a discovery attributed to Dr. Priestley, but which he had published some time before Dr. P. noticed it. Remarks on the Influence of Climate, &c. on the Dispositions, Manners, Intellects, Laws, Customs, &c. of Mankind. Miscellaneous Tracts, containing a Roman and Grecian calendar, &c. Dissertatio de Nephritide verâ, Edin. 1766. Essay on the Bath Waters, 8vo, 1770; second edition, 2 vols, 8vo, 1774. Observations on Dr. Cadogan's Dissertation on the Gout, 8vo, 1772. Observations on some of the articles of Diet and Regimen usually recommended to Valetudinarians, 8vo, 1778. Remarks on the Influence of Climate, Situation, Country, Population, Food, and Ways of Life, 4to, 1781. On the Influence of the Passions upon the Disorders of the Body, 8vo, 1788. Miscellaneous Tracts and Collections relating to Natural History, selected from the principal Writers of Antiquity on that subject, 4to, 1793. Observations respecting the Pulse, 8vo, 1796. An Examination of Dr. Heberden's observations on the increase and decrease of different diseases, and particularly the Plague, 8vo, 1802. Arrian's Voyage round the Euxine Sea translated, with a Geographical Dissertation and three Discourses, 4to, 1805. He also published anonymously a tract addressed to Dr. Porteus, bishop of London, in 1808, entitled, Observations on the Words which the Centurion uttered at the Crucifixion of our Lord.

FALCONET, (Camille,) a French physician, and miscellaneous writer, born at Lyons in 1671. He settled at Paris, became the friend of Malebranche, and in 1716 was chosen a member of the Academy of Belles-Lettres. He had formed a library consisting of more than fifty thousand volumes, from which, in 1742, he selected such as were wanting in the Royal Library, and presented them to that collection. He died in 1762, at the advanced age of ninety-one years, for which he was indebted to a good constitution, and prudent management of it. He was the author of a translation from the Latin of Villemot's new System of the Planets, 1707, 12mo; an edition of Amyot's Translation of the Pastoral of Daphnis and Chloe, with notes, 1732, 12mo: an edition of Desperiers' Cymbalum Mundi, with notes, 1732, 12mo; of several Theses on medical subjects; and of Dissertations, inserted in the Mémoires of the Academy of Belles-Lettres.

FALCONET, (Stephen Maurice,) a celebrated sculptor, nephew of the pre

ceding, born at Paris in 1716. He was a pupil of Lemoine, and being gifted with great natural taste, he made rapid progress in the art. In 1754 he was admitted a member of the Academy, and several works of great merit came from his chisel in such rapid succession, that his fame soon became extended, and he was invited, in 1766, by Catharine II. to Russia, to execute a statue of Peter the Great. This noble work, representing the emperor on horseback in colossal size, is well known, and has immortalized the sculptor's name. Falconet returned to Paris in 1778, when he published some works connected with his art. He died in 1791.-His son, PETER FALCONET, a painter of portraits and historical subjects, visited London in 1766, where he gained two prizes from the Society of Arts.

FALCONETTO, (Giovanni Maria,) an Italian architect, born at Verona in 1480. His father was a painter, and educated his son for his own profession; but a taste for architecture led him to abandon the pencil, and he studied the ancient buildings in Rome and the Campagna with uncommon diligence. He afterwards became the friend of the celebrated Luigi Cornaro. Falconetto died in 1534.

FALCONIA, (Proba,) an ingenious Roman lady, who flourished about 395, in the time of the emperor Honorius. She was a native of Horta, or Hortanum, in Etruria, and composed a cento from Virgil, giving the sacred history from the creation to the deluge; and the history of Christ, in verses selected from that poet, introduced by a few lines of her own. Her poem was first published with Ausonius, at Venice, 1472, under the title Proba Falconiæ, cento Virgilianus, seu Centimetrum de Christo, Versibus Virgilianis compaginatum. The last edition is that of Wolfius in the Mulierum Græcarum Fragmenta, Hamb. 1734, 4to. She also wrote a poem on the civil wars of Rome; but it has not come down to us.

