Abancourt, M. d' (Charles-Xavier-
Joseph Franqueville d') (1758-1792),
nephew of Calonne; minister of war
after June 20, 1792; accused after
August 10; imprisoned at Orleans.
and assassinated with other prisoners
at Versailles. 202, 209
Abbadie, Mr d', an Englishman; settled

at Rochefort as broker and inter-
preter. 172

Abbema, Balthazar, M., a Dutch pa-
triot; took part in the insurrection
against the Stadtholder in 1784;
fled to France in 1787, and established
a bank; returned to Holland and was
minister at Hamburg. 190, 197
Aelders, Baronne d'; see Palm, Etta
Affry (Louis Augustin Philippe,

Comte d'), 1743-1810. Lieutenant
general in the French service; com-
mander of the Swiss Guards; retired
to Switzerland after August 10,
1792. 212, 228, 249
Aguylar, Marquis d', mayor of Perpig-
nan, 1790. 8

Aiguillon, Duc d', son of the minister
of Louis XV.; he died at Hamburg
in 1800. 21, 240

Ainslie, Sir Robert, Bart. (1730—1812),
ambassador at Constantinople 1776-
1794; M.P. and numismatist. 42
Aire, at the junction of the Lys and the
Laquette, a town in the county of
Artois about 10 miles from St Omer.
284

Aix (Aquæ Sextia), formerly the capital
of the county of Provence. 205
Aix-la-Chapelle, an old Imperial town,
it belonged to France from 1794 to
1814. 262

Albert, M., Comte de Rioms (1740—
1806), a distinguished sailor; fought
under d'Estaing and de Grasse; com-
manded at Toulon in 1789; received
the command of the fleet intended

to support Spain against England
in 1790; emigrated. 11, 34, 37
Algiers was from the beginning of the
16th century a nest of pirates. The
Dey made himself independent of
the Porte from the beginning of the
18th century. It was first conquer-
ed by the French in 1830. 11, 133,
139

Alkirch (Altkirch) in the Sundgau, the
southern part of Alsace, a district
which was long possessed by Austria.
66

Alsace formed at this time a military
government with Strasburg as the
capital. As a pays d'étranger effec-
tif it had a line of customs on the
side of France. The three bishoprics
were Metz, Toul and Verdun in
Lorraine, conquered by Henri II. in
1552, and definitely ceded to France
in 1648. 19, 20, 41, 52, 59, 61, 65,
70

Alvarez, a Spanish general. 248
Amelot, M., son of a ministre de la

Maison du roi ; intendant of Burgun-
dy 1786; commissaire au départe-
ment de la caisse de l'extraordinaire
in 1790. 243

André, M. d', ci-devant conseiller au
parlement; member of the National
Assembly for the Sénéchaussée of
Aix. 78

Angers, capital of Anjou. 33
Anselm, servant to the Swedish am-
bassador. 147

Anselme, General (Jacques Bernard
Modeste d') (1740-1812), conquered
Nice 1792; retired from the service
1793. 258, 264, 275
Antibes, a fortified town in the county
of Provence. 338

Ardèche, a department corresponding
to the ancient Vivarais. 32 n.
Ardres, a town between Calais and St

Omer in the pays reconquis. Near
Ardres the interview of the field of
the Cloth of Gold took place in 1520.
284
Arnay-le-duc,

in Burgundy

near

Beaune. 64, 68
Arras, the capital of Artois. 284
Artois, Comte d', born at Versailles
October 9, 1757; died at Göritz
Nov. 6, 1836; married Marie-Thérèse
of Savoy 1773; emigrated 1789;
lived in England after 1795; suc-
ceeded to the throne of France as
Charles X. 1824; abdicated August
2, 1830. 5, 8, 48, 49, 59, 65, 87, 92,
94, 102, 115, 118

