tian's, entitled "Of Perfection according to The "Oratio ad Græcos" of Tatian was Moreri.-A. TAUBE, FREDERICK WILLIAM VON, University, he commenced author, and pub- Communications, both oral and manuscript," 1774, 8vo.; "History of the English Trade, Manufactures, Colonies, and Navigation, from the earliest Periods till the Year 1776; with an authentic Account of the true Causes of the present War with North America,” 1776, 8vo.; "J. J. Schatzen's Elements of Geography, improved and enlarged," 1786, 8vo.; the Kingdom of Sclavonia, and the Duchy of Syrmia, both in regard to their natural state and their civil, ecclesiastical, and military Establishments; drawn up from the Author's own Observations and Remarks made on the spot," Parts I. and II., 1777; Part III., 1778, 8vo. Busching says that this work, though of great importance, as it contained much useful information in regard to two provinces very little known, was prohibited at Vienna; and as no bookseller in that city would put his name to it, it was printed at Jena. "An Account of various new Discoveries, made in the Year 1776 and 1777, in Sclavonia, Syrmia, and the neighbouring districts, in regard to Antiquities and Objects of Natural History, with engravings and maps," Leipsic, 1777, 4to. Between the years 1773 and 1778 Taube furnished Busching with many articles for his periodical publications, and sent him authentic materials for the description of Austria and England in his well known work on Geography. He communicated also to the Royal Society of London, "A short Account of a particular kind of Torpedo found in the river Danube, with several experiments on that fish," which was published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1775. Beyträge zu der Lebensgeschichte denkwurdiger Personen von A. F. Busching. - J. army, under the name of Dove, which is a literal translation of his German name Taube. In 1766 he was recalled from London and returned to Vienna, where, in consequence of the knowledge he had acquired of the English commerce, he was made secretary to the council of trade; an office attended with much trouble, and which rendered it necessary for him to undertake fatiguing journeys on business" Historical and Geographical Description of relating to trade, sometimes to Trieste, Temeswar, and Transylvania, and sometimes to Brussels and Ostend. The college of commerce being abolished in 1776, Taube retired to Brussels. In the same year, however, he was ordered by the Emperor to proceed immediately to Sclavonia, and thence to Transylvania, to assist at the synod held at Carlowitz, for the purpose of settling some ecclesiastical affairs respecting the Greek religion in Illyria; after which he was to examine the disputed limits between Hermanstadt and Cronstadt, and, at any event, to continue his journey to Belgrade. Soon after his return to Vienna, in 1777, he was ennobled by the Emperor, and appointed a member of the government of Lower Austria. The close application rendered necessary by this new employment, impaired his health, and next year he was attacked with an inflammation in the lungs; but being unacquainted with the cause of his illness, he continued his ordinary mode of life, drank strong Hungarian wine, and pursued his usual occupations abroad. His disease thus increased, and at length terminated in his death, which took place in the month of June 1778, in the fiftieth year of his age. Taube was a man of great integrity; exceedingly zealous to promote the interest of his friends; and being of a liberal disposition, was always ready to serve those who applied to him for assistance. He possessed a considerable share of learning; and his literary labours afford sufficient proofs of his great diligence and acuteness in research. His principal works are: "De Differentiis Juris Civilis a Jure Nature," Gottinga, 1747; "Thoughts on the present State of our Colonies in North America; on their Behaviour to the mother Country, and on the true Interest of the Nation in regard of the Colonies," London, 1766; the materials for this publication were obtained by the author from his friends in North Ame"Historical and political Sketch of the present State of the English Manufactures, Trade, Navigation, and Colonies, composed partly from the Author's own Observations, and partly from the best and most authentic TAUSEN, JOHN, one of the first promoters of the Reformation in Denmark, and on that account styled the Danish Luther, was born in 1499, in the island of Fyen, where his parents resided in the humble station of peasants. Having gone through his school education at Aarhuus and Odense, he embraced the monastic life, and entered into a convent of the order of St. John of Jerusaiem at Antvorskow, where he became so great a favourite with his prior, that he was allowed a pension, to enable him to travel for his improvement into foreign countries, but on the express condition that he should not visit Wittenberg, which was considered at that time, as the focus of heresy. In consequence of this indulgence