FALCONIERI, (Ottavio,) a learned Italian antiquary, born at Florence in 1646. He published the first edition of Nardini's Romantica, Rome, 1666, 4to, to which he added a discourse on the pyramid of Cestius and the paintings that adorn its inner chamber. He also wrote Inscriptiones Athleticæ, and several dissertations published in the fourth volume of Gronovius's Antiquities of Rome, and in the eighth volume of his Antiquities of Greece. Falconieri was prematurely cut

X

off in 1676 at Rome, in the thirtieth year of his age.

FALDA, (Giovanni Battista,) an Italian engraver, who flourished in the last century, and whose works are much admired. His views of Rome are very scarce, and are highly prized by connoisseurs.

FALDONI, (Giovanni Antonio,) a painter and engraver, born at Ascola, about 1690. He studied landscape painting under Luciano, but abandoned it for engraving, in which he admirably succeeded.

FALETTI, (Jeronimo,) an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, born at Trino, in the Montferrat. He published in 1557 a poem, in ottava rima, on the wars of Charles V. in Flanders, and other miscellaneous poems; and in 1558, twelve of his orations were published at Venice by Aldus, in fol. He wrote on the causes of the German war that followed the League of Smalcalden, under Charles V., and an Italian translation of Athenagoras on the resurrection, 1556, 4to. He was also one of the authors of the celebrated collection under the title of Polyanthea.

FALIERI, (Ordclaffo,) a doge of Venice, succeeded Vitale Micheli in 1102, in which year he went with a fleet to assist Baldwin of Jerusalem in the conquest of Syria. On his return he conquered Dalmatia, Croatia, and other provinces. He was slain at the siege of the revolted city of Zara, in Dalmatia, in

1117.

FALIERI, (Marino,) doge of Venice, succeeded Andrea Dandolo, author of the Chronicles of Venice, on the 11th of September, 1354. He designed to make himself absolute by the assassination of all the senators; but his plot was discovered, and he was beheaded on the 17th of April, 1355, in the eightieth year of his age, and upwards of four hundred of his accomplices were hanged. In the hall of the Grand Council at Venice are the portraits of the doges arranged in order of time; but in the place which appertains to the picture of Falieri, is a representation of the ducal throne with a black veil over it, with this inscription, "Questo è il sito di Marino Falier decapitato pe' suoi delitti." On his tomb is the following epitaph

ralist and physician, born in Westrogothia in 1727. He studied medicine in the university of Upsal, and went through a course of botany under the celebrated Linnæus, to whose son he was tutor. He publicly defended the dissertation (in the Linnæi Amoenitates Academica) which that famous botanist had composed on a new species of plants, which he called alstræmeria. In 1760 he was so deeply affected with depression of spirits, that Linnæus, in order to amuse his mind, sent him on a botanical tour over the island of Gothland. He was afterwards, on the recommendation of Linnæus, appointed a director of a private cabinet of natural history, and professor of botany at the apothecaries' garden, at St. Petersburg. When the Imperial Academy of Sciences was preparing, in 1768, the plan of its learned expeditions, it took Falk into its service. He was recalled in 1771, but having got only to Kasan in 1773, he there obtained permission to visit the baths of Kissiar, from which he returned to Kasan at the end of the year. But his mind being deranged, he committed suicide on March 31, 1774. His fate was generally and justly lamented. The Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg, in 1774, appointed professor Laxmann to arrange his MSS. for publication; but they were not published until 1785, when they appeared in 3 vols, 4to, with plates.

FALKENSTEIN, (John Henry,) a voluminous compiler of historical documents, born in Franconia, in 1682. In 1724 he was appointed director of the university of Erlangen, but turning Papist, he entered into the service of the bishop of Eichstadt, and afterwards into that of the margrave of Anspach. He wrote Antiquities of Nordgau in the bishopric of Eichstadt, 3 vols, fol. Frankfort, 1733, and other works on ecclesiastical and antiquarian subjects. He died in 1760.

FALKLANĎ. See CARY.

FALKNER, (Thomas,) a Jesuit missionary, whose father was a surgeon at Manchester. In early life he followed the same profession, and visited the coast of Guinea, and Buenos Ayres, where he fell into ill health; and becoming acquainted with some Jesuits, he entered into their order, and was employed as a missionary in Paraguay, a task for which his skill in medicine and surgery afforded

FALIO. See CONCHILLOS.

