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DACH, or DAC, (John,) a painter, born at Cologne, in 1566. He studied in Italy, and, passing through Vienna on his return home, was employed by the emperor Rodolphus II., for whom he again visited Italy to make copies of several celebrated works of art, and who rewarded his great abilities with honours and with opulence. His pictures are all in a grand style. He died at Vienna in

1646.

DACIER, (Andrew,) a French critic, born of Protestant parents, at Castres, in Upper Languedoc, in 1651. He was educated at the college of Castres and Puylaurens, but chiefly at Saumur, under the celebrated Tanaquil Faber, whose daughter Anne he married in 1683. At Paris he was recommended to the duke of Montausier, and was placed in the number of those who were to publish the classics for the use of the dauphin. His first work was the edition of Pompeius Festus, 4to, 1681, greatly improved in the Amsterdam edition of 1699. His Horace, with a French translation, appeared in 1681, in 10 vols, 12mo. He next published the twelfth book of St. Anastatius's Contemplations, with notes and a Latin translation. In 1685 he abjured the Protestant religion. In 1691 he published his translation of the Moral Reflections of Marcus Antoninus, 2 vols, 12mo, Amsterdam, and in 1692, Aristotle's Poetics, with a translation and critical remarks, in 4to. In 1693 he published a translation of the Edipus and Electra of Sophocles; in 1694, the first volume of Plutarch's Lives; in 1697, the translation of the works of Hippocrates, 2 vols, 12mo; in 1699, that of Plato's works, 2 vols; in 1706, the Life of Pythagoras, his Symbols, Golden Verses, &c. 2 vols; in 1715, Epictetus, 2 vols; and in 1720 the Lives of Plutarch were completed, in 8 vols, 4to. Besides 1

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these, Dacier published Notes on Longinus, a dissertation on the origin of Satire, and Speeches in the French Academy. As he had been concerned in the compilation of the Medallic History of Louis XIV. the monarch settled on him a pension of 1500 livres, and appointed him keeper of his books in the Louvre. In 1713 he was made perpetual secretary to the French Academy, and in 1717 he obtained a reversionary grant of 10,000 crowns, as library keeper to the king. He died in 1722.

DACIER, (Anne,) wife of the preceding, daughter of Tanaquil Faber, or le Fevre, was born at Saumur, in 1651. When she was eleven years old her father discovered the strong natural powers of her mind, and resolved to give her a learned education. In 1674 she published an edition of Callimachus, in 4to, and she was afterwards engaged in editing the classics for the use of the dauphin. Her Florus appeared in 1674, in 4to, and her Aurelius Victor in 1681. In 1681, her translation of Anacreon and Sappho, so much commended by Boileau, appeared; and in 1683 were published Eutropius, 4to, and a French translation of the Amphitryon, Lepidicus, and Rudens of Plautus, three vols, and the next year the Plutus and Clouds of Aristophanes, 12mo, with Dictys Cretensius, and Dares Phrygius. After her abjuration of the Protestant faith, a pension of 1500 livres was settled on her husband, and 500 on herself. In 1688 she published her translation of Terence's plays, with notes, 3 vols, 12mo, the best edition of which is that of 1717. She also assisted her husband in his Marcus Antoninus and his Plutarch, and in 1711 she published her translation of Homer's Iliad, with notes, 3 vols, 12mo. In 1714 she wrote a defence of Homer against de la Motte, and two years after against Hardouin, in

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which she displayed much erudition, great taste, and not a little acrimony. Her translation of the Odyssey appeared in 1716, 3 vols, 12mo. The last two years of her life she sunk into disease and debility, and died August 17th, 1720. She had a son and two daughters; the son died young; one of her daughters was a nun, and the other, who possessed all the virtues and accomplishments of her sex, died in her eighteenth year. The Academy of Ricovrati, at Padua, enrolled her name among their members in

1684.