he proceeded to Louvain and Cologne, where he had an opportunity of seeing some of Luther's works, with which he was so captivated that he could not restrain his desire of going to Wittenberg, notwithstanding the prohibition of his superior. Here he devoted himself to study, and made so much progress, particularly under the instruction of Melanchthon, that on his return he was appointed to give public lectures on theology, in the University of Copenhagen. In a short time, however, he was recalled to his convent, where he frequently preached; and at length, in 1524, he threw aside the mask, and in a sermon delivered on GoodFriday avowed himself a disciple of Luther. This declaration, as may readily be supposed, excited the displeasure of his brethren, and obliged him to quit the convent of Ankvorskow, and retire to another at Wiborg. As he here began to propagate the new doctrine, he was imprisoned by the prior; but instead of being intimidated by this severity, he assumed more boldness, and preached to the populace from a window. About 1526 he was liberated from his confinement, and the same year was appointed chaplain to the King, with permission to preach the gospel openly at Wiborg. The people now flocked to hear him from all quarters, and he soon acquired a great number of followers, who went to church armed, in order to protect him from the resentment of the papists. In 1529 he was invited to Copenhagen to be clergyman of the church of St. Nicholas; and in the following year he attended, as director, the conference which took place in that city between the Lutherans and the Roman Catholics. He here continued to preach and inculcate the new doctrine, till the death of Frederick I., when he was banished from Zeland; but after an absence of fifteen days, he was invited to return, and in 1537 was appointed clergyman and lecturer in theology at Roeskild. At length, in 1542, he was raised to the episcopal chair of Ribe, and died in the year 1561. Besides an improved Danish translation of the Psalmis, printed in 1544, and afterwards at Copenhagen, in 1557, Tausen wrote various works, consisting of Danish hymns and treatises respecting the doctrine of Luther. A full account of his merit and services may be seen in Professor Munter's History of the Reformation in Denmark; "Memoria Tausani," Hafn., 1721, 4to., and "Sciagraphia Lutheri Danici, sive Biographia Johannis Tausani, quam loco Dissertationis pro Collegio Elersiano conscripsit Paulus Rön," 1757, 8vo. Forsog til et Lexicon over Danske, Norske og Islandske lærde Mand. af Jens Worm. Historisk— Statistisk Skildring af Tilstanden i Danmark og Norge i aldre og nyere Tider ved Rasmus Nyerup, Professor i Litterairhistorien og Bibliothekar ved Kiobenhavns Universitet.-J. TAVANES, GASPARD DE SAULX DE, Marshal of France, one of the most eminent com→ manders of his time, born in 1509, was descended from an ancient family in Burgundy, He was brought up at court as one of the king's pages, and was taken prisoner with Francis I. at the battle of Pavia. He afterwards served with distinction in the war in Piedmont; and became particularly attached to the Duke of Orleans, second son of Francis, with whom and others of his courtiers, he joined in a number of frolics and disorders, only pardonable in young men who wanted other occupation for their love of adventure. Tavanes was more honourably employed in quelling the revolt of the Rochellers in 1542, and at the battle of Cerisoles in 1544. After the death of the Duke of Orleans, the King gave him half that prince's company, and made him his chamberlain. Henry II. in 1552 promoted him to the post of maréchal-de-camp, in which he gained great reputation during the wars with Charles V. At the battle of Renty he was the principal cause of the defeat of the famous German Reisters, whose commander had boasted that with them alone he would rout all the French gens d'armes. Tavanes, who did not want self-confidence, was suffi ciently sensible of the value of his own exertions on this day; and when the Duke of Guise said to him, " M. de Tavanes, we made the finest charge to-day that was ever seen;" "Sir (he replied) you supported me very well." On this occasion, the King took from his own neck the collar of the order of St. Michael, and threw it upon that of Tavanes as he returned. covered with blood and dust. He assisted in 1558 at the capture of Calais and Thionville. During the civil wars of Francis II. and Charles IX. he reduced the insurgents of Dauphiné and Burgundy, and displayed a violent hatred of the Protestants. He even, in 1567, formed a league against them, called La Confrerie du Saint Esprit, but the court suppressed this effusion of party-zeal as a dangerous innovation. He was afterwards chief of the council to the Duke of Anjou, and had a great share in the victories of Jarnac and Moncontour. For his services he was recompenced, in 1570, with the staff of marshal of France. Brantome represents him as one of the prin cipal advisers of the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew; and