Pius II. Towards the latter part of his life he renounced all secular studies, and devoted his time to the reading of the Scriptures and ecclesiastical history. He died of the plague at Sienna in 1478. His works were collected by his son, Nicholas, and were printed at Sienna in 1503, fol. They are in Latin, and consist of ten books On the Immortality of the Soul, seven of Orations, three of Epistles, a number of miscellaneous tracts, and Fragments of the History of Sienna.

DATI, (Charles,) born at Florence in 1619, was professor of the belles-lettres in his native city, and a member of the Academy Della Crusca. In 1657 he published Dell' Obbligo di ben parlare la propria Lingua, and made a collection of Prose Fiorentine, as examples of excellence in writing Italian. He was versed in mathematical and astronomical studies, and wrote a letter in defence of the discoveries of Galileo and Torricelli. One of his works, by which he is best known, is his Lives of Ancient Painters, -a learned performance, but unfinished, as he proceeded no farther than to those of Phidias, Zeuxis, Apelles, and Protogenes. A eulogy on Louis XIV. which he published in Italian at Florence, in 1669, obtained him the honour of being one of those foreign literati who were selected as objects of the bounty of that monarch. Among his numerous correspondents we find the name of Milton. Dati died in 1675.

DAUBENTON, (William,) a celebrated French Jesuit, born at Auxerre, in 1665. He was at first destined by the fathers of the order for the office of preacher. The state of his health, however, obliging him to relinquish pulpit exercises, he was appointed to the rectery of the college of Strasburg. By Louis XIV. he was made confessor to his grandson, Philip V. king of Spain, whom he accompanied when he went to take possession of his throne, and over whom he appears to have exercised considerable influence. His intriguing spirit caused his dismission; upon which he retired to France, in 1706, whence he was sent to Rome. In 1716 he was recalled to Madrid, and reinstated in his office of confessor to Philip V. Some years afterwards, when Philip had formed, but not divulged, his resolution to abdicate his crown, this Jesuit conceived that measure to be so unfavourable to the interests of his native country, that he opposed it with all his weight, and

even betrayed the king's secret to the duke of Orleans, then regent of France. His intrigues on this occasion terminated in his own disgrace for the second time, which was soon followed by his death, in 1723.

DAUBENTON, (Louis Jean Marie,) an eminent naturalist and anatomist, born in 1716, at Montbar, in Burgundy. When his townsman, Buffon, was made superintendent of the Jardin du Roi, he persuaded Daubenton to settle near him, and to become his coadjutor in the study of natural history. This took place in 1742, and in 1745 the office of curator and demonstrator of the Cabinet of Natural History was conferred upon him. In the Histoire Naturelle des Animaux, Daubenton confined himself strictly to facts; and such was his modesty, that Camper used to say of him, that he himself was not aware of the discoveries which he had made. His valuable labours adorned the fifteen first volumes of Buffon's great work in 4to. For fifty years did Daubenton labour without cessation in enriching and arranging the magnificent collection committed to his charge; and he is said to have been the first professor of natural history who gave lectures by public authority in France, one of the chairs of the College of Medicine having been converted into a chair of natural history at his request (1778). The convention having elevated the Jardin du Roi into a public school, under the title of the Museum of Natural History, Daubenton was named professor of mineralogy. In 1799 he was elected a member of the senate. He died of apoplexy, on the 31st of December, in that year, aged eighty-three. Lacépède, who pronounced his éloge, Cuvier, and Moreau de la Sarte, have spoken of Daubenton in the highest terms. He was a contributor to the first Encyclopédie, and many of his papers on the natural history of animals and on minerals are to be found in the Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, from 1754 to 1764. He wrote also Instruction pour les Bergers, 8vo, Paris, 1782; Tableau Méthodique des Minéraux, 1784, 8vo; and Mémoire sur le premier Drap de Laine superfine du Cru de France, 8vo, 1784.

