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varied a little, this way and that, as is common in such experiments. The lifting was done rhythmically to the stroke of the metronome, which beat at about four per second for the different observers, some requiring a slower rhythm than others. The rhythm was constant, however, for each subject. At "one" the standard was raised, at "two'' lowered, on" three" the comparison weight was raised and on "four"' lowered.

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The results of the twenty lifts just described served as a basis of comparison for similar lifts after a period of lifting a heavier weight to establish the Einstellung. This heavy weight, which was called the "training'' weight, was for all subjects a weight twice as great as the one which had seemed equal. The experiment here differed a little in its method for the lifting "with attention" and "with distraction," though the actual weight lifted and the rhythm for lifting were the same for each. In the experiment "with attention," the subject was told that he must determine, by estimation, a weight twice that of the standard, and that he would be given two weights above and two weights below this double weight, and sometimes the double weight itself. He was to raise the standard just as he had done in the previous judgments of equals, which would aid him in his judgment, and he was to judge as quickly as possible. Here the standard was raised on 'one,' lowered on "two," a pause on "three," the variable raised on "four," lowered on "five," and the judgment given immediately. While the judgment was being given the experimenter shifted the weights, and the subject began to raise the standard in nearly all cases after the sixth count. The method of lifting was at first not carried out in this threesix rhythm, but in a two-four rhythm; but was changed after three days of experimentation to make the rhythm the same for the experiments "with attention" and "with distraction." All the results are incorporated in the tables which follow, as the change of rhythm seemed to have no disturbing effect. Ten judgments were made, four of the weights being greater than the "double'' weight, four less, and two the double weight'' itself, so that the actual weight lifted amounted to lifting the double weight ten times. Immediately after giving the tenth judgment the five original (i. e., nearly 'equal') weights were compared with the standard, to test the Einstellung, and the results recorded. After a rest of from one to two minutes the double weight was raised five times more, in the manner just described, to refresh the Einstellung; and immediately after, the original (nearly "equal") weights were again compared. This was done until the training weight had been raised twenty times in all and the original weights had been compared twenty times. In schematic form the ex

periment was: (1) to determine a weight which when lifted by the left hand should seem equal to the standard weight, when lifted by the right hand. This was done by offering the original weights in such a way that the "equal" weight was raised four times, the ten and twenty grams "heavier,' four times each, and the ten and twenty grams lighter, four times each. (2) Ten lifts of the training weight, followed by five comparisons of the original weights arranged according to a regular permutation. (3) Five lifts of the training weight, with five judgments of the original weights. (4) Repetition of (3). (5) Repetition of (3).

The experiment "with distraction' differed from that with full attention only in so far as lifting the training weight was concerned. Here the "double" weight only was lifted ten times, with a pause, then five times with a pause, and so on, until twenty lifts had been made; the actual weight lifted, however, amounted to the same for both forms of the experiment. While the observer was lifting the training weight in the "distraction'' experiment, the experimenter read as distinctly as possible from some interesting reading matter. After the lifting of the original weights, which immediately followed that of the training weight, the subject was asked to give the content of what had been read, and a record was made of his success.

Four university students of psychology, two men and two women, served as observers. The number of experiments per observer varied from 14 for observer I, to 28 for observer IV, owing to modifications made necessary by the differences of the individual observers. Each experiment represents twenty lifts for the original weights, twenty for the training weight, and twenty again for the original weights.

The Einstellung was present unmistakably in the case of each observer. Observer I showed a clear and decided difference in the intensity of the Einstellung under the two conditions of the experiment, the effect being much greater when the training weight was lifted with attention than where distraction was used. This is true for the total and also for all except one of the single pairs of days on which experiments with attention and with distraction were made. The other observers, however, showed this difference but slightly or not at all. The difference was so clear for observer I that an explanation was sought for the indefiniteness of the records of the other three observers. As none could be found at first for observer IV, his work was continued until 18 complete experiments had been performed. The difficulty was discovered for observers II and III and the experiment modified after 12 complete experiments. The following table gives the

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results obtained from the work just described. The first column represents the observer, the second the number of

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lifts LEH LEHLE H LEH L

Obs. I 140 495041 113 21

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the results after training on days when the training weight the training weight was lifted with attention, the fourth (Ta) lifts, the third (Ra) the results before training on days when

JOURNAL-4

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