the apostle of the African negroes. His parents destined him for the ecclesiastic life, but his own inclinations were to be a soldier; and he gratified them by enlisting as a private in the Prussian service, which he deserted on being exchanged from a cavalry to an infantry regiment. He then entered the Austrian army, and distinguishing himself in action, was offered a commission, on condition of changing his religion, which he refused; and having by this time discovered that modern warfare was a different affair from the heroic combats which had excited his youthful imagination, he returned home to resume his theological studies. But a disappointment in love plunged him in a course of alternate melancholy and dissipation, from which he was only roused by the success of a poem composed by him, on the occasion of the death of Frederic V. He now acquired the friendship of Klopstock, and the protection of the ministers Bernstorff and Carstens; and was encouraged to persist in his poetical career by the prizes of the Royal Society of Literature. He died at the age of thirtyeight, in 1781. He excelled in the ode and in tragedy; and in the latter, the Death of Balder, the subject of which is taken from the Scandinavian mythology, is his principal performance. The ancient history of Denmark furnished the groundwork of Rollo; and the Fall of Man that of a sacred drama, called Adam and Eve. The Fishers, and Baucis and Philemon, are of a pastoral character. Ewald had advanced some way in the composition of a new Hamlet at the time of his death; and besides his lyrical pieces, left some elegies of great merit. His complete works were printed at Copenhagen, in 4 vols, 8vo.

EWING, (John,) an American divine and mathematician, born in East Nottingham, in Maryland, in 1732. In 1754 he joined the senior class at Princeton college, where he acted also as teacher of the grammar-school. He took his degree in 1755, and was appointed a tutor in the college. In 1758 he was chosen instructor of the philosophical classes in the college of Philadelphia. In the same year he was appointed pastor of the first Presbyterian congregation in that city, an office which he held till his death. In 1773 he visited England and Scotland, received the diploma of D.D. from the university of Edinburgh, and made the acquaintance of several literary men. In 1779 he was elected provost of

the university of Pennsylvania. He afterwards became one of the vice-presidents of the American Philosophical Society, contributed some astronomical papers to the American edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, and was made one of the commissioners for settling the boundary line of the Delaware, and those between Massachusetts and Connecticut, and between Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1809 he published his Lectures on Natural Philosophy. He died in 1802.

EWING, (Greville,) a minister of the kirk of Scotland, and a Biblical critic, born at Edinburgh in 1767, and educated at the university there. In 1793 he was ordained a minister of lady Glenorchy's chapel in his native city; and in 1798 he seceded from the establishment, led to this step by the offence which his zeal for the introduction of itinerant and field preaching had given to his ecclesiastical superiors. He then joined the Congregationalists, and became pastor of the Independents' church in Glasgow, over which he presided for forty-two years, and attained eminent distinction among his followers as an expositor of Scripture. He wrote, Letters to the Jews; A Greek and English Lexicon, 1827; the earliest example of a Greek Lexicon with the explanations in English. He died in 1841.

EXIMENO, (Anthony,) a Spanish Jesuit, born at Balbastro, in the kingdom of Arragon, in 1732. At the age of ten he went to Salamanca, where he began his studies with great ardour, and made extraordinary proficiency in mathematics and physics. In 1764 he was appointed to teach mathematics and engineering in the royal military school founded at Segovia. On entering into this office he delivered a speech, showing the necessity of cultivating the art of war upon fixed principles; and with a view to exhibit examples as well as precepts to his scholars, he published the lives of all the eminent Spanish heroes, under the title of The Spanish Military History, Segovia, 1769, 4to; and as a supplement, he added, in 1772, The Engineer's Manual, 8vo. Both these works were much admired, the first particularly, for the elegance of the language, and the impartiality of the narrative. After the expulsion of the Jesuits, he lived at Rome, and devoted his attention chiefly to music. After six years' labour and study, he produced a work on the subject, which contributed to his reputation in the musical world. This appeared at