DAUBENY, (Charles,) an eminent divine, born in 1744. He was of lineal descent from a Norman attendant on the Conqueror at the battle of Hastings; and collaterally from Sir John Daubeny, brother of the earl of Bridgewater. He was matriculated at New college, Oxford,

in 1764, took the degree of B.C.L. in 1773, and retired from the university in 1775. He was appointed prebendary of Minor pars Altaris in the cathedral of Salisbury in 1784, by bishop Barrington; and archdeacon of Sarum in 1804, by bishop Douglas. He published, among other works, A Guide to the Church, in several discourses, with an appendix, 1798-9, 2 vols, 8vo, 1804. Eight Discourses on the Connexion between the Old and New Testaments, and demonstrative of the Great Doctrine of Atonement, 1802, 8vo. Vindiciae Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, in which some of the false reasonings, incorrect statements, and palpable misrepresentations in a publication entitled The True Churchman ascertained, by John Overton, A.B. are pointed out, 1803, 8vo. Reasons for supporting the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in preference to the new Bible Society, partly given in a Charge, 1812, 8vo. Remarks on the Unitarian Method of Interpreting the Scriptures, 1815, 8vo. Dr. Daubeny is believed to have been one of the chief theological contributors to the Anti-Jacobin Review. He died in 1827.

DAUBUZ, (Charles,) a learned French Protestant divine, born about 1670. He came to England on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He wrote, Pro Testimonio Josephi de Jesu Christo, contra Tan. Fabrum et alios, Lond. 1700, 8vo; and a Commentary on the Revelation of St. John, 1712, fol. This was, in 1730, published by Peter Lancaster, vicar of Bowden, in Cheshire, under the title of A Perpetual Commentary, &c. newly modelled, abridged, and rendered plain to the meanest capacities. Daubuz is supposed to have died in 1740.

DAUDIN, (François Marie,) an eminent naturalist, born at Paris towards the close of the eighteenth century. Nearly deprived of the use of his limbs by natural infirmity, he early devoted himself to the study of the sciences, and more particularly to natural history. His Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles is highly commended by Cuvier, who speaks of it as the most complete work on that class of animals which had hitherto appeared. He died in 1804, in his twenty-ninth year.

DAUMIUS, (Christian,) an eminent classical, oriental, and philological scholar, born in 1612, at Zwickau, in Saxony, where he became regent of the college in 1642, and rector in 1662. Besides editions of several works, he left Letters,

Jena, 1670, 4to; Dresden, 1796, 8vo; Chemnits, 1709, 8vo. Tractatus de Causis Amissarum Linguæ Latina Radicum, 1642, 8vo; reprinted in the Systema Dissert. rar. of Grævius, Utrecht, 1701, 4to. Homiliæ et Meditationes in Festum Nativ. J. C. ex Patrum Operibus collectæ, 1670, 8vo. He died in 1687.

DAUN, (Leopold, count,) a celebrated general in the Austrian service, born in 1705. He studied for some time at Rome for the Church. Preferring, however, a military life, he obtained admission among the knights of Malta, and entered into the imperial service. He rose to the rank of colonel of a regiment of infantry in 1740, and distinguished himself in the war which Maria Theresa sustained in defence of her hereditary succession. In the subsequent war of 1756 he raised a high reputation throughout Europe, as the most formidable antagonist of the king of Prussia. His cool and cautious vigilance was matched against the enterprise and celerity of the royal commander, and he is considered as the Fabius of that Hannibal. When the king of Prussia was besieging prince Charles of Lorraine in Prague, Daun assembled an army for his relief, with which, at Kolin, on the 18th of June, 1757, he completely routed Frederic. On this occasion the empress instituted the military order bearing her name, of which marshal Daun was created grandcross. In 1758 he saved Olmutz by a series of judicious movements, and afterwards defeated the king of Prussia at Hochkirchen. He surrounded and took prisoners the whole army of general Finck at Pirna, in 1759. When Dresden was unexpectedly attacked by the king in 1760, Daun compelled him to relinquish his attempt; but he was afterwards defeated at Siplitz, near Torgau, though not till a dangerous wound in the thigh had obliged him to quit the field. He continued to command during the remainder of the war, always preserving his reputation for perfect skill and indefatigable vigilance. He died at Vienna in 1766, much esteemed for his private virtues, as well as for his professional abilities.