Artois, Comtesse d', Marie Thérèse,
daughter of King Victor Amadeus
III. of Sardinia; born Jan. 31, 1756;
died June 2, 1805; married the
Comte d'Artois Nov. 16, 1773.
Aubert du Bayet, M. (1759-1797),
fought in America under La Fayette;
député to the Legislative from the
Isère and to the Convention; mini-
ster of war under the Directory.
169, 170, 171, 230
Aurillac, the chief town of Haute
Auvergne. 18

Autun, Bishop of (Charles Maurice de
Talleyrand-Périgord), Prince of Be-
nevento (1754-1838), agent-general
of the French clergy in 1780; bishop
of Autun in 1788; member of the
States General; celebrated mass at the
Fête of the federation, July 14, 1790;
asserted the civil constitution of the
clergy; executor of Mirabeau; sent
as envoy to London; minister of
foreign affairs 1797, 1799, 1825;
ambassador to London 1830. 47,
48, 51, 60, 73, 75, 82, 83, 95, 98,
140, 147, 148, 149, 158, 162, 167,
168, 176, 191

Auxerre in the N. W. corner of
Burgundy, formerly capital of the
county of Auxerre; bought by
Charles V. in 1370; given by the
Treaty of Arras 1435 to the Duke of
Burgundy; and finally joined to
France in 1477. 63

in 1309 and Clement VI. bought it
from Joanna of Naples in 1348; when
the Pope returned to Rome in 1376
Avignon and the Venaissin were
governed by papal legates down to
1791. 7, 50, 76, 83, 84, 89, 90, 123,
126, 183

Bailly, M. (Jean Sylvain), 1736—1793,
a man of great literary and scientific
distinction, member of the Académie
des sciences 1763; of the French
Academy 1784; member of the
States General for Paris; President
of the Constituent Assembly 1789;
mayor of Paris July 16, 1789-Nov.
18, 1791. Guillotined Nov. 10, 1793.
His chief work is the history of
Astronomy. 7, 8, 9, 15, 17, 22, 37,
64, 80, 125, 173

Bâle, the ancient seat of a Prince
Bishop; it became a free town in
1527; and was joined to France in
May, 1793. 334, 335, 341, 358
Balfour, M. 93

Bannes, a castle in the Ardèche.
200

Bapaume, a town on the frontier of

Artois, ceded to France by Spain at
the Treaty of the Pyrenees. 284
Bar-le-duc, in Lorraine on the river
Ornain. 24, 235, 247

Barmond, Abbé, deputy of the clergy
to the States General; opposed the
union of the Three Orders; emigrated;
was taken with Bonne-Savardin at
Châlons sur Marne; was tried at the
Châtelet but acquitted. 21
Barnave, M. (Antoine Pierre Joseph-
Marie), 1761-1793, deputy from
Dauphiné to the States General.
The best orator after Mirabeau;
tried to reconcile the court with the
constitutional party; guillotined
Nov. 28, 1793. 25, 46, 55, 56, 68,
78, 79, 83, 87, 98, 101, 106, 114,
122

Barrère (Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac),
1755-1841, deputy to the States
General; presided over the assembly
Dec. 1, 1792 when the execution
of the king was decreed; member of
the comité de salut public; supported
the Terror; was member of the
conseil général des Hautes Pyrénées
till 1840. 360, 367, 370
Barthélemy, François Marquis de,
1747-1830, a distinguished diplo-
matist; negotiated the peace of Bâle
in 1795. 146, 158, 160, 177, 215,
236, 336

Bastia, on the east coast of Corsica,
capital of Corsica under the Genoese.
100, 367, 370

Bastille, The; the fortress standing at
the end of the Rue St Antoine in
1789. Begun 1369; finished 1382;
captured July 14, 1789; and entirely
destroyed. 6, 7

Bauchman, Major of the Swiss Guards.