DAGOBERT I. king of France, succeeded his father, Clotaire II. in 628. He made war against Saxony, Brittany, and Gascony, but stained by cruelty the laurels which he obtained. He published the laws of the Franks, made Paris his permanent residence, and greatly encouraged commerce. He died at Epernay in 638, and was the first monarch buried at St. Denys, which he had founded six years before.

DAGOBERT II. son of Sigebert II. king of Austrasia, was prevented from ascending his father's throne by the influence of Grimoald, mayor of the palace, who caused his own son Childebert to be crowned king. He fled to Scotland, where he married the princess Matilda. He afterwards obtained the kingdom of Austrasia, and was assassinated in 679.

DAHL, (Michael,) a painter who excelled in portrait, was born at Stockholm in 1656. He was a pupil of Klocke, the celebrated Swedish artist, and improved his style by studying the best works in England, France, and Italy. He died in 1743.

DAHLBERG, (Eric,) a celebrated Swedish engineer, called the Vauban of Sweden, was born in 1625. He distinguished himself at the defence of Thorn, and accompanied Gustavus Adolphus in his Polish expedition, and advised him to march his army across the Great Belt when frozen, and thus penetrate into the very heart of the Danish kingdom and besiege the capital (1658). His great services were rewarded with the rank of nobility, and he was successively raised to the command of Malmo, the care of the fortifications, and the government of Livonia. He died in 1703. He wrote Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, 3 vols, fol. 1700.

DAILLE, (John,) a learned Protestant divine, born at Chatelleraut, in 1594. After receiving his education in the schools of Poictiers and Saumur,

he was admitted, at the age of eighteen, into the family of Du Plessis Mornay, as tutor to his two grandsons; and in this situation he continued for seven years, when he began his travels in 1619, and, with his two pupils, passed through Geneva, Piedmont, Lombardy, and Venice, where he was introduced to the acquaintance of father Paul. After visiting Switzerland, Germany, Flanders, Holland, and England, he returned to France in 1621. In 1623 he was ordained, and first officiated in the family of Mornay, who died soon after in his arms. In 1625 he became minister of the church of Saumur, and in the following year he was invited by the consistory of Paris to take the charge of the church of Charenton, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1628 he wrote his celebrated book On the Use of the Fathers, which lord Falkland and Chillingworth greatly valued, and began to translate, but left unfinished; but it appeared in 1651, translated by Thomas Smith, of Cambridge. In 1633 he published his Apology for the Reformed Churches, which he also translated into Latin, and Mr. Smith into English in 1658. Daille was at the Synod of Alençon in 1637, where his authority was ably exerted to reconcile the Protestants in the then disputed tenets about universal grace. He published in 1655 a Latin work against Spanheim, the Leyden professor, as An Apology for the Synods of Alençon and Charenton. He died at Paris in 1670.

DALAYRAC, (Nicholas,) an eminent French musician and composer, born of a noble family, at Muret, in Cominge, in 1753. He was designed for the bar; but, having a great taste for music, he abandoned the law, and went to Paris, when he became the pupil of Langlé, and followed the science of music as a profession. He composed for eight-andtwenty years for the Opera Comique. The most celebrated of his operas are Nina, 1786; Camille, 1791; Adolphe et Clara, 1799; Maison à Vendre, 1800; Picaros et Diégo, 1803; Une Heure de Mariage, 1804; Gulistan, 1825. He died at Paris in 1809.

DALBERG, (Nicholas,) a Swedish physician, born about 1735. He accompanied Gustavus III. then prince-royal, to Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with many distinguished philosophers. In 1781 he retired from court in disgrace; but he was recalled to attend the king in his last moments. He died in 1820. He published memoirs in

the collection of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm.

DALBERG, (Charles Theodore Anthony Maria,) prince-primate of the confederation of the Rhine, grand duke of Frankfort, and archbishop of Ratisbon, was born at Herrusheim, near Worms, in 1744. He espoused the principles of the French revolution; and assisted at the coronation of Napoleon in 1804. He was a liberal patron of learning and the fine arts, and wrote Réflexions sur l'Univers. Des Rapports entre la Morale et la Politique. He died in 1817.