DAUNOIS (Countess.) See AUNOY. DAUNOU, (Peter Claude Francis,) peer of France, member of the Institute, and keeper-general of the archives of the kingdom, was born at Boulogne, in 1761. He was educated at his native place, and was admitted a member of the Society of the Oratoire at Paris. After studying

theology at Montmorency, he became a professor at the college of Troyes; the following year he taught logic at Soissons, and in 1785 philosophy at Boulogne. At the end of that year he was recalled to Montmorency, where he continued the same office, and subsequently held the chair of theology, until the breaking out of the revolution in 1789. In 1787, M. Daunou first distinguished himself in literature, by an essay, De l'Influence de Boileau sur la Littérature Française, which was crowned by the Academy of Nimes, and was praised by La Harpe in his Cours de Littérature. In the following year the Academy of Berlin adjudged a prize to his essay on the origin, extent, and limits of Paternal Authority. In September 1792 he was elected to the National Convention by the department of the Pas de Calais. He opposed the bringing of Louis XVI. to trial; but voted for his detention. Some time after, having protested against the violent proceedings of the Jacobins of the 1st of June, he was imprisoned for fourteen months, and would have been guillotined, but for the arrival of the 9th Thermidor. As soon as he resumed his seat in the Convention he was appointed one of the members of the commission to draw up a new plan of a constitution, and for three months he was reporter to the commission. At the close of 1794 he was chosen secretary of the Convention, and until the end of its sittings he continued an active member; he was then elected one of the Council of Five Hundred. He was charged by the Republic with the task of pronouncing the eulogium on general Hoche at the Champ de Mars; in 1799 he was sent to Italy to organize the Roman republic in conjunction with Monge and Florent; and on his return he was elected president of the Council of Five Hundred. He was hostile to the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, by which Napoleon overthrew the Directorial government; and refused to take any share in drawing up the new laws, nor would he accept the post of counsellor of state. He was, however, named a member of the Tribunate, in which capacity he delivered an harangue upon the victory of Marengo; and it was upon his motion that national honours were decreed to Desaix. In 1804 he succeeded Camus as archivist of the legislative body, and in 1807 he was made archivist of the empire, and a member of the Legion of Honour. In 1807 Napoleon appointed him imperial censor; but he declined the office.

At

the Restoration he lost his places, but became editor of the Journal des Savants, which he continued to conduct until 1838. He was also enrolled in the Academy of Inscriptions, on its re-organization. In 1819 he was appointed to the professorship of history in the college of France. He afterwards became a member of the Chamber of Deputies. At the revolution of 1830 he was restored to the offices he had lost at the Restoration; and he was afterwards elevated to the dignity of a peer of France. He succeeded De Sacy as perpetual secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; and thereupon resigned the editorship of the Journal des Savants. Besides various other writings, he contributed more than sixty articles in the Biographie Universelle, about 150 in the Histoire Littéraire, and 128 in the Journal des Savants. M. Daunou, who was distinguished for simplicity of manners, unaffected modesty, disinterestedness and benevolence, died at Paris, on the 20th of June, 1840.

DAURAT, or DORAT, in Latin AURATUS, (John,) an eminent French poet, born near the head of the Vienne, in the Limousin, in 1507. He studied at the university of Paris, where he so distinguished himself by his skill in Greek, and his talent at poetry, that he became one of the professors. In 1560 he succeeded John Stracellus as king's reader and professor of Greek; and before this he had been principal of the college of Coqueret, and tutor to John Antony de Baif, and to the famous Ronsard.

In the reign of Henry II. he had been preceptor to the king's pages; and Charles IX. honoured him with the title of his poet, took great delight in conversing with him, and endeavoured to support him in his old age. Daurat had an uncommon partiality for anagrams, of which he was the first restorer; and it is pretended that he found the model of them in Lycophron. He undertook also to explain the centuries of Nostradamus, and with such ensnaring plausibility as to be considered in the light of his interpreter. The odes, epigrams, hymns, and other poems in Greek and Latin, composed by Daurat, have been said to amount to 50,000 verses. Scaliger had such an opinion of him as a critic, that he said he knew none but him and Cujacius who had abilities sufficient to restore ancient authors. The same great critic tells us, however, that Daurat spent the latter part of his life in endeavouring to find all the Bible in Homer!