Description of Patagonia and the neigh bouring parts of South America, London, 1774, 4to. He died in 1780.

FALLE, (Philip,) a learned divine, born in the isle of Jersey, in 1655, and educated at Exeter college, Oxford; from whence he removed to St. Alban's hall. Afterwards he went into orders, retired to his native country, where he was made rector of St. Saviour's, and was afterwards chosen deputy from the states of that island to king William and queen Mary. He was also rector of Shenley, in Hertfordshire, and prebendary of Durham. He died in 1742, and left his library (excepting a collection of sacred music, which he gave to the library at Durham,) to the island of Jersey. He published three Sermons, and Cæsarea, or an account of the isle of Jersey, with a new and accurate map of that island, 1694, 8vo; a second edition of which appeared in 1734.

FALLOPIO, (Gabriele,) a celebrated physician and anatomist, born at Modena, in 1523. After studying at Ferrara, under Brasavola, and at Padua, he was made professor of anatomy at Pisa in 1548, and was promoted to the same office in 1551, at Padua, where he died in 1562. His merits as an anatomist are so great, that Haller begins with him the epoch of the Italian school of anatomical inventors. His principal work in this science was Observationes Anatomicæ, Venet. 1561, Svo, several times reprinted. He was the first who wrote accurately on the vessels and bones of the fœtus. He greatly improved the description of the tubes of the uterus, which have since borne his name. In the practice of physic, the most valuable of his writings is his treatise De Morbo Gallico, Patav. 1564, 4to, often reprinted. He had also some skill in botany, and Loureiro has named after him a species of plant, Fallopia. His works were first published separately, at the time they were written; and were afterwards collected with the title of Opera genuina omnia, tam Practica, quam Theoretica, in tres tomos distributa, Venice, 1584, and 1606; and Frankfort, 1600, cum Operum Appendice; and 1606, in 3 vols, fol.

FALLOWS, (Fearon,) an eminent mathematician and astronomer, educated at Cambridge. In 1821 he was appointed astronomer royal at the Cape of Good Hope. In the course of the two following years he completed a catalogue of 273 southern stars, which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Society

307

for 1824. In the course of the year 1829 he made a series of pendulum observations, which were published in the Transactions of the Royal Society for the year 1830. He died in 1832.

FALS, (Raymond,) a medallist, born at Stockholm in 1658. He visited Paris, where he executed a series of medals for Louis XIV. who granted him a pension. He died at Berlin in 1703.

FALSTER, (Christian,) a Danish critic and philologer of Flensburg, the dates of whose birth and death are not known. His chief works, which were published between the years 1717 and 1731, are, 1. Supplementum Linguæ Latinæ, consisting of observations on Cellarius's edition of Faber, Flensburg, 1717. 2. Animadversiones Epistolicæ. 3. Quæstiones Romanæ, ib. 1718. 4. Cogitationes Philologicæ, Lips. 1719. 5. Sermo Panegyricus de variarum gentium Bibliothecis, ib. 1720. 6. Vigilia prima Noctium Ripensium, containing observations on A. Gellius, Hafniæ, 1721. 7. Amoenitates Philologicæ, Amst. 172932, 3 vols. And, 8. A Danish translation of the fourteenth satire of Juvenal, Hafn. 1731, 4to.

FANCOURT, (Samuel,) an English dissenting minister, who may be regarded as the original projector of circulating libraries, was born in the west of England in 1678. Early in the eighteenth century he appears to have been settled with a congregation of Protestant dissenters at Salisbury, where for several years he was engaged in tuition as well as in the ministerial office; but his writings against the peculiar tenets of Calvin excited the resentment of his brethren, and he found it necessary to remove to London. Afterwards he had a religious controversy with Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Morgan, the author of The Moral Philosopher. About the year 1740, or 1745, he set on foot the first circulating library in the metropolis, at a subscription of a guinea a-year for reading; and deserves to be recorded as the parent of institutions, which since his time have spread over the whole kingdom. His plans, however, did not succeed; and after advertising for subscribers, and offering to teach the classics, so as to enable his pupils to write and speak fluently in twelve months for twelve guineas, he sunk into poverty and neglect; and from the corner of one of the streets of the Strand, where he had a shop, he retired to Hoxton-square, where his indigence was relieved by the charitable contributions of his friends. He died in 1768. As a preacher it is said

x 2

that he was zealous and persuasive, with out being popular or eloquent. His publications were numerous, but are now forgotten.