228

Bavay in Hainault became French in
1678. 204, 206

256,

Bayonne, a sea-port of Guienne on the
Adour in the South of France.
359
Beaulieu, General, John Peter Baron
de, 1725-1819, born in Brabant;
fought in the seven years war, in the
revolutionary
war, and against

Napoleon who beat him at Min-
tenotte and Lodi. 180, 193
Béfort or Belfort, part of the Sundgau
belonging to Austria, became French
in 1636. 41, 186

Bellegarde, a fortress in the Pyrenees
near the Col des Pertûs, between
Perpignan and Figueras; taken by
the Spaniards in 1793; retaken by
Dugommier in 1794. 359
Bellevue, a village between Sèvres and
Meudon, with a country house built
by Madame de Pompadour in 1748,
and destroyed in the Revolution. 63,
304

Belport, M., a spy. 156

Berenger, M., French minister at the
diet of Ratisbon. 144

Bergen (Bergheim), a town on the
road from Erkelens to Cologne.
262

Berkenrod, M. de, Dutch ambassador.
218

Bernard de Saintes (Adrien Antoine),
so called because he was president of
the tribunal of Saintes in 1791;
member of the legislature, and the
Convention; he was imprisoned in
1793 but was amnestied; he went to
America in 1816, and died there.
370

Berne, capital of Switzerland. 357
Bernis, Cardinal de (François Joachim
de Pierres de), 1715-1794; favoured
by Madame de Pompadour; acade-
mician 1744; ambassador at Venice
and Rome; lost everything by refusing
to take the oath in 1791; lived upon
a pension of the Spanish govern-
ment. 56

Bertrand de Molleville (Antoine
François Marquis de), 1744-1818;

379

intendant of Brittany; minister of
Marine 1791; after August 10 took
refuge in England; wrote a history
of the Revolution and memoirs. 10,
127, 128, 161, 184, 186, 239

Besançon, a town on the Doubs,

capital of Franche Comté; became
French in 1679. 344

Béthune, a town of Artois ceded to
France in 1659. 284

Béthune-Charost, M. de (Armand
Joseph de Béthune, duc de Charost),
1738-1800; a distinguished soldier
and philanthropist; imprisoned
under the Terror, but escaped. 171,

175

Beureyer, M., is probably a mis-
take for Beauharnais (Alexandre
Vicomte de), 1760-1794; born at
Martinico; married Joséphine Ta-
scher de la Pagerie who afterwards
became Empress; deputy of the
nobility to the States General; sup-
ported the Revolution; served under
Custine; was guillotined. 234
Beurnonville (Pierre de Ruel Marquis
de), 1752-1821; minister of war;
sent to arrest Dumouriez; taken
prisoner and remained so till 1795;
joined the Bourbons; Marshal of
France in 1816. 263

192

Bicêtre, a castle outside Paris built in
the thirteenth century by John
Bishop of Winchester; at first a
hospital for invalid soldiers, then
half a hospital and half a prison.
Bicêtre is said to be a corruption of
Winchester. 309
Bidermann, M., banker.
Bigot de Sainte-Croix, M. de, minister
to the Elector of Trêves, 144, 206
Billaud-Varennes (Jacques Nicolas),
1756-1819; a member of the
Jacobin Club, and of the Convention;
one of the leaders of the Terror;
exiled to Cayenne in 1795. 320
Biron (Armand Louis de Gontaut),
(1747-1793), first Duc de Lauzun,
then Duc de Gontaut-Biron; deputy
of the nobility of Quercy to the States
General; partisan of the Duke of
Orleans; employed against Mons and
in La Vendée; guillotined December
31, 1793. 44, 149, 150, 177, 178,
180, 194, 202, 221

Bitche, a small fortress in Lorraine
attacked without success by the
Prussians in 1793. 369

Blancheland, M. (Philibert François

Rouxel de), 1735-1793; governor
of San Domingo; brought to France

and imprisoned after August 10.
90, 160
Blumendorf, chargé d'affaires of the
Court of Vienna. 176, 179, 184
Bombelles (Marc Marie Marquis de),
born 1744; ambassador at Lisbon
and at Venice; emigrated; became
a priest in 1792, and in 1819 bishop
of Amiens. Before the Revolution
he married two wives, one by the
protestant, the other by the catholic
ritual. 76

