continued Nani's History of Venice, at the public request. It was printed in 1692, 4to, and makes the tenth volume of Venetian Historians, published in 1718, 4to. He died in 1692.

FOSCOLO, (Ugo,) a celebrated Italian poet and miscellaneous writer, born about 1776, on board a frigate belonging to the government of Venice, near Zante, of which island his father was proveditor, or governor for the republic. He was educated at Padua, whence he went to Venice, and wrote his tragedy, Il Tieste, which was performed in January 1797, at the theatre of St. Angelo, when it was received with great applause. In that year Buonaparte delivered up Venice to Austria, and Foscolo, dissatisfied with that government, retired into Lombardy, where he published the Lettere di Ortis, a political romance, which had a prodigious success in Italy. He subsequently enlisted in the Lombard legion, and was shut up in Genoa during the siege of 1799, with Massena. After the battle of Marengo, he remained in the Italian army till 1805, when he was sent with the troops destined for the invasion of England. It was at this period that, while stationed at St. Omer, he attempted an Italian version of Sterne's Sentimental Journey. When, a few months after, the camp of Boulogne was broken up, Foscolo went back to Milan, and did not return into active service. He lived for some time near Brescia, where he wrote his beautiful little poem, Dei Sepolcri, 1807. In 1808, he was appointed to succeed Monti, as professor of Italian eloquence at Pavia, when he took as the subject of his inaugural oration the origin and the object of literature, Dell' Origine e dell' Ufficio della Litteratura. A few months after the chair of Italian eloquence was suppressed in the universities of Pavia, Padua, and Bologna, and Foscolo retired to Borgo di Vico, near Como, where he wrote his tragedy of Ajace, which was performed in the theatre Della Scala, at Milan. Foscolo, being banished from Milan, fixed his residence at Florence, where he completed his translation of Sterne, and wrote another tragedy, entitled Ricciarda, a Hymn to the Graces, and other compositions. In 1813 he was allowed to return to Milan, whence, towards the end of 1814, he fled to Switzerland, where he resided for about two years, at Hottingen, near Zurich. There he published a correct edition of his Lettere di Ortis, and a satire in Latin prose, entitled Didymi Clerici Prophetæ

Minimi Hypercalypseos. About the end of 1816 he came to England, and was introduced to some of the best society of the metropolis; he formed literary connexions, and wrote articles for the Edinburgh, Quarterly, Retrospective, and Westminster Reviews. He published his Ricciarda, the Essays on Petrarch and Dante, the Discorso Storico sul testo del Decamerone, and the Discorso Storico sul testo di Dante. Want of economy involved him in embarrassments, which, joined to his irritable temper and assiduous application, shortened his days. He died of the dropsy on the 10th of September, 1827, at Turnham Green, near London, and was buried in Chiswick churchyard. Besides the works already mentioned, he published Chioma di Berenice, an edition of the works of Montecuccoli, an Italian version of the first and third books of the Iliad, and Essays on Petrarch.

FOSSE, (Charles de la,) a celebrated French painter, born at Paris in 1636. After receiving instruction from Charles le Brun, he went to Italy, and from an attentive study of the works of Titian and Paolo Veronese, he became one of the first colourists of the French school. Louis XIV. employed him at the Tuileries and Versailles; and he was chosen a member of the French Academy. He visited England on the invitation of the earl of Montague, for whom he painted two ceilings in that nobleman's town mansion, now the British Museum. On his return to Paris he executed his principal work, the cupola of the Hospital of Invalids. Although an admirable colourist, La Fosse wanted correctness of design, and he was faulty as a draughtsman. He died in 1712.

FOSSE, (Antony de la,) nephew of the above, was born at Paris in 1658. He was lord of Aubigny, by the purchase of the estate which bears that title, and he was secretary to the marquis de Crequi. When his patron was killed at the battle of Luzara, he brought back his heart to Paris, and celebrated his fall in poetry. He was afterwards in the service of the duke d'Aumont; but he distinguished himself chiefly by his tragedies. His Manlius, which is his best play, is considered by the French as being not unworthy of Corneille. He wrote Italian so well, that for an ode which he composed in that language, he was received into the Academy degli Apatisti at Florence. The verses of La Fosse are extremely laboured, and, as he confessed, cost him more pains in the expression than

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in the thought. He gave a translation, or rather paraphrase, of Anacreon, in verse, which has little of the spirit of the original. To this, printed in 1704, he added several miscellaneous pieces of poetry. He died in 1708.