says, that on that day, he went through the streets of Paris, crying to the people, "Let blood! let blood! physicians say that bleeding is as good in August as in May." It is said, however, that he had the merit of opposing the design of including the King of Navarre among the victims of this massacre. In 1573, being directed by the King to repair to the siege of Rochelle, he obeyed, though a convalescent from illness; but relapsing by the road, he died at his castle of Sully in June, being in his 62d year, and at that time governor of Provence, and admiral of the Levant seas. A singular proof is mentioned of his daring spirit; which was, an offer that he made to Catharine de Medicis when queen to Henry II., to cut off the nose of the Duchess of Valentinois, her husband's allpowerful mistress. His temper cooled as he advanced in years, and he was capable of acting the intriguing courtier, as well as the adventurous soldier. He spoke well, with a noble and laconic eloquence. WILLIAM DE SAULX DE TAVANES, son of the preceding, was the King's Lieutenantgovernor in Burgundy. He fought for the League at the battle of Ivri, but afterwards made his peace with Henry IV. He composed Memoirs under his own name, and published others under that of his father, which were drawn up by his brother JOHN DE SAULX. His grandson, JAMES DE SAULX, Lieutenantgeneral, published Memoirs on the Wars of the Fronde. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.-A. TAVERNIER, JOHN BAPTIST, a celebrated traveller, born at Paris in 1605, was the son of a native of Antwerp, who settled in that capital as a dealer in geographical charts and maps. The view of these articles, and the conversation of those who frequented his father's shop, inspired the young man with such a passion for travelling, that at the age of 22 he had made tours through France, England, the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. He followed the business of a jeweller, in which he became very skilful; and he employed forty years in six journeys in Turkey, Persia, and the East Indies, by all the practicable routes. Having acquired considerable wealth, on his return from his sixth journey in 1668, being a protestant and chusing to live under a free government, he purchased the barony of Aubonne near the lake of Geneva. The misconduct of one of his nephews, whom he had entrusted with the management of a valuable cargo in the Levant, induced him in 1687 to sell his barony to the Marquis du Quesne, and engage in a seventh journey, in the prosecution of which he died at Moscow in 1689, aged 84. Tavernier was a man who travelled with his eyes open, and made a great many curious remarks in the countries which he visited. Not having the talent of composition, he employed the pen of Sam. Chappuzeau, a man of letters at Geneva, to put his memoirs in order, and form a narrative from them, which, according to the compiler's account, was no easy task. A part of them, he says, was taken from the papers of father Raphael, a poor Capuchin who resided long at Ispahan, and a part was dictated by word of mouth. Chappuzeau, in an apology which he drew up in consequence of an attack made upon the relation given in the travels, of the conduct of the Dutch in the East, says that he was occupied more than a year in this labour, during which he had a great deal to suffer from the hasty temper of Tavernier, and the ridiculous humour of his wife. The fruit of this labour was two volumes, describing his six journies, published in 1679; to which was added another in 1681, written by La Chapelle, secretary to the President de Lamoignon, and containing an account of Japan and Tonquin, with the history of the conduct of the Dutch in the East Indies above-mentioned. Notwithstanding the imputations on Tavernier's veracity which have been brought forward, and some charges of plagiarism, there is undoubtedly a great mass of authentic and curious information in his travels, and they have been much referred to as authority by later writers. Gibbon speaks of him as " that jeweller who saw so much and so well." Bayle. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist. · A. TAYLOR, BROOK, LL.D. and F. R. S., an eminent mathematician, was born at Edmonton, in 1685. He was the son of John Taylor, Esq. of Bifrons House, in Kent, by Olivia, daughter of Sir Nicholas Tempest, of Durham, Baronet. Young Brook was induced by his natural genius, and by the disposition of his father, to direct his particular attention to music; and at an early stage of life he became a distinguished proficient in that polite accomplishment. To music he added another art, in which he equally excelled. His drawings and paintings, of which some are still preserved, display great genius and taste. His attention, however, was not so far occupied with these pursuits as to make him neglect his classical studies. He was instructed in the languages and mathematics under a private tutor, and employed his time so well that, in 1701, at the age of fifteen, he