202

Bonchage, M. de, Le Vicomte Dubou-
chage, born 1750; minister of
Marine and Foreign Affairs in 1792;
emigrated; minister of Marine under
Louis XVIII.
Bonne-Carrère (Guillaume), born 1754;
president of the Société des Amis de
la Constitution; expelled from the
Jacobin Club in 1791; director
general of foreign affairs in 1792.
75, 76, 147

Bonne-Savardin, Le Chevalier de, a
Sardinian officer who opposed the
Revolution. In 1790 he became
intermediary of a correspondence
between the Comte de Maille-
bois and the Count of Turin; he
was imprisoned and escaped, but
was taken at Châlons sur Marne,
July 29, 1790; was tried at Orleans
in 1791 and acquitted. 17, 21
Borde, M. la, F. L. J. de Laborde
Méréville, son of the court banker;
deputy of Etampes to the States
General; retired to England and died
in London 1801. 150
Bordeaux, capital of Guyenne; be-
came French in 1453. 26, 198,
237, 318, 319, 324, 343
Bouchotte (Jean Baptiste Noel), 1754—

1840; captain of cavalry in 1789;
Minister of War after Beurnon-
ville until April 1, 1794; a man of
high character, lived in retirement
at Metz. 320

Bougainville (Louis Antoine de), 1729—

1814; the celebrated navigator,
travelled in the South Seas 1766-
1768; created Senator and Count
by Napoleon. 40, 60, 125
Bouillé, M. de (François Claude Amour
Marquis de), 1739-1800; fought in
the seven years war, governor of
Alsace, Lorraine and the three
Bishoprics till 1791; after the failure
of the flight to Varennes he retired
to England and wrote memoirs.
19, 24, 29, 30, 31, 41, 97, 98, 100,
101, 110, 115, 376

Boulay, a town in Lorraine near Metz.
240, 245

Bourbon, Fort, the capital of Martinico,
now called Fort de France, or Fort
Royal. 86.

Bourdon de l'Oise (François Louis), a
member of the Convention, attacked
the Girondists; defended the Terror;
aided in the fall of Robespierre;
exiled after 18 Fructidor and died in
1797.

Bourget, Le, a port between Senlis and
Paris. 285

Bourgoing, Jean François Baron de,
1748-1811; a distinguished diplo-
matist. 147, 154, 172

Bouvignes, a town close to Dinan on
the left bank of the Meuse. 182
Brailow, a fortress in Roumania on
the left bank of the Danube; also
called Braila and Thaila; declared a
free port in 1836. 86
Brasseur, M. le (J. A.), 1745-1794;
intendant of San Domingo; chosen
as minister of Marine in 1792, but
La Coste was appointed instead;
condemned to death June 15, 1794.
125

Brest, in Basse Bretagne, the chief war

port of France; erected by Colbert.
12, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44,
53, 60, 72, 79, 198, 203, 262, 267,
364

Breteuil, Louis Auguste le Tonnelier
Baron de, 1733-1807; ambassador
at various courts; minister of state
1783; opposed the States General;
succeeded Necker; emigrated; treat-
ed on behalf of the king with foreign
powers; returned to France in 1802.
115

Briche, M., arrested with Prince Victor
Broglie. 240
Brienne, Cardinal de (Étienne Charles

de Loménie de Brienne) (1727-1794),
archbishop of Toulouse 1763; aca-
demician 1770; friend of Turgot;
succeeded Calonne as finance mini-
ster 1787; chief minister the same
year; Bishop of Sens 1788-1794;
summoned the States General 1789;
resigned August 25; made cardinal
December 15; took the civic oath;
arrested at Sens November 9, 1793
and died soon afterwards. 56, 63,
70, 73, 75, 121, 125

Brissac, de (M. Louis Hercule Timoleon
de Cossé, duc de Brissac), 1734-1792;
captain-colonel of the Swiss Guard,
and governor of Paris; refused to
emigrate; imprisoned at Orléans