He

died at Paris, in 1588. His principal collection of verses is entitled Joannis Aurati, Lemovici, Poetæ et interpretis Regii, Poematia, &c. Paris, 1586, 8vo. He deserves commendation as one of the revivers of Greek literature in France, and in that character his memory was honoured, in 1775, by an éloge, written by the abbé Vitrac, professor of polite literature at Limoges.

DAUSQUE, or ĎAUSQUEIUS, (Claudius,) a learned Jesuit, born at St. Omer, in 1566, and became canon of Tournay. He wrote, Antiqui novique Latii Orthographica, Tournay, 1632, fol. Terra et Aqua, seu Terræ fluctuantes, Tournay, 1633, 4to. The small floating isles near St. Omer furnished the idea of this work, in which there are many curious observations on marine productions. He also translated into Latin the Orations of St. Basil of Seleucia, with notes, 1604, 8vo; and published an edition of Quintus Calaber, 1614, 8vo. He died in 1644.

DAVAL, (Peter,) a lawyer and mathematician, known for his translation of the Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz, which were printed in 1723, 12mo, with a dedication to Congreve, who encouraged the publication. In the dispute concerning elliptical arches, at the time when Blackfriars bridge was built, application was made by the committee for his opinion on the subject; and his answer may be seen in the London Magazine for March 1760. He also published, in 1761, A Vindication of the New Calendar Tables, and Rules annexed to the Act for regulating the Commencement of the Year, &c. 4to. He died in 1763.

DAVANZATI, (Bernard,) a Florentine writer, born in 1529, and principally known for his translation of Tacitus. He also published an elegant work on Tuscan Agriculture, and a History of the English Schism, which last is said to be an abridged translation of that of the Jesuit Sanders. His Notitia de' Cambi, or Account of Exchanges, is one of the earliest pieces on that subject. He died

in 1606.

DAVEN, (Leon,) an engraver, known also by the names of Daris, or Danet. His birthplace is not clearly ascertained, but he flourished about the year 1540, and distinguished himself at Rome and Florence by his admirable plates after the paintings of Primaticcio.

DAVENANT, (John,) a learned English prelate, born in 1576, in Watlingstreet, London, where his father was a

wealthy merchant. He was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1597. He took his degree of D.D. 1609, and the same year was elected lady Margaret's divinity professor, which he held till 1621, and in 1614 he was chosen master of his college. His learning recommended him to James I. who sent him with other eminent divines to the synod of Dort in 1618, and he was in 1621 raised to the see of Salisbury. In 1631, however, he incurred the displeasure of Charles I. by maintaining the doctrines of predestination in a sermon he preached before his majesty at Whitehall. While he was at the synod of Dort he inclined to the doctrine of universal redemption, and was for a middle way between the two extremes; maintaining the certainty of the salvation of a certain portion of the elect, and that offers of pardon were sent not only to all that should believe and repent, but to all that heard the gospel; that grace sufficient to convince and persuade the impenitent (so as to lay the blame of their condemnation upon themselves) went along with these offers; that the redemption of Christ and his merits were applicable to these; and consequently there was a possibility of their salvation. He published,-1. Expositio Epistolæ D. Pauli ad Colossenses, fol. It is the substance of lectures read by Davenant as lady Margaret professor. 2. Prælectiones de duobus in Theologia Controversis Capitibus; de Judice Controversiarum, prímo; de Justitia habituali et actuali, altero, Cantab. 1631, fol. 3. Determinationes Quæstionum quarundam Theologicarum, &c. fol. 1634. 4. Animadversions upon a Treatise lately published by S. Hoard, and entitled, God's Love to Mankind, manifested by disproving his absolute decree for their damnation, Camb. 1641, 8vo. Bishop Davenant died in 1641.