Rome in 1774, and was entitled, Dell' Origine e della Regole della Musica, &c. 4to; "in which," says Dr. Burney, "too confident of his own powers, he imagined himself capable, with four years' study only, intuitively to frame a better system of counterpoint than that upon which so many great musicians had been formed. Possessed of eloquence, fire, and a lively imagination, his book has been called in Italy, a whimsical romance upon the art of music, in which is discovered a rage for pulling down, without the power of rebuilding. The author has certainly, with shrewdness and accuracy, started several difficulties, and pointed out imperfections in the theory and practice of music, as well as in the particular systems of Tartini and Rameau; but his own resources and experience are totally insufficient to the task of correcting the errors of the old system, or forming a new one that is more perfect. He has more eloquence of language than science in music. His reasoning is ingenious and specious, even when his data are false; but his examples of composition are below contempt; and yet they are courageously given as models for students, superior to those of the old great masters of harmony." Eximeno also wrote an apology for the abbé Andre's work on the origin, progress, and actual state of literature, entitled Lettera del Sig. Abate Eximeno al R. P. M. Fr. Tommaso Maria Memachi sopra l'Opinione del Sig. Abate Andres, intorno la Letteratura Ecclesiastica de' Secoli Barbari, Mantua, 1783. He died at Rome in 1798.

EXMOUTH. See PELLEW.

EXPILLY, (Claude,) counsellor of state and president of the parliament of Grenoble, was born at Voiron, in Dauphiny, in 1561, and for several years studied at Turin and Padua. He then took his degrees in law, under the celebrated Cujas, at Bourges, and settled at Grenoble. During the wars of the League, Grenoble declared against the king; and Expilly, to save his library, was forced to follow the prevailing party; but by his moderation he obtained the good opinion of both parties, and was appointed by Henry procurator-general in the chamber of finance of Grenoble. He was employed by Henry IV. and Louis XIII. in negotiations in Savoy and Piedmont; and in 1603 was appointed procuratorgeneral; and in 1630, president of the sovereign council at Chambéri. He died in 1636.

EXPILLY, (John Joseph, abbé,) was

born at St. Remi, in Provence, in 1719, and distinguished himself by his geographical labours, in pursuit of which he travelled over part of Europe and the coast of Africa, and acquired the reputation of an accurate and fertile writer. He filled some diplomatic and ecclesiastical appointments, and was a member of several learned societies. He died in 1793, leaving several geographical works.

EXUPERIUS, bishop of Toulouse, succeeded Sylvius in that episcopate, and has been sometimes confounded with another Exuperius who taught rhetoric at Toulouse. He was one of the most pious prelates of his age, and is highly praised by St. Jerome, who dedicated to him his books on Zacharias. Exuperius completed the grand basilica of Toulouse, and converted a temple of Minerva into a church of the Virgin Mary, and was conspicuous for his charities to the poor. In a time of great famine, having already disposed of all that he possessed, he sold the sacred vessels of the church in order to buy provisions for the poor. In 404 he wrote to consult Innocent I. on the heresy of Vigilantius, and on several points of doctrine and discipline, and expelled those errors from his diocese. He is supposed to have died about 417.

EXUPERIUS, a celebrated rhetorician of Toulouse, was a native of Bourdeaux, and had confided to him the education of Dalmatius and Hannibal, the nephews of Constantine. He was rewarded with the government of a Spanish province, where he is said to have become exceedingly rich. Ammonius speaks highly of his general character and eloquence.

EYB, (Albert d',) a learned ecclesiastic in the fifteenth century, flourished under the emperor Frederic III. in 1460, and died in 1479. He made a collection of sentences from ancient authors, dedicated to John, duke of Bavaria and bishop of Munster, and called Margarita Portica, which was printed at Nuremberg in 1472, and several times afterwards. He also wrote, in German, a book on the subject of marriage.

EYBEN, (Hulderic,) an eminent lawyer, of an ancient family in East Friesland, was born in 1629, and studied at Marpurg, under Justus Sinold, or Schutz, and his son, John Helvicus. He was appointed by George II., landgrave of Hesse, professor of law, and lectured with great success. In 1669 he went to fill the offices of counsellor and assessor

at Helmstadt, and in 1678 became an assessor of the imperial chamber at Spire. He held the rank of aulic counsellor at the court of the emperor Leopold, and died in 1699. His works, on legal subjects, were printed in a folio volume at Strasburg in 1708.-CHRISTIAN WILLIAM EYBEN, his son, born in 1663, and died in 1727, is also known for his legal and antiquarian attainments.

