by them, they would not equal it This is the meaning. There is an example of this in the Rámáyan'am when Leccuman'en receives in his breast the spear sent by Rávanéswaren against (his brother) Vibidan'en. ORIGINAL VERSE: Leccuven, being touched by compassion, prevented the spear thrown by the Giant from destroying the life of Vid'an'en and received it in his own breast who can estimate the value of the benefit, when those who possess the power of protection ward off the afflictions which those under their safeguard would otherwise suffer? RAʼMA'YAN'AM. Swift as the wind he left those who were in front behind him and, saying "I will ward it from thee," while the gods beholding that spear of lightning covered their eyes from pity, he received the weapon in his golden breast, so that it passed out at his back. Beholding his brother, O Lord," said Rámen, the courage which gives up life to protect those who rely on them is a distinguishing trait of the Rágava race, O thou adorned by a garland of Tulasi! thou hast dared to do this, but, though it be an act worthy of thee, it is not peculiar to thee. Even he, the divinely virtuous, who for the sake of a dove slashed his body until it became one wound, was not equal to thee; what other thing remains there then to be spoken of (in the way of comparison)? those who are justly called benevolent, when they behold the affliction of their friends, are like the cow and her calf. The story alluded to in the last verse is told in various works and in various ways; one is of a King who, to protect a dove which took refuge in his bosom from the fury of a hawk, gave the latter the flesh of his own body as her ransom. Parvati was the dove and Siva was the hawk who had assured these forms to try the nature of this Prince. கு It is supposed to be referred to in the second verse of the preceding Chapter (not translated), which is—A & Da Da DUSTATY டையாரென்பு முரியா பிறாக்கு Those void of affection belong æholly to themselves, but even the bones of the affectionare belong to others-and Viramamuni in the Témbavan'i thus applies it, borrowing the introductory word from this couplet. அன்புடையரெனபுமரிந்தளிப்பாரதன்னுயிரோ றியாரே The affectionate will cut out their bones and bestow them on the objects of their affection; but who is he who hath given with his life, his bones and his whole body to be eaten? who but thou (O Christ!) who here beggedst food for thy subsistence, though thou nourishest all living with abundant food of every kind. -- Gawwad not having been done, i. e. any previous benefit; this term the neg. ger. of Ġews, is here used absolutely, being understood; the inf. of the affirmative verb is used with this meaning, which is the same as that of the ablative absolute of the Latin, but the neg. having no inf. the ger. is substituted for it, which has been done; the past. part. of the same verb.-es to a benefit: the dat. governed by fosys of the earth; composed of the earth and the interior, quasi all within the earth, the whole earth.—and heaven ; a compound, similar to the preceding from heaven and . These terms united by the வான அகம். particle repeated are joint noms. of the following verbal.-pa the comparison; the verbal in from the root change.—HAI is impossible: 3d pers. sing. neu. from the root அரு difficult. தி LA பவீனத்துவணயாக்கொள்வரபயன்றெரிவார Small as a grain of millet Though it be, large as the towering,palm (.*) "Small as a grain of millet" &c.-There is a verse in the Náladinánùru nearly similar to this; it occurs in the Chapter On meanness, &, which the authors not improperly consider as one of the characteristicks of ingratitude. "Large as the towering palm a benefit to grateful eyes appears"-Certain European writers, careless in their censures and slightly acquainted with the construction of the Indian tongues, have chosen to say, and others, equally careless and more ignorant, have chosen to repeat, that the Hindus have not in their language any word corresponding with gratitude; the inference from which they intend should be that the idea is unknown among them. To this calumny let this chapter of Tiruvalluver and the accompaniments to it be the answer, as in it the idea will be found to be expressed in many varying modes. The charge of misrepresentation it may be attempted, however, to rebut by asserting that the idea cannot be expressed by any one word, compounds being always used to convey it; this is true, and it is true, also, that it is the genius of the Tamil and other Indian languages so to express all abstract ideas, those even, in preference, for which they have simple terms. Thus in Tamil this idea is also expressed by the compound, the last member of which is the negative noun of action from 4 to forget, and ingratitude by the same in the affirmative, T றிமறததல் ; so in Telugu Lev, of the same derivation, signifies a grateful man; in sanscrit 998 from the intensitive and the root exchange த and Jam formed by the conjunction of the upasarga again with a benefit, are terms differing in derivation from the preceding, but both meaning gratitude, while, of the compounds from 50 an act and he who knows, recognizes, and 1 from J& 15 the same and 218 a slayer, murderer, the first signifies a grateful and the second are ungrateful man.. திணையவனத்தேயாயினுஞ் செய்தநன்றுண்டாற் பவயைவினத்தாவுள்ளுவரசானறோபவனையவனத் If the virtuous have received a favor as small as a grain of millet they will consider it as large as a palm-tree; but if a favor as large as a palm, O king of the Country washed by sparkling waves! be conferred on the ungrateful, it wilt produce no benefit. Gala millet, a grain of millet.