DALE, (Samuel,) an English antiquary and botanist, born in 1659. He was originally an apothecary at Braintree, in Essex, until about 1730, when he became a licentiate of the College of Physicians, and a fellow of the Royal Society. He next practised as a physician at Bocking. His Pharmacologia, seu Manuductio ad Materiam Medicam, was first published in 1693, 8vo, republished in 1705, 1710, 8vo, and 1737, 4to, a much improved edition. It was also four times printed abroad. He also published, in 1730, The Antiquities of Harwich and Dover Court, 4to, originally written by Silas Taylor, about the year 1676. His account of the figured fossils of the cliff is very exact and circumstantial, and his synopsis of the animals and vegetables of the neighbouring sea and coast is very elearly given. Dale, who appears to have been a dissenter, was also the author of various communications to the Royal Society, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions. He died in 1739.

DALE, (David,) a philanthropist, born in 1738, at Stewarton, in North Britain, where his father was a shopkeeper. On leaving school he was bound apprentice to the weaving business. He afterwards engaged in trade, and acquired a competent fortune, which he devoted to the encouragement of industry, and, with a view to the employment of the poor, he founded, in a dell, on the banks of the Clyde, the extensive and well-known mills of Lanark. Many of the work-people were engaged for a certain number of years, during which time they were provided with clothing, board, and lodging. In addition to these advantages, teachers were employed to watch over their morals, and to ground them in useful knowledge. Mr. Dale also made several attempts to introduce the cotton manufacture into the Highlands, by erecting a mill at Spinningdale, in Sutherland; but his exertions

were not in this instance equally successful. He died at Glasgow in 1806, leaving his property to his son-in-law, Mr. Owen.

DALECHAMPS, (James,) a learned physician and studious botanist, born at Caen, in 1513. He was educated for the medical profession at Montpellier, and became a doctor of the faculty of his native city in 1560. He practised with great reputation at Lyons from 1552 till his death, in 1588. He added thirty plates of rare plants to the Dioscorides of Ruellius, printed in 1552; and after his death appeared his Historia generalis Plantarum in xviii. libros digesta, Lugd. 1587, 2 vols, fol. the labour of thirty years. He also gave editions of Paulus Egineta, Cælius Aurelianus, Pliny the Elder, Athenæi Deipsnosophistæ, and the two Senecas.

D'ALEMBERT, (John le Rond,) a distinguished French philosopher, and an elegant writer, born at Paris, on the 16th of November, 1717. He was the illegitimate son of Destouches Canon and mademoiselle Tencin, who, stifling the natural affections of a mother, unfeelingly caused him to be exposed near the church from which he received the name of le Rond. He owed the preservation of his life to the humanity of the overseer of the quarter, who put him to nurse to the wife of a glazier. Information of his situation being communicated to his father, he listened to the voice of nature and duty, and took measures for his child's subsistence and education. The genius of D'Alembert evinced a precocity rarely exampled. When he was only ten years old, his schoolmaster declared that he had nothing further to teach him; and he was sent to finish his education at the college of Mazarin. Early in his academic course, he composed a Commentary on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, which raised in the Jansenists an expectation that he would prove a second Pascal. But the bent of his mind was towards mathematical studies, and to them he devoted himself for the remainder of his life. Retaining a grateful attachment to the asylum of his infancy and childhood, and desiring nothing more than a quiet retreat, where he might prosecute his studies in tranquillity, D'Alembert, upon leaving the college, took up his residence in the family of his nurse. Here he lived nearly thirty years, esteeming himself happy in contributing, as his fortunes improved, to the comfortable subsistence of those who, during his early years, had supplied the

