1896. The Latin Epistolae Familiares are ed., with transl. into Ital., by Fracassetti, Florence 1859-63; the eds. of the Opera, Basel 1554 and 1581, are very faulty.

Villani:-In N. & Q. 1897 I: 205, 369, it is said that Villani's Chronicle was used for the Ugolino story, as well as Dante. See under Monk's Tale in Section III G below.

(4) Chaucer's Use of Latin and Anglo-Latin Writers

(With notes on some writers merely referred to by Chaucer, and on his knowledge of Greek and Science.)

Aesop:-Chaucer twice refers to stories which are narrated by Aesop; in Kn. Tale 319-22 and in Truth line 12. The third allusion cited by Skeat VI: 384, în Troilus I: 257, seems merely proverbial. There is apparently another allusion in WB prol. 692. Chaucer does not mention Aesop by name.

Agaton-Referred to in LGW prol. 526; see Skeat III : xxxii; Lounsbury, Studies II: 400; Sandras, Étude p. 115, and for the same explanation Toynbee in Mod. Lang. Quart. 1 :5.

Alanus de Insulis, or Alain de l'Isle:-Died 1205. Two of his works, the De Planctu Naturae and the Anticlaudianus, were known to Chaucer; the former is referred to and used in PoFoules, the latter is referred to in HoFame 986. Hales, Acad 1881 II: 384, pointed out the imitation by Chaucer in the PoFoules, and cited the passage. Skeat I:74 prints the Latin of that portion from the text of Wright, see below.

The works of Alanus are printed in the Patrologia vol. 210, and the two above-mentioned are printed by Wright, AngloLatin Satirical Poets, Rolls Series, II: 268.

See Lounsbury, Studies II : 344-352; Koeppel, Archiv 90: 149151; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship 531-2.

See O. Leist, Der Anticlaudianus, Seehausen, 1878.

Albertanus Brixiensis, or Albertano of Brescia:-Died ca. 1270. His Liber Consolationis et Consilii, in a French version by Jehan de Meung, was used by Chaucer for the tale of Melibeus; his De Arte Loquendi et Tacendi is referred to in the MancTale, see Skeat V: 442-3; his De Amore et Dilectione Dei is referred to in the Merch Tale, see Skeat V: 355, 358. See in general Skeat III: 426-7, Koeppel in Archiv 86: 29-47.

The Liber Consolationis was ed. for the Chaucer Society by Sundby, 2nd Series, No. 8; the De Arte Loquendi is printed as

Appendix 2 to Sundby's Brunetto Latini's Levnet og Skrifter, Copenhagen, 1869, accessible in an Italian transl. by Renier, Florence 1884; the De Amore is cited by Koeppel, Archiv 86: 29-47, q. v., from MS.

See the ed. of the Melibeus in Maetzner's Altenglische Sprachproben; Skeat as above; Lounsbury, Studies II: 384

Albricus-Of the 13th century Author of a brief treatise entitled De Deorum Imaginibus, which is perhaps used in KnTale, see Skeat V: 78, 82, and in HoFame lines 130-133. According to Lounsbury, Studies II: 381-2, Albricus' work is printed in Van Staveren's Auctores Mythographi Latini, Leyden 1742.

Alexander-saga:-The legend of Alexander is alluded to in HoFame 915, MoTale 641 ff. In the WBprol. 498 a passage of the Alexandreid, a Latin poem by Philippe Gualtier, is mentioned. See Lounsbury, Studies II : 303-5.

Almansor :-A marginal note in the Ellesmere MS to WBprol. 613 refers to a work recognized as Almansoris Propositiones; no date given by Skeat V: 306, 310, but ref. to a print of 1641.

Ambrose:-Died ca. 397. Referred to in the Pars Tale, see Skeat V: 448. Works ed. Patrologia vols 14-17.

Anselm:-1038-1109. Cited Pars Tale, see Skeat V: 450. Works ed. Patrologia vols. 158-159.

"Arnold of the Newe Toun"-Arnoldus Villanova, died 1314:-His Rosarium Philosophorum, a treatise on alchemy, is quoted CYTale, lines 875-6. See Skeat V: 432; Lounsbury, Studies II. 393.