EYCK, (Hubert van,) an early Flemish painter, born at Maeseyck, in 1366, and considered as the founder of the Flemish school. He painted many curious works, together with his brother John, the subject of the next article.

EYCK, (John van,) known as John of Bruges, was born at Maeseyck in 1370. To him is generally attributed the invention of oil-painting, but it is doubtful whether he is entitled to that honour. His works, which were chiefly of a small size, are worked up with wonderful fidelity in the details, and are remarkable for their richness of tone. They retain to the present time their vivid tints, and indicate an accurate knowledge of the composition of colours. The best pictures by Van Eyck are to be found at Bruges, where he attained all his celebrity.

EYKENS, (Peter,) called the Old, a painter, born at Antwerp about 1599, who designed and coloured with truth and good taste. His principal works are, a Last Supper; a St. John Preaching in the Desert; a St. Catharine; all in the churches of Antwerp.

EYMAR, (Ange Marie Comte d',) deputy to the Constituent Assembly, was born in Provence, in 1740, and was appointed prefect of the Leman, on the creation of the Prefectures. His admiration for the character of Rousseau made him agreeable to the Genevese; and he died at Geneva in 1803, leaving some trifles in prose and verse.

EYMAR, (Claude,) a name inseparably connected with that of Rousseau, was born in 1744, and conceiving himself to be under great obligations to the author of Emile, he obtained an introduction to Rousseau at Paris in 1774, but did not enjoy much personal intercourse with him, although he was devoted to the perusal of his works, and the admiration of his character. He wrote an account of his visits to his favourite author, and several critical and analytical essays upon his various works. Eymar died in 1822.

EYNDIUS, (Jacob van Den,) of

Helmstede, was born at Delft, about 1575, of a distinguished family, and served as a captain of infantry under the stadtholder Maurice. He was also a Latin poet and historian, and died in 1614, leaving, 1. Jac. Eyndii Poëmata, Leyden, 1611, 4to. 2. A Chronicle of Zealand, also in Latin, to the year 1305, which was printed at Middleburg in 1634.

EYRE, (James,) lord chief-justice of the court of Common Pleas, was born in Wiltshire in 1734, and educated at Winchester and Oxford. In 1762 he was elected to the office of recorder of London, having previously practised in the city courts, and distinguished himself by refusing to carry to the throne an address of the court of Common Council, couched in most unfitting language, in the time of "Wilkes and Liberty.' The recorder was forced to defend himself to the popular party, but received a vote of censure from the Common Council, and provoked the hostility of the city mob. He was appointed a baron of the Exchequer in 1772, and in 1787 succeeded to the chief seat in that court. He was first commissioner of the great seal on lord Thurlow's resignation in 1792; and became chief-justice of the Common Pleas in the following year, in which office he continued until his death, in 1799.

EYSEL, or EYSSEL, (John Philip,) a German physician and medical writer, was born at Erfurt in 1652, and obtained in the university of that place, in 1680, the double distinction of doctor of medicine and poet laureate. He afterwards professed there medicine, pathology, anatomy, surgery, and botany; and died in 1717. His works are numerous, and consist principally of synoptical views of the different departments of medical science, with the title of Compendium; they were collected and printed after his death, as Opera Medica and Chirurgica, Frankfort and Leipsic, 8vo. He also printed many short dissertations on medical and botanical subjects, which are curious and valuable.

EZEKIEL, an Armenian astronomer, and pupil of Ananias Schiragatsi, was born about 673, and died in 727. He left some works in MS.

EZQUERRA, or ESQUERRA, a Spanish poet, born in Biscay in 1568. He was a canon of the cathedral of Valladolid. His Letter to Batholomew Argensola is a model in its way, and is greatly admired. He died in 1641.