FANNIUS, (Caius,) surnamed Strabo, was consul at Rome in 161 B.C. with Valerius Messala. The law called Fannia was made during his consulate, for regulating the expenses of feasts, and empowering the prætors to drive the rhe toricians and philosophers from Rome.CAIUS FANNIUS, his son, distinguished himself by his eloquence, and was consul 120 B.C. He opposed the enterprises of Caius Gracchus, and made a speech against him, which is praised by Cicero.

FANSHAWE, (Sir Richard,) a statesman, diplomatist, and poet, was born at Ware-park, in Hertfordshire, in 1608. He commenced his education under the famous schoolmaster Thomas Farnaby, and in 1623 was admitted a fellowcommoner of Jesus college, Cambridge, whence he was removed to the Inner Temple, January 22, 1626. He then travelled to France and Spain, for the purpose of acquiring the languages, and studying the manners of those countries. On his return home he was appointed secretary to the embassy at Madrid, under lord Aston. Being in England at the breaking-out of the civil war, he declared early for the crown, and was employed in several important matters of state. In 1644, attending the court at Oxford, he had the degree of D.C.L. conferred upon him, and was appointed secretary at war to the prince of Wales, whom he attended into the western parts of England, and thence into the islands of Scilly and Jersey. In 1648 he was appointed treasurer to the navy under prince Rupert, which office he held till 1650, when he was created a baronet, and was sent to Madrid to represent the necessitous situation of his master, and to beg a temporary assistance from Philip IV. He was then sent for to Scotland, and served there in the capacity of secretary of state. In 1651 he was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, and committed to close custody in London; but having contracted a dangerous sickness, he was permitted to go out upon bail. In 1654 he hired Tankersley park, in Yorkshire, of his friend lord Strafford, to whom he dedicated his translation of the Lusiad of Camoëns, written during his residence there. In February 1659 he repaired to Breda, to Charles II. who knighted him, and appointed him master of requests, and secretary of the Latin tongue. Upon

the Restoration, he expected to be appointed secretary of state, from a promise which had been made him of that office; but to his great mortification it was, at the instance of the duke of Albemarle, given to Sir William Morrice, a violent Presbyterian. He was elected one of the representatives of the university of Cambridge in the parliament which met the 8th of May, 1661, and was soon after sworn a privy-counsellor for Ireland. He was next sent envoy extraordinary to Portugal; and shortly after, he was appointed ambassador to that court, where he negotiated the marriage between his master Charles II. and the infanta donna Catharina, daughter of king John VI., and returned to England towards the end of the same year. He was again sent ambassador to Lisbon in 1662, and was, upon his return to England the following year, sworn of the privy-council. His integrity, abilities, and industry, became so well known in Portugal, that he was recommended and desired by that crown to be sent to Spain as the fittest person to bring about an accommodation between Spain and Portugal. Accordingly, in the beginning of 1664 he was sent ambassador to Philip IV. During his residence at Madrid, he was solicited by the Spanish court to make a journey to Lisbon, but he returned without effect. When the recovery of Philip IV. became hopeless, a project for a treaty with England was sent to the ambassador, containing more advantages of trade to the nation, and insisting upon fewer inconvenient conditions than had ever been in any of the former, and urging the immediate acceptation or rejection of it, on account of the king's illness. This treaty Sir Richard thought proper to sign, with a secret article respecting Portugal, and sent it to England. But it was no sooner laid before Charles, and perused in council, than many faults were found with it, its ratification was refused, and the ambassador was recalled. Sir Richard was preparing for his return to England, when, June 4, 1666, he was seized at Madrid with a violent fever, which carried him off on the 16th of the same month. He was remarkable for his meekness, sincerity, humanity, and piety; and also was an able statesman and a great scholar, being in particular a complete master of several modern languages, especially Spanish. He wrote, besides his translation of the Lusiad, an English translation in rhyme of Guarini's Il Pastor Fido, which was published in 1646, 4to;