The Rosarium is printed in Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum of 1632.

Arthur-saga:-The legend of Arthur is alluded to at the opening of

the WBTale and in the SqTale line 95. Lancelot is referred to in the SqTale 287, NPTale 392. Tristan and Isolde are mentioned HoFame 1796, PoFoules 290, LGW prol. 254; see also the poem To Rosemounde, Section V here.

Some of these refs. seem commonplaces in imitation of the lists of characters so frequent in the Middle Ages. For a misunderstanding of the word Isolde by annotators see Section VI G here. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 304-5.

Augustine of Hippo:-354-430. Chaucer alludes to brief, passages of Augustine's writings in LGW 1690, in DoctTale 117,

Pars Tale 100, 150, 183, 303, 484, 535, 562, 678, 694, 741, 1020; these refs. are according to Skeat VI: 384; see Miss Petersen as cited on the sources of the ParsTale, Section III G here. Augustine is also alluded to in Melibeus line 2833 and Prol. 187-88. See Lounsbury, Studies II : 297-99.

etc.

The works of Augustine are accessible Patrologia vols. 32-47,

Aurora, see Petrus de Riga.

Bernardus Silvestris :-Of the 12th century. Author of the Megacosmos and Microcosmos, the former of which is used MLTale 197 ff.

Skeat V 147 mentions an ed. of the work by Barach and Wrobel, Innsbruck 1876, and a MS Bodley 1265. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 385; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship 514-16.

Bible: See the list of Chaucer's uses of the Vulgate in Skeat VI: 381-84. A paper on the Bible in Chaucer, by Charles Noble, is in the Faculty Corner, Grinnell, Iowa, 1901, pp. 157167, repr. from the Unit, an Iowa College paper, 1898-1901.

A note by Root, Nation 1904 II: 315, is commented on by Lowes, Publ. Mod. Lang. Assn. 19: 668-669 footnote.

Boethius :-?470-525. Author of works on astronomy, music, etc., and, while imprisoned by the Emperor Theodoric previous to his execution, of a prose treatise De Consolatione Philosophiae, which was unboundedly popular in the late Middle Ages. It was translated into English by King Alfred and by Chaucer, beside other versions later, see Section IV here. Several of Chaucer's shorter poems are founded upon it, e. g., Former Age, Fortune, Gentilesse; and there are constant allusions to and echoes of Boethius throughout the longer works, cp. the Monk's Tale, the discourse upon predestination in the Troilus, Book IV; see the list by Skeat, VI: 385 and the notes II : xxviii-xxxvii, also in especial Stewart's Boethius, an Essay, Lond. 1891, appendix B. Boethius exerted more influence upon the intellect of Chaucer than any other writer except perhaps Jehan de Meung.

The Opera are in the Patrologia, vols. 63, 64. The best ed. of the Consolatio, by Peiper, Leipzig 1871, is out of print and hard to get; see that in the Delphin Classics, Lond. 1823.

On Boethius see:-Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ed. Bury IV 197-204; Ebert, I: 485 ff.; Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders III: 4, chap. 12; Hauréau, Hist. de la philosophie scolastique, 1872, I: 112 ff.; Taylor, Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, pp. 51-56; Ker, Dark Ages, pp. 103 ff.; Stewart

op. cit. above; Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship, pp. 237-243. For Boethius' influence on Dante see Moore, Studies in Dante, I: 282-288.

Bradwardine, Thomas:-Died 1349. Author of the De Causa Dei, v mentioned NPTale 422; the work was ed. London 1618. See Lounsbury, Studies II : 382-3.

Caecilius Balbus: Sententiae
Cassiodorus: Variarum

Used in the original of the Melibeus, see ed. by Sundby as cited under Albertanus Brixiensis above, and Skeat V passim under Melibeus.

Cato:-The so-called Disticha of "Dionysius Cato" (4th century?), one of the most popular handbooks of the Middle Ages, is frequently alluded to by Chaucer, see list of refs. Skeat VI: 385. See Lounsbury, Studies II: 358-61.