DAVENANT, (Sir William,) a distinguished dramatic poet, and manager of the theatre in the reigns of Charles I. and II. He was the son of a tavernkeeper at Oxford, where he was born in 1605. He was entered a member of Lincoln college; but his stay in the university appears to have been short. His disposition led him to try his fortune at court, and he first appeared there as page to the duchess of Richmond, a lady of great influence and fashion. He afterwards resided in the family of Fulke Greville, lord Brooke, himself a poet, and a patron of literature. The death of that noble

man, in 1628, deprived Davenant of a valuable protector. But he soon after brought his first tragedy, named Albovine, upon the stage, with such success that he was thenceforth admitted to the familiar acquaintance of the principal wits about court. He partook of the laxity of manners usually prevalent in such a circle; an unfortunate consequence of which was an injury to his countenance, by the falling in of his nose, that afforded his rivals a perpetual topic of malicious allusion. He successfully cultivated his talents for dramatic composition by supplying a fund of pieces for the entertainment of the court; among which were several of the kind called masques, in the representation of which not only some of the principal nobility, but even the king and queen, took an occasional part. In 1637 he succeeded Ben Jonson as poet laureate, but his attachment to the king's person produced an accusation against him, and he was charged with an attempt to seduce the army. He was bailed, and immediately withdrew to France; and afterwards, on his return, he was knighted by the king, at the siege of Gloucester, in 1643. At the beginning of the civil troubles he again retired to France, where, probably to please the Court, he changed his religion, and, in consequence of the weight he thus acquired, he was, in 1646, commissioned confidentially by the queen to persuade Charles to give up the Church of England for his security; an intimation which highly displeased the king, who forbade Davenant ever to appear before him again. Upon his return to Paris, in order to divert his chagrin, he laid the plan of his heroic poem of Gondibert, and began to compose it in the Louvre, where he lived with lord Jermyn. The queen afterwards employed him to transport some artificers from France to Virginia; but the ship was seized by the English cruisers, and Davenant was thrown into prison, and threatened with prosecution and death; from which, however, the friendship and interference of Milton and others saved him. After two years' confinement in the Tower he was liberated; and now, to maintain himself, he began, as dramas were considered profane, to exhibit moral virtues in verse, and to perform in recitative music. At the restoration he obtained a patent for acting plays in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and made a commencement with his own play, entitled The Siege of Rhodes, for which

he provided decorations and scenery after the model of what he had seen in the French theatres. He had also the credit of bringing out that excellent actor, Betterton. He died in 1668, aged sixtythree, and was interred in Westminsterabbey, where these words record his name, "O rare Sir William Davenant." His works were published by his widow in 1673, and dedicated to James, duke of York.

DAVENANT, (Charles,) eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1656, and educated at Cheam, Surrey, and Balliol college, Oxford. He took no degree, and at the age of nineteen he distinguished himself by the acting of the only tragedy he wrote, Circe, which appeared with great applause at the duke of York's theatre. From the theatre, however, where he had some interest from the property left by his father, he turned his thoughts to civil law, and had the degree of doctor conferred on him by the university of Cambridge. He served for St. Ives in the parliament of 1685, and in 1698 and 1700 for Great Bedwin. He was appointed by James II. to inspect all plays, and preserve the decorum of the stage; and he afterwards held for sixteen years the office of commissioner of excise, and lastly that of inspector-general of the exports and imports till his death in 1714. Though some of his pamphlets drew upon him the attacks of able opponents, yet his abilities were universally acknowledged, and his opinion was always highly respected. His first political work was an Essay upon the Ways and Means of supplying the War, 1695, and he treated the subject in so masterly a manner, that whatever he afterwards wrote was read with avidity. His other works are all upon political and financial subjects. They were collected and revised by Sir Charles Whitworth, in five vols, 8vo, 1771.

DAVENANT, (William,) fourth son of Sir William, was educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. 1680, and entered into orders. He translated into English, La Mothe le Vayer's Animadversions on Greek and Latin Historians. He was unfortunately drowned, as he was swimming for his diversion in the summer of 1681.

DAVENPORT, (Christopher,) a learned Englishman, born in 1598 at Coventry, where he received his grammar education. He entered at Merton college, Oxford, and two years after went