FOSTER, (Samuel,) an English mathematician, born in Northamptonshire, and educated at Emmanuel college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1623. He was elected in 1636 to the professorship of astronomy in Gresham college, which he resigned the same year, and to which he was again elected in 1641. During the civil wars he formed one of that society of learned men who united for philosophical purposes, and were after wards incorporated, under the name of the Royal Society, by Charles II. He not only applied himself to astronomy, and to curious and scientific observations on eclipses and on celestial bodies, but he constructed and improved, with great ingenuity, several mathematical and astronomical instruments. He died at Gresham college, of a decline, in 1652. The chief of his works are, the Art of Dialling, 4to, 1638; Four Treatises of Dialling, 4to, 1654; Miscellanies, or Mathematical Lucubrations; Descriptions of several Instruments invented and improved. There were two other mathematicians of the name of Foster in the same century; William, a disciple of Oughtred, and author of the Circles of Proportion, and the Horizontal Instrument, 1633, 4to; and Mark, who published a treatise of Trigonometry.

FOSTER, (Sir Michael,) an eminent lawyer, was born at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, in 1689. His grandfather and father were both eminent attorneys in that town, of the dissenting persuasion. He received his early education at the free-school of his native place, whence, in 1705, he was removed to Exeter college, Oxford. He was entered of the Middle Temple in 1707, and in due time called to the bar. Not meeting with much success in Westminster-hall, he set tled in Marlborough. He afterwards removed to Bristol, where he practised in his profession with great reputation, and was chosen recorder of that city in 1735, and was called to the degree of serjeantat-law in 1736. In 1735 he published a pamphlet, entitled, An Examination of the Scheme of the Church Power laid down in the Codex Juris Ecclesiast. Anglicani, which occupied a considerable share of the public attention, and was regarded by some as an answer to the principle

put forward in bishop Gibson's Codex. It went through several editions, and produced various replies, especially one from Dr. Andrews, a civilian. In 1745, upon the recommendation of lord-chancellor Hardwicke, he was created one of the judges of the court of King's-bench, with the honour of knighthood. This station he maintained with great credit for legal knowledge and integrity during the remainder of his life, a period of eighteen years, marked with the decision of many points of singular importance in civil and criminal law. In 1762 he published A Report of some Proceedings on the Commission for the Trial of the Rebels in the year 1746, in the County of Surrey; and of other Crown Cases; to which are added, Discourses upon a few Branches of the Crown Law. Of this work, a second and third edition with improvements were published in 1776 and 1792, by his nephew, Mr. Michael Dodson. The book is of standard reputation, and has given occasion to Sir W. Blackstone to style the author "a very great master of the crown law." The health of judge Foster began to decline soon after the death of his lady, in 1758, and he was obliged occasionally to spend part of his time at Bath. He died on the 7th of November, 1763.

FOSTER, (James,) a dissenting minister, born in 1697, at Exeter, at the grammarschool, and in the dissenters' academy, of which place he was educated. With great abilities, a sound judgment, and a ready elocution, he began to preach in 1718; but the warm disputes which prevailed in the West of England, and especially at Exeter, about the Trinity, rendered his situation in Devonshire very irksome, and he removed to Melborne, in Somersetshire, and soon after to Ashwick. He published in 1720 his Essay on Fundamentals, and his Sermon on the Resurrection of Christ; but his finances were so low, and his hopes of improving his income so uncertain, that he almost determined to learn the trade of glover from Mr. Norman, in whose house he lived at Trowbridge, in Wiltshire, after his removal from Somersetshire. He was, however, soon after received as chaplain in the family of Robert Houlton, Esq., and in 1724 he was chosen to succeed, at Barbican, Dr. Gale, a writer by whose book on adult immersion he had been persuaded to be baptized. In 1728 he engaged in a Sunday evening lecture in the Old Jewry, which he carried on till near the time of his death, with a degree of popularity which was unexampled among

