and natural philosophy. He was born in Lincolnshire in 1642, and died in 1727, in his eighty-fifth year. His chief work, the Principia, was published in 1687.

II. Architecture.-Under the Tudors Gothic architecture had begun to go down. Italian details became more and more mixed with it, and the style called Elizabethan was the result. The pure Italian style, in imitation of ancient Roman architecture, was brought into England early in the seventeenth century by Inigo Jones, and superseded Gothic, which was now little regarded or understood. Sir Christopher Wren, admirable in the style of his age, failed when he imitated Gothic, as the towers he added to Westminster Abbey still serve to show. His finest work is the cathedral church of St. Paul, which was completed in 1710. He died in 1723, at the age of ninety, and was buried in the crypt of his own great church, with this epitaph :-"Si monumentum requiris, circumspice:" ("If thou seekest his monument, look around").

12. The Huguenots.-In 1685 Louis XIV. revoked the Edict of Nantes, under which the Huguenots or French Protestants had hitherto enjoyed a certain amount of religious liberty. In consequence of this revocation and the ensuing persecution, thousands of brave, intelligent, and industrious men of that faith fled from his dominions, carrying their valour or their skill to other lands. Many of these refugees settled in Spitalfields, London, and there introduced the manufacture of silk. Others, taking military service with the Prince of Orange, turned their swords against their former King.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

WILLIAM AND MARY. WILLIAM III.

William and Mary; the Non-Jurors (1)—war in Ireland; siege of Londonderry; battle of the Boyne (2)—battle of La Hogue; Peace of Ryswick; the National Debt; the re-coinage; Assassination Plot; the Bank of England (3)—death of Queen Mary (4)— the Peace; the Spanish Succession; death of William (5)—Legislation; Bill of Rights; Act of Settlement and other Statutes (6).

I. William and Mary, 1688-9-1694. William III., 1702. -From youth upwards one idea had possessed the soul of William of Orange-that of breaking the power of Louis XIV. and he valued his English kingdom chiefly as a means towards this end. Though weak in body, the energy of his spirit was unconquerable, and no danger ever daunted him. His manners however were cold, his temper sour, and he roused the English jealousy by placing men of his own nation about him. His wife was an amiable woman; but the Jacobites, or extreme Tories, who adhered to James, never ceased to taunt her for having ousted her father. Many Tories thought the deposition of the King wrong, and from this scruple, about four hundred clergymen and members of the Universities, with Sancroft and six other bishops at their head, resigned their preferments rather than swear allegiance to the new sovereigns. These men, who could boast that five out of the famous "Seven Bishops" were among them, were known as the Non-jurors.

2. Ireland. As yet William was King of Ireland in little more than name. That country was divided between the Romanist "Irishry," or original Irish, together with the de

scendants of the Norman-English settlers, probably about a million in number, and the Protestant "Englishry," consisting of about 200,000 English and Scotch colonists, who owned more than four-fifths of the property of Ireland, and whose inferiority in number was compensated by their superiority in wealth and civilization. The Lord Deputy of Ireland, Tyrconnel, invited James over from his refuge in France, and raising his standard with the motto, "Now or never! Now and for ever!" called his countrymen to arms. The whole Irish race rose in answer,-not that they cared for James, but because they desired independence,-and Tyrconnel soon mustered a mighty though half-savage host. Louis of France furnished arms, money, and officers, and James, thus equipped, landed in Ireland in March 1689, and held in Dublin a Parliament of his adherents, in which he gave his consent to the great Act of Attainder, whereby between two and three thousand Protestants were attainted of treason. The Englishry meanwhile stood gallantly at bay in Enniskillen and Londonderry. The latter city, under the government of Major Henry Baker and an aged clergyman, George Walker, was besieged by James's forces; and though reduced to extremity of hunger, its defenders hardly able to keep their feet for very weakness, it held out for a hundred and five days, until relieved from England. At the same time the Enniskilleners routed the Jacobites at Newton Butler. In the summer of the next year, William himself went over to Ireland. England, dreading the power of Louis XIV., and provoked by his interference, had joined the general league of the chief powers of Europe against France. William's departure therefore was straightway made the occasion of an attempt upon England by the French in concert with the Jacobites, and Herbert, now Earl of Torrington, was ignominiously worsted in an engagement with the French fleet off Beachy Head. But comfort came in the news of a

decisive victory won by William on the 1st of July, 1690, over the French and Irish at the Boyne. The conduct of the rival Kings was strikingly diverse. William, his sword in the left hand-for his other arm was crippled by a wound -led his troops through the Boyne river, and was foremost in the fight; James looked on from a safe distance, until, seeing the day going against him, he galloped off, and reviling his Irish army, made his way to the coast, whence he sailed for France. Meanwhile the French admiral, Tourville, finding that, contrary to the prediction of the exiled Jacobites, the country did not rise to join him, departed, after having sacked the defenceless town of Teignmouth. The reduction of Ireland to England was effected the next year by the Dutch General Ginkell, afterwards created Earl of Athlone, who gained, July 12th, 1691, the battle of Aghrim over the Irish and their French general, St. Ruth, who fell in the fight. Limerick, their last stronghold, surrendered to Ginkell in October, its gallant defender, Patrick Sarsfield, and as many as would follow him, being permitted to pass to the French service. The domination of the colonists was now assured, and rigorous laws were made to hold down the Romanists, the bravest and best of whom, denied all chance of rising in their own land, entered the service of foreign states.

3. The War with France.-In 1692, during William's absence on the Continent, another French invasion was projected; but the allied English and Dutch fleets, commanded in chief by Admiral Russell, attacked and defeated Admiral Tourville in the Channel, chased the enemy to the Bay of La Hogue, and there burned his ships in the sight of James. There were great rejoicings at this victory, not merely because the people were proud of the it had saved the island from invasion. against France was chiefly carried on

exploit, but because On land the struggle in the Netherlands,

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where William led his army in person. At last Louis, worn out by the long war, consented to acknowledge the Prince of Orange as King of Great Britain; and this led to the general peace which was made at Ryswick in 1697. Although the English had not to fight on their own soil, this war put a great strain upon their resources. In 1692, the year of La Hogue, the land-tax was first imposed, and, this being found insufficient, the Government next raised money by a loan. Thus began the National Debt. Among the difficulties of the country must be reckoned the bad state of its silver coin, arising from the fraudulent practice of clipping." The coinage of additional money, with its edges so milled that it could not be clipped without detection, seemed only to aggravate the evil; for every man tried to pay in light, and to be paid in heavy coin. At last, in 1696, an Act was passed for a new coinage, and while this was going on, much inconvenience and even hardship was caused by the scarcity of silver, although the Mint, with the great philosopher Isaac Newton at its head, coined faster than it had ever done before. Fortunately at this moment, when the patience of the nation was thus severely tried, the King happened to be in special favour, owing to the general indignation at a recently detected Jacobite conspiracy for his assassination on his way back from hunting. In the excitement caused by this discovery, more than four hundred of the Commons solemnly pledged themselves to stand by William in life or to avenge him in death, and their example was generally followed throughout the nation. The management of the re-coinage reflected great credit upon the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Montague, a young Whig, noted for bringing about the foundation, in 1694, of the Bank of England, on a plan devised by a Scotsman named Paterson.

4. Death of Mary.—In 1694, on the 28th December,