place of parents. In order to enlarge his means of comfortable subsistence, D'Alembert at first turned his thoughts to the study of the law, and afterwards to that of medicine. But his fondness for geometry refused to be controlled; and, rather than deny himself the grati fication of following the strong bias of his mind, he chose to decline the benefit of any lucrative profession. At the age of twenty-four his genius for mathematical investigation appeared in a masterly correction of the errors of Reyneau's Analyse Démontrée, which obtained for him an admission into the Academy of Sciences. He now applied himself with great assiduity to the solution of the problem concerning the motion and path of a body which passes obliquely from a rarer into a denser fluid. This inquiry led him into general speculations on the forces of moving bodies, which produced his Traité de Dynamique, 4to, Paris, 1743. In this treatise, the author establishes an equality at each instant between the changes which the motion of a body has undergone, and the forces or powers which have been employed to produce them. This principle he afterwards applied to the theory of equilibrium, and to the motion of fluids: and all the problems, before resolved in physics, became, in some measure, its corollaries. The discovery of this new principle was followed by that of a new calculus, the first applications of which appeared in his Réflexions sur la Cause générale des Vents, 4to, Paris, 1747, which, in 1746, obtained the prize-medal in the Academy of Berlin, of which he was elected an honorary member. His new Calculus of Partial Differences, D'Alembert, in 1747, applied to the subjects of sounds and vibrating chords. He afterwards employed his principle concerning motion in explaining the motion of any body of a given figure. In 1749 he resolved the problem of the precession of the equinoxes, and explained the phenomenon of the nutation of the terrestrial axis; and in 1752 he published his Essais d'une Nouvelle Théorie du Mouvement des Fluides. In the same year he published, Elements of Music, upon the principles of Rameau; and Researches concerning the Integral Calculus. Other pieces, published, at various times, in the Memoirs of the Academies of Paris and Berlin, were afterwards collected under the title of Opuscules Mathématiques, published at Paris in nine vols, 4to, in 1773, or Memoirs on various Subjects of Geome

try, Mechanics, Optics, and Astronomy, from the year 1761 to 1773. He also wrote Recherches sur différens Points importans du Systême du Monde, 3 vols, 4to, Paris, 1754-1756. With the character of an eminent mathematician, D'Alembert united that of a polite scholar. Genius, judgment, and taste are everywhere displayed in his miscellaneous works, and he is justly regarded in France as one of the first writers of that nation. He is generally understood to have been the first projector of The Encyclopédie, begun in 1750, by D'Alembert, Voltaire, Diderot, and others. Besides many valuable articles in mathematics, history, and polite literature, D'Alembert contributed to that stupendous work, the excellent Preliminary Discourse, in which are united strength and harmony, learning and taste, just thinking and fine writing. The general table which he gives of human knowledge discovers a comprehensive, well-informed, and methodical mind; and the judgments which he passes upon writers who have contributed to the improvement of science, are worthy of an enlightened and impartial philosopher. His company was now sought by the great, and his literary merit was thought sufficient to entitle him to royal patronage. Through the interest of the minister, count D'Argenson, the king, in 1756, granted him a pension of twelve hundred livres. In 1762, the empress Catharine of Russia invited him to undertake the education of her son, the grand-duke, accompanying the invitation with an offer of a salary of an hundred thousand livres, and other considerable privileges. This flattering proposal D'Alembert's attachment to his friends and his country, and his fondness for literary leisure, would not permit him to accept. The next year the king of Prussia invited him to meet him at Wesel, after the peace of 1763, and, on the first interview, affectionately embraced him. The king's first question was, "Do the mathematics furnish any method of calculating political probabilities?" To which the geometrician replied, "That he was not acquainted with any method of this kind, but that if any such existed, it could be of no use to a hero, who could conquer against all probability." The king made him an offer of the presidency of the Academy of Berlin, vacant by the death of Maupertuis. D'Alembert, however, chose to decline the offer; and the king, far from being displeased at the refusal, maintained