- quantity.—a benéfit:-these three terms constitute a compound, of which the interme. diate member is anited to the first by உவமைத்தொகைத் தொடாமொழி, a word signifying similitude being suppressed, and with the last by குணத்தொகைத்தொடரமொழி, the termination or sign of the adjective being suppressed: these being supplied the sentence stands thusதிணையைப்போலத்துவிணைய Or துணையான நனறி - செயினுமalthough. and governed a palm or palmyra tree.-gr quantity. The construction of these terms is the same as of those to it be done ; the subj; of by the preceding nom. united with the particle 1 which they rhyme.- abbreviation of to be: the inf. of gs. Os to take; or the ger. of or to think may be here supplied to com they consider ; the 3d. person plu. masc. of தரிவார plete the meaning, which is equivalent to the familiar English expressiI take it to be so, or, I think so.—ш who know; the 3d. pers. plu. masc. of on, fruil, profil.— fruil, profit.-song they sise, governing the preceding neu. term in the nom. for the ac. or more appropriately, according to the expression of Tamil grammar, forming with it the compound called HCOPTALS, the sign of the ac. case being suppressed. and NOTE. The construction assigned in the preceding couplet to WWI and Cows, and to Ger in this, gives them a passive sense, which the verbal forms செய்த, denominated by the Tamil grammarians, including parts. gers. and infs., must frequently take when rendered into English; but these terms are in truth under regimen with a nom. understood, which is the real agent of the act, and goverus as actives, the term by which the subject is expressed and by which, as passives, they are apparently governed. In the first couplet the agent of the act to do is person, and the subject benefit; the nom., therefore, should be understood both before wwns and Cows, and in the first line of this Couplet, which, when the whole elipsis is supplied should be writtenஒருவன றிவினயாற்றுவிணப்பட்டநன றியைசசெயினும்.--In either case the nom. supplied gives an active meaning to the ger. part. and subj. they respectively govern, and obviates the anomaly of passive forms being derived from active verbs.— All forms liable to this apparent passive construction, of which the three already mentioned and the add, or the inf. used absolutely and corresponding with the ablative case absolute in Latin, are in most frequent use, can take it only when the subject is expressed and the agent understood, or when both are understood. Thus ; பணங்கேட்பினிவான if-meney be asked, he will give it ;வவல்செய WTML the business not having been done, I will not give the money; செய்தவேவலயி ஃது this is thebusiness which was done: பணங்கேடகவீந்தான் the money being asked (pecuniā requisitā) he gave it. But when the agent only or both the agent and subject are expressed, they are actives.constructively and naturally and ought always to be so construed, with, perhaps, the exception in some cases of the the past part. Thus Gedane if you ask money, he will give it: அவன்வெவல்செய்மனான he deparled without having done the work : அவன் செய்தவேவலயிஃது thisistheeork he has done; நானபணங்கேட்கவீர $ Ihaving asked money, he gave it. The governing nominative being supplied in the latter examples demonstrates the real construction in the former, in which it is wanting. GAT III. உதவிவரைத்தன்றுதவி " யுதவி செய்ப்பட்டார்சால்பின்வரைத்து (ரு) The exalted mind no benefit esteems Of it's own greatness measures each. By the scale of it's own greatness"-In the original the instrument is not mentioned, the literal sense of the words being, it has it's measure in the magnanimity of the receivers.-In the Latin commentary this verse is thus explained Sensus est, parvum etiam beneficium, si fiat maguo viro, ab hoc plurimi œstimari; maximum quoque beneficium, si fiat abjecto viro, ab hoc minimi fieri; adeoque mensuram beneficii non esse sumiendam a magnitudine vel parvitate favoris, sed a qualitate illius, cui facies."-Here it is clear, from the person of the last verb, that the conferrer is considered as the measurer of the benefit according to his knowledge of the character of the receiver and his consequent expectation of return. Parimèl-Azhager's paraphrase does not sanction this meaning; his words are-—maynemør a saları ணத்தானும்பொருளானுங்காலத்தானுமாகிய மூவகையானுமுன் செயதவு தவியளவிற்றன்றதவனச்செய்வித்துககாண்டவா தம்மமைதியளவிற் Most man " A benefit conferred, is not compensated merely by a return in any of the three modes, namely, by a favor of the same kind, by bestowing one's wealth, or one's time, but is commensurate with the magna nimity of him by whom it was received."-The latter is the better and correcter explanation, as the former implies a selfish consideration, which contradicts the doctrine inculcated throughout this Chapter It is the receiver not the conferror, that the author represents as measuring the benefits; the return to which, he says, will not be like for like, but in proportion to the liberality and greatness of mind possessed by him on whom it has been bestowed. ezon benefit.—ors of the measure 3rd. per. neu. of .— 9. it is not. 3rd. per. neu, sing, of the root .es nom. governing வரைதது.- உதவி compounded with செய்ப்பட்டார of those who received benefit plu. per. pro. of the verb Ceu » A to be done. gen. of magnitude or of the measure implied the measure of benefit. |