The "mixing" occurs when two different figures apply. ing to the same object are used in immediate connection; as where Tennyson says, as if one had to dip in order to see, or could see with a dipper: For I dipt into the future far as human eye could see. -Locksley Hall. Or Addison, as if he could bridle a ship, or launch a horse: I bridle in my struggling muse with pain, -Letter from Italy. A still more important consideration with reference to these figures, and one that underlies the entire use of the language embodying them, is to determine in what circumstances thought and feeling should be expressed in them rather than in plain language. Fortunately, as an aid to our answer, both forms of language are natural to conversation; and by finding out their uses here, we may come to understand the principles that should control their use in poetry. To begin with, we must bear in mind that the object of language is to cause others to share our mental processes, to communicate to them the substance of our ideas and their associated feelings. In doing this, it represents both what a man has observed in the external world and what he has experienced in his own mind—not either one or the other, but invariably both of them. If a man, for instance, show us a photograph of something that he has seen, he holds before our eyes precisely what has been before his own eyes; but if he describe the scene in words, he holds before our mind only those parts of it that have attracted his attention; and not only so, but added to these parts many ideas and emotions of his own that were not in the scene but occurred to him when viewing it. A similar added element from the man's mind accompanies every endeavor of his to tell what he has heard, or even, at some other time, thought or felt. From these facts, it follows that the aim of language, so far as this can be determined by what it actually and necessarily does, is to cause the same effects to be produced in the hearer's mind that are experienced in the speaker's mind. Now if one, when talking, conceive that this is an easy aim to attain; that what he has heard or seen or thought or felt, needs only to be told in clear, intelligible phraseology, in order to produce in another the same effects as in himself, then he will be content with conventional modes of expression; he will use in the main plain language, whether referring to what he has heard, as in this: And there was mounting in hot haste: the steed, Roused up the soldier ere the morning star; While thronged the citizens with terror dumb, Or whispering, with white lips,-"The foe! they come ! they come ! Or to what he has seen, as in this: Then from the shining car -Childe Harold, 3: Byron. Leaped Hector with a mighty cry, and seized His fallen brother to the foe, but walked -Iliad, 8: Bryant's Tr. Or to what he has thought, as in this: By the world, I think my wife be honest, and think she is not; -Othello, iii., 3: Shakespear. Ay, you did wish that I would make her turn; Or to what he has felt, as in this: Six feet in earth my Emma lay; And yet I loved her more, For so it seemed, than till that day And turning from her grave, I met, A basket on her head she bare; Her brow was smooth and white; It was a pure delight! There came from me a sigh of pain I looked at her, and looked again, And did not wish her mine! -Idem, iv., I. On the other hand, however, if a man conceive that the end at which he is aiming is difficult to attain; that what he has heard, or seen, or thought, or felt, either on account of its own nature, or of the nature of those whom he is addressing, is hard for them to realize in its full force, and with all its attendant circumstances, then, as his object is to convey not merely an apprehension but a comprehension, both complete and profound, of that of which he has to speak, he will dwell upon it; he will repeat his descriptions of it; he will tell not only what it is, but what it is like; in other words, he will try to produce the desired effect, by putting extra force into his language, and, in order to do this, inasmuch as the force of language consists in its representative element, he will augment the representation by multiplying his comparisons; his language will become figurative. It will be so for the same reason that the language of a savage or a child, even when giving utterance to less occult ideas, is figurative, because he feels that the words at his command are inadequate to express or impress his meaning completely. Notice the exemplifications of these statements in the following, referring to what has been heard: A cry that shivered to the tingling stars, And as it were one voice, an agony Of lamentation, like a wind that shrills All night in a waste land where no one comes. -Mort d'Arthur: Tennyson. And the wide hum of that wild host And take a long, unmeasured tone, To what has been seen: -The Siege of Corinth: Byron. As when the ocean billows, surge on surge, To what has been thought: -Iliad, 4: Bryant's Tr. I had rather be a kitten, and cry mew, Than one of these same metre ballad-mongers; Or a dry wheel grate on the axle-tree; And that would set my teeth nothing on edge, 'Tis like the forc'd gait of a shuffling nag. — Henry IV., iii., 1: Shakespear. She moves as light across the grass -A Mercenary Marriage: D. M. Mulock. And to what has been felt: Oh, what a noble mind is here o'erthrown ! The courtier's, scholar's, soldier's eye, tongue, sword; The glass of fashion, and the mould of form, Th' observed of all observers, quite, quite down! -Hamlet, iii., I: Shakespear. |