Text ed. by Hauthal, Berlin 1869. The old Provençal has been discussed by Tobler, diss. Strassburg 1897 pp. 104. For notes on the popularity of the work in the Middle Ages see Manitius in Philologus 51: 164-171. Burgh's 15th century English version of the work is ed. by Foerster, Archiv 115: 298323, 116: 25-40.

Charlemagne-saga:-Ganelon is referred to BoDuchess 1121,MoTale 399, NPTale 407.

Cicero:-B. C. 106-43. According to Lounsbury, Studies II: 271-3, Chaucer refers to Cicero (Tullius) in the Frankl. prol. and in Scogan; but all he seems to have known of Ciceronian texts are the Somnium Scipionis (see under Macrobius below) and the De Divinatione as used in the NPTale. Skeat VI: 385 adds to this a number of citations in Melibeus, received of course from the original. For the WBprol. see Skeat V : 312. See Sandys, Hist. Class. Scholarship pp. 623-27.

Claudian:-Close of the 4th century. Lounsbury, Studies II: 254-8, says that Claudian is twice mentioned by Chaucer in the HoFame and once in the MerchTale, with reference to his De Raptu Proserpinae; according to Skeat V: 70, a passage of the KnTale is from Claudian; one bit of the PoFoules is transl. from him, see Lounsbury, Studies II: 257, Skeat I: 509; and he is mentioned LGW prol. 280.

Claudian's works are ed. Hirt, Monumenta Germanica, Berlin 1892, and Koch, Leipzig (Teubner) 1893.

Constantinus :-About 1080. His work De Coitu and himself are

alluded to Merch Tale 566-67; Tyrwhitt in his note on the passage says his works were printed at Basel in 1536. His name appears Gen. Prol. line 433.

Corinne :-Mentioned in Anelida 21, see Skeat I: 531; Lounsbury, Studies II: 403-5. I have queried if a MS could have given Chaucer Corinnus instead of Corippus; see Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship 436; but there appears no evidence of Corippus' influence.

Chrysippus, as alluded to in WBprol. 677, Tyrwhitt could not identify; Skeat V: 309 says Chaucer caught the name from Jerome's treatise Adversus Jovinianum.

-Dares Phrygius and Dictys Cretensis:-A supposed Greek and a supposed Phoenician writer upon the Trojan war, the former from the Trojan, the latter from the Greek point of view. Latin works professing to be translations of these histories, Dares in 44 short chapters, Dictys in six books and about twice as long as Dares, have come down from perhaps the sixth century, and are the ultimate sources of the Trojan legend as known to the Middle Ages. They served as basis for the work of Benoit de Sainte-More (q. v.), upon whose poem the Historia Trojana of Guido delle Colonne (q. v.) was founded.

:

See Ward's Catalogue of Romances I:9-26; Lounsbury, Studies II: 305 ff.; Skeat I: 489-90, III: 277; Morley, Eng. Writers VI 118; Warton-Hazlitt II: 127, III: 81. Editions of both, according to Ward, in Valpy's Delphin Classics, London 1825; of Dictys by Dederich, Bonn 1833, and by Meister, Leipzig (Teubner) 1872; of Dares by Dederich, Bonn 1835, and by Meister, Leipzig (Teubner) 1873. See Koerting, Dictys und Dares, Halle, 1874; Griffin, Dares and Dictys, diss. Johns Hopkins, 1907; and other references under the Troilus, Section IV here. Chaucer alludes to Dares and Dictys in the Book of the Duchesse line 1070, the Troilus I: 146, V: 1771, the House of Fame line 1467; but his allusions do not imply knowledge of their text rather than of their later imitators, says Lounsbury, Studies II: 314.

"Daun Burnel the Asse", see under Speculum Stultorum below.

"English Gaufride", mentioned HoFame 1470, is Geoffrey of Monmouth, 12th century, author of the Historia Regum Britanniae. See Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, 1906, pp. 37-39.

Exempla:-Short stories used to "point a moral" were in the Mid