was entered a fellow commoner of St. John's College, Cambridge. Here he applied with great assiduity to the mathematics, and in 1708 wrote his treatise "On the Centre of Oscillation," which some years after was published in the Philosophical Transactions. Next year he took his degree as Bachelor of Laws, and in 1712 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In the interval between these two periods he corresponded with professor Keil on some of the most abstruse subjects of mathematical disquisition; and it appears, by a letter in the possession of Sir William Young, dated in 1712, addressed to Mr. Machin, that he had then given a solution at full length of Kepler's famous problem, and pointed out the use to which it might be applied. In the latter year he presented to the society three different papers; one "On the Ascent of Water between Two Glass Planes ;" a second "On the Centre of Oscillation;" and a third "On the Motion of a stretched String." The distinguished proficiency he had made in those branches of science which engaged the particular attention of the Royal Society at this period, and which involved them in contests with foreign academies, recommended him to the notice of its most illustrious members, and in 1714 he was elected to the office of secretary. In the same year he took his degree as Doctor of Laws at Cambridge. In 1715 he published his "Methodus Incrementorum;" also, a curious essay, preserved in the Philosophical Transactions, entitled, "An Account of an Experiment for the Discovery of the Laws of Magnetic Attraction;" likewise a treatise, well known to mashematicians, and highly valued by the best judges, "On the Principles of Linear Perspective." In the same year he conducted a controversial correspondence with Count Raymond de Montmort, on the tenets of Malebranche, in which he displayed so much ability, that he was particularly noticed in the eulogy pronounced before the French academy on the death of that eminent metaphysician. In 1716, he paid a visit to Paris, where he was received with every token of affection and respect. His company was generally courted, and besides the mathematicians, to whom he had always free access, he was here introduced to Lord Bolingbroke, Count de Caylus, and the celebrated Bossuet. In February 1717 he returned to London, and in that year he composed three treatises which were read in the Royal Society and published in the 30th volume of VOL. IX. their Transactions: the first was entitled, "An Attempt towards an Improvement of the Method of approximating in the Extraction of Roots in Equations in Numbers;" the second was "A Solution of Demoivre's 15th Problem, with the Assistance of Combinations and Infinite Series ;" and the third, "A Solution of the Problem of G. G. Leibnitz proposed to the English." Intense application had now, in some degree, impaired his health, and he was under the necessity of proceeding for relief and relaxation to Aix-la-Chapelle. After his return to England, in 1719, he seems to have turned his thoughts to enquiries very different from those which engaged his attention during the earlier part of his life. Among his papers of that date Sir William Young, his grandson, found detached parts of a treatise on the Jewish sacrifices, and a dissertation of considerable length on the lawfulness of eating blood. He did not, however, entirely neglect his former objects of study, but employed his leisure hours in applying mathematics to the improvement of the arts. With this view he revised his treatise on Linear Perspective, which appeared in a new and enlarged edition. Drawing, his taste for which suggested the first idea of this learned essay, continued to be his favourite amusement. "He drew figures with extraordinary precision and beauty of pencil. Landscape was yet his favourite branch of design. His original landscapes are mostly painted in water colours, but with all the richness and strength of oils. They have a force of colour, a freedom of touch, a varied disposition of planes of distance, and a learned use of aerial as well as linear perspective, which all professional men who have seen them admire." This work of Dr. Taylor on Linear Perspective gave rise to a dispute between him and Joseph Bernoulli, which terminated in a most inveterate quarrel between these two eminent mathematicians. In a treatise published by Bernoulli in the Acts of Leipsic it was characterized as "abstruse to all and unintelligible to Artists, for whom it was more especially written ;" and it must indeed be allowed that his work, notwithstanding its great merit, was not suited to the apprehension of practitioners in the art of drawing and design, though it was highly esteemed by mathematicians. It was, however, rendered much more plain and perspicuous by Mr. Kirby, an ingenious artist, drawing.master to Frederick Prince of Wales, in an edition entitled "Brook Taylor's Perspective made easy;" and this book, which details and illustrates the principles of the original work, has among artists X X |