. on § 24.

rei publicae] dative after malum. quaeritur, is aimed at, sc. by the conspirators.

inita sunt] in the passive this phrase is always used with gen. of the gerundive. inire consilium sometimes takes infinitive. Madv. § 417 obs. 2. cf. § 81.