the Protestant dissenters. "Here," says Dr. Fleming, “was a confluence of persons of every rank, station, and quality. Wits, free-thinkers, numbers of clergy; who, whilst they gratified their curiosity, had their professions shaken, and their prejudices loosened. And of the usefulness and success of these lectures, he had a large number of written testimonials from unknown as well as known persons." In 1731 he published his Defence of the Usefulness, Truth, &c. of Christian Revelation, against Tindal; and in 1744, after twenty years' service at Barbican, he was chosen pastor of the Independents at Pinners' Hall, and in 1748 he received the degree of D.D. from the university of Aberdeen. He attended lord Kilmarnock after his trial in 1746, and died in consequence of a paralytic stroke, on the 5th of November, 1753. He wrote, besides the above, Tracts on Heresy, in a controversy with Dr. Stebbing; 4 vols of Sermons, 8vo; 2 vols of Discourses on Natural Religion, and Social Virtue, 4to. Bolingbroke erroneously attributes to him that false aphorism, "Where mystery begins, religion ends." Pope has mentioned him with commendation in the preface to his Satires.

FOSTER, (John,) an elegant classical scholar, born at Windsor in 1731, and educated at Eton, where, under the able tuition of Plumptree and Burton, he distinguished himself as a superior proficient in the Greek and Hebrew languages. In 1748 he was elected to King's college, Cambridge, and afterwards became assistant to Dr. Barnard, whom he succeeded, in 1765, in the mastership of Eton; but he was deficient in temper, and in a perfect knowledge of the world, so necessary for a person holding such an important station; and, in consequence of this, his authority became unpopular, and he at last resigned. His merits, however, were rewarded by a canonry at Windsor in 1772; but his infirmities were increasing so rapidly, that he did not enjoy his honours long. He went to the German Spa for the recovery of his health, and died there in September 1773. His remains were afterwards brought over to England, and buried at Windsor, near those of his father, who had been mayor of the town, and over his tomb is an elegant Latin inscription written by himself. He wrote an Essay on the different Nature of Accents and Quantity, with their Use and Application in the Pronunciation of the English, Latin, and Greek Tongues, with the Defence of the Greek

Accentual Marks, against Js. Vossius, Sarpedonius, Dr. Gally, &c. 8vo, 1762. It was esteemed an ingenious and erudite performance, though it did not go without reply. He annexed to his essay the Greek poem of Musurus addressed to Leo X., with an elegant Latin version. A prize dissertation of this writer's, pronounced in the schools at Cambridge in 1754, was also printed, with the title of Enarratio et Comparatio Doctrinarum Moralium Epicuri et Stoicorum.

FOSTER, (John,) the author of the well-known Essays, was born in 1768, in Yorkshire, where, when young, he attracted the notice of Dr. Fawcett, Baptist minister, of Hebden Bridge. Through his means he entered as a student at the Baptist college in Bristol, where he studied first under Dr. Evans, and afterwards under Dr. Ryland. After leaving the college, he was settled during a period of many years at several places, the last of which was Downend, near Bristol; but the character of his mind not adapting him for the regular exercise of the pastoral office, he retired from public engagements, and spent the remainder of his life in literary pursuits at Stapleton. In 1805 he first published his Essays, in a series of Letters to a Friend, on the following subjects: 1. On a Man's Writing Memoirs of Himself. 2. On Decision of Character. 3. On the Application of the Epithet Romantic. 4. On some of the Causes by which Evangelical Religion has been rendered less acceptable to Persons of cultivated Taste. These Essays have been very popular, and have passed through several editions. He died in 1843.

FOSTER, (Henry,) a British naval officer, who, after having accompanied Sir Edward Parry in his voyages to the Arctic regions, was, in 1828, appointed to the command of the Chanticleer sloop of war, to prosecute a voyage of scientific research in the southern regions. He sailed from Spithead in April 1828, and, after having visited Madeira, Teneriffe, Rio de Janeiro, and St. Catharine's, at Monte Video, he proceeded to Statenland, and Prince William's Island, the most southernly tract of land known on the globe. Thence he went to St. Martin's Cove, about eight miles from Cape Horn, whence he sailed to the Cape of Good Hope, where he remained four months, assiduously employed in the government observatory. After having visited St. Helena, Fernando Noronha, and other places, he proceeded to Porto Bello, where, in addition to the usual experiments to

be made at this place, he had to ascertain the difference of meridian between Panama on the Pacific, and Porto Bello, or some other station, on the Atlantic, by means of rockets. In the prosecution of his undertaking he ascended the river Chagres in a canoe, and was returning down the stream February 5, 1831, when he was accidentally drowned.