French officer, born in 1599, at Metz, where his father was a bookseller. He was educated with the duke d'Epernon, and saved the royal army at the famous retreat of Mayence, in 1635. Being wounded in the thigh by a musket at the siege of Turin, M. de Turenne, and cardinal de la Valette, to whom he was aide-de-camp, entreated him to submit to an amputation, which was the advice of all the surgeons; but he replied, "I must not die by piece-meal; death shall have me entire, or not at all." Having, however, recovered from this wound, he distinguished himself at the battle of Martée, in 1641, and at the siege of Bapaume. He was afterwards made governor of Sedan, which he strongly fortified. In 1654 he took Stenai, and was appointed maréchal of France in 1658. He modestly refused the collar of the king's orders, saying it should never be worn but by the ancient nobility; and it happened, that though his family had been ennobled by Henry IV. he could not produce the qualifications necessary for that dignity, and “ would not," as he said, "have his cloak decorated with a cross, and his name disgraced by an imposture." He died at Sedan, in 1662. FABIAN, a saint of the Romish church, made pope A.D. 236. He was active in the dissemination of Christianity, and the building of churches. He suffered martyrdom in the Decian persecution, A.d. 250.

FABIAN. See FABYAN.

FABIUS MAXIMUS, (Quintus Rulliamus,) an eminent Roman commander, of the illustrious Fabian family. He was five times consul, and dictator twice. He was master of the horse, B.c. 324, to the dictator Papirius Cursor, who, in a campaign against the Samnites, returning to Rome on account of some religious ceremony, left express orders with Fabius not to fight in his absence. Notwithstanding this prohibition, he seized a favourable opportunity, and routed the enemy. When Papirius returned, he commanded his lictors to seize the master of the horse, and proceed to his execution. Fabius took refuge among the legions, and a tumult arose, which continued till the night. On the next day he made his escape to Rome, whither the dictator followed him. His father ap. pealed for him to the people, who joined in intercession with the dictator for his pardon. Satisfied with having thus established the force of his authority, he consented to forgive the offence; and Fabius

was dismissed amid the acclamations of the whole Roman people. At the next election he was chosen one of the consuls, and with his colleague obtained a great victory over the Samnites. He was created dictator B.C. 313. He was a second time consul B.C. 308, when he had the management of the war against the Etruscans, who had laid siege to Sutrium. He defeated them, and afterwards successively triumphed over the Marsi, Gauls, and Tuscans. He served the office of censor B.C. 304. In this station he reformed an abuse introduced by Appius Claudius, who, in order to obtain influence in elections, had distributed a great number of freedmen and persons of the meanest condition among the country tribes. Fabius caused all these to be incorporated into four tribes called the urban, and thus neutralized their influence. This act was so acceptable to all the most considerable citizens, that they conferred upon Fabius the appellation of Maximus, which was perpetuated in his branch of the family. He died soon after his second nomination to the dictatorship, B.C. 287, and was honoured with a public funeral.

FABIUS MAXIMUS, (Quintus Verrucosus,) surnamed CUNCTATOR, greatgrandson of the preceding, and one of the most illustrious generals of Rome. He was consul for the first time B.c. 233, when he obtained a triumph for a victory over the Ligurians. He was a second time consul, when, upon the great alarm excited at Rome on account of the victory gained by Hannibal at the lake Thrasymenus, (B.c. 217,) he was nominated pro-dictator by the unanimous voice of the people, who gave him for a master of the horse, Minucius Rufus. The system of judicious delay, which won for him the appellation of Cunctator, "the Temporizer," is well known. It was his plan to hazard nothing, but to hover round the enemy, watching all his motions, cutting off his convoys, and perpetually harassing him, while he himself with his main body remained in posts of safety. In this he steadily persevered, notwithstanding all the provocations of Hannibal, who became seriously alarmed at a mode of warfare which he foresaw must prove his ruin. But before Fabius could obtain the praise he merited, he had to contend not only with the consummate skill of Hannibal, but with the rash impatience of his countrymen. The former he was able to baffle, the latter nearly proved