FOTHERBY, (Martin,) born at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, in 1559. He was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. He was collated by archbishop Whitgift in 1592 to the vicarage of Chiflet, and in 1594 to the rectory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London. In 1596 he was presented by queen Elizabeth to the eleventh prebend of the church of Canterbury, and also to the rectory of Chartham. In 1601 he was collated by archbishop Whitgift to the rectory of Adisham. He became afterwards chaplain to James I., by whom he was made one of the first fellows of Chelsea college in 1610, and was preferred to the bishopric of Sarum in March 1618. He died in 1619. He published in 1608, Four Sermons, whereunto is added, an Answere unto certaine Objections of one unresolved, as concerning the use of the Crosse in Baptism. He was also the author of Atheomastix, published in 1622.

FOTHERGILL, (George,) was born the last day of the year 1705, at Lockholme, in Westmoreland, of an ancient family. He was educated there, and at Kendal school, and then removed to Queen's college, Oxford, where he became fellow and tutor. In 1751 he was made head of St. Edmund hall, and vicar of Bramley, in Hampshire. He died in 1760. He was the author of two volumes of Sermons.

FOTHERGILL, (John,) an eminent physician, born in 1712, at Carr-end, in Yorkshire, of respectable Quakers. He was educated at Sedburgh school, in Yorkshire, and in 1718 was bound apprentice to an apothecary at Bradford. In 1736 he removed to London, and studied two years under Wilmot at St. Thomas's Hospital, and then went to Edinburgh, where he took his doctor's degree. He afterwards visited Leyden, and travelled through France and Germany, and in 1740 settled in London. He was a licentiate of the College of Physicians, in London, and fellow of that of Edinburgh, and of the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He continued to rise in fame and practice, so that his business brought him little

less than 7000l. per annum, and enabled him to accumulate a property of 80,000%. He died of an obstruction in the bladder, the 26th of December, 1780. He was never married. Besides his medical engagements, he devoted much of his time to natural history, and made a collection of shells and other natural curiosities, which were sold after his death to Dr. Hunter for 1200l. He formed an excellent botanical garden at his house at Upton, in Essex; and he liberally endowed a seminary for young Quakers at Ackworth, near Leeds, for the education and clothing of above 300 children. He published some tracts, the best of which is On the Ulcerous Sore Throat. His treatise on Hydrocephalus Internus is also considered a very able one. He also improved the mode of treating the drowned; argued against the practice of burying in towns; and pointed out the means of diminishing the frequency of fires. He assisted Sydney Parkinson in his account of his South Sea Voyage; and at the expense of 2000l. printed a translation of the Bible from the Hebrew and Greek original, by Anthony Purver, the Quaker, 2 vols, fol. 1764. Several of his papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and in the Medical Observations and Inquiries, were collected and printed in 8vo, 1781, and by Dr. Lettsom in 1784, 4to.

FOTHERGILL, (Samuel,) brother of the preceding, was eminent as a preacher among the Quakers. He travelled over England, Scotland, Ireland, and North America, to propagate his doctrines, and died in 1773, much respected for his private character.

FOUCAULT, (Nicholas Joseph,) an antiquary, born at Paris in 1643. He was intendant in Normandy, and within six miles of Caen he discovered, in 1704, the ancient town of the Viducassians, of which he published an interesting account, with the history of the marbles, coins, inscriptions, &c. found there. He discovered in the abbey of Moissac, in Querci, a MS. of Lactantius "De Mortibus Persecutorum," afterwards published by Baluce. He died in 1721, respected for his erudition, his mildness of manners, and his benevolence.

FOUCHE, (Joseph,) duke of Otranto, was born on the 29th of May, 1763, at Nantes, at the college of which city he greatly distinguished himself. He entered into the Oratory, and professed philosophy at Juilly, Arras, and Vendôme, and at the breaking out of the Revolution he was regent of the college of his native

place. He was chosen deputy to the National Convention by the department of the Lower Loire, sided with Danton, and voted for the death of the king. In 1793 he was sent with Collot d'Herbois on that dreadful mission which deluged Lyons with blood. On his return to Paris, (April 1794,) he appeared before the tribunal of the Jacobins to clear himself from the accusations that had been made against him; but Robespierre denounced him as a conspirator, and caused him to be expelled from the club. He then joined those of his colleagues who figured on the 9th Thermidor. After the fall of Robespierre, he was arrested as a terrorist, but was liberated under the amnesty of the 26th October, 1795. In 1798 he was sent by the Directory as ambassador to the Cisalpine republic, and subsequently to that of Batavia. He afterwards adopted more moderate principles, and in 1799 was made minister of police, in which post he was confirmed under the Consulate. In September 1802 the office of minister of police was suppressed, but in July 1805 it was reorganised upon the same base, and again committed to the direction of Fouché, who in December was created duke of Otranto. In June 1810 he was again dismissed, and was replaced by Savary, duke of Rovigo. He was now appointed governor of Rome, whence he retired into Provence. He was next sent to the Illyrian provinces, and to Naples. He was at Paris when Napoleon escaped from Elba. "Take care of the monarch," said Fouché to a member of the royal family, "and I will take care of the monarchy." But he was distrusted by the Bourbons, and was reinstated by Buonaparte in his office of minister of police. After the battle of Waterloo, he earnestly urged the emperor to abdicate, and was made president of the provisional government; he negotiated with the allied powers, and by his intrigues baffled the scheme of Carnot and others to defend Paris. He was then charged with the capitulation of the city, was admitted to a private audience with Louis XVIII., and was by him reinstated in his office. The same year he was chosen deputy, but did not take his seat, and in September 1815 he resigned his office. He was next sent as ambassador to Dresden, and not long after he was banished, (12th of January, 1816,) as a regicide. He retired to Prague, thence to Lintz, and lastly to Trieste, where he died on the 25th of December, 1820. A curious work was published at Paris

in 1833, which throws great light on Fouché's character, and on the system of the imperial administration in FranceTémoignages Historiques, ou Quinze Ans de Haute Police sous Napoléon, par Desmarets.

FOUCHER, (Simon,) a French priest and philosophical writer, born in 1644, at Dijon, whence, soon after he had taken orders, he removed to Paris, where he connected himself with the advocates for the revival of the Academic philosophy. He died at Paris in 1696. He wrote a variety of Dissertations, Criticisms, Answers to Criticisms, Letters, &c. which appeared at different periods from 1673 to 1693, and form together a collection in 6 vols, 12mo. The design of the whole is to exhibit the history, and to illustrate and defend the principles, of the ancient Academic philosophers. He was also the author of A Treatise on the Wisdom of the Ancients, 12mo, 1682, intended to show that the principal maxims of their morality are not contrary to the precepts of the Christian code; A Letter concerning the Morality of Confucius, the Chinese Philosopher, 8vo, 1688; A Treatise on Hygrometers, or Instruments for ascertaining the Dryness and Humidity of the Air, 12ıno, 1686.

FOUCHIER, (Bertram de,) a Dutch painter, born at Bergen-op-Zoom, in 1609. He studied under Van Dyck at Antwerp, till that master went to England. Fouchier then became the pupil of Bylart at Utrecht, and afterwards visited Rome, where he met with much encouragement, and was warmly patronized by Urban VIII. From Rome he went to Venice, and formed his style on that of Tintorette; but, on his return to his native country, finding it was not suited to Dutch taste, he was compelled to abandon it, to paint subjects similar to those executed by Ostade and Brouwer. He died in 1674.

FOUCQUET, (Nicholas,) marquis of Belleisle, was born in 1615, and for his talents was early advanced in the state. He was, at the age of thirty-five, procurator-general of the parliament of Paris, and at thirty-eight, superintendent of the finances. His peculation and extravagance, however, were little calculated to repair the mismanagement of Mazarin, and when he had spent above 150,000l. of the public money in adorning his seat at Vaux, and attempted to rival his master in the affections of madame la Vallière, his ruin was complete. He was arrested in 1661, and condemned to perpetual banishment, which was afterwards commuted to