Frankliniza intervening air-a resistance that is in direct proportion to the distance between the knobs.

tion.

Voltaization.

(a) Constant.

If necessary, two or more jars may be combined by connecting their outer and inner coatings, but it is very rarely required to use more than one, provided it be of adequate size, say of about forty

ounces.

VOLTAIZATION.

Voltaization is administered under two forms, the "constant" and the "interrupted" voltaic current. In the "constant" current the conductors are maintained immovable upon the skin; or the feet or hands, as the case may be, are immersed in tepid salt water, with which the conducting wires of the battery are in contact, and the current is allowed to pass during the time required. The tension of voltaic electricity is so low that salt is required to render the water a good conductor. In the "inter(6) Interrupted rupted voltaic current" the current is INTERRUPTED by gliding over the skin one or both of the rheophores; or the feet or hands may be placed in salt water with one pole, and the other pole may alone be moveable. There is an application of positive Dr. Radcliffe's voltaic electricity, originated by Dr. Radcliffe, the therapeutics of which will be discussed hereafter, in which the patient and the battery must both be insulated, in which the passage of the current must be quite constant, and in which a wire, which Dr. Radcliffe terms a "ground wire," must be carried

Positive

Charge.

Positive

from the negative pole of the battery, or from the Dr. Radcliffe's negative rheophore, to the earth. This wire may Charge. conveniently be attached to a chandelier or gaspipe, which always gives a direct metallic conduction to the ground. With careful insulation, the negative electricity passes away by this wire, and while the current circulates the patient continues charged" with positive electricity-a condition analogous to the electro-positive bath described under Franklinization. A sheet of gutta percha about four feet square by half an inch thick, will answer admirably to insulate the patient and the

accessories.

LOCALIZED VOLTAIZATION AND LOCALIZED

FARADIZATION.

Localized voltaization and localized faradization Localized Electrization. require the same operative procedures, and in describing them I shall make use of the term electrization.

Direct Muscular Electrization.

cular Electri

In direct muscular electrization the muscular Direct Mustissue is directly excited by placing well moistened zation. rheophores on points of the skin corresponding to the muscle it is desired to act upon. For the muscles of the trunk which have a large surface, it is most convenient to use well moistened sponges Rheophores. contained in cylinders, or metallic disks covered with wet leather and having conveniently shaped handles.

Fig. 28 is one of Duchenne's sponge-holders. All others that I have seen are much too long in the cylinder, and the reader in ordering would do well to give the dimensions, about 1 by 11⁄2 inches, and to see that the handles are hollowed out as in the figure. It is astonishing how difficult it is to get

an instrument maker to do this, and to have it properly done makes a material difference in the ease with which they can be used, lying comfortably between the fingers, as in fig. 30, which shows the most convenient method of holding two rheophores in the same hand. Fig. 29 is a disk rheophore, a metallic button covered with washleather. This is by far the most generally

of Rheophores.

useful rheophore; and by using the edge it may be Different kinds made to answer in the majority of cases for fig. 32. It also has the advantage over the sponge of allowing firm pressure to be made without the inconvenience of water being squeezed out. a, fig. 29,

shows the usual method of connecting the conducting cord with the rheophore, which is seen in situ, received into the screw socket of the rheophore in a'. The cord is very apt to get frayed where it passes through the eyelet hole, which spoils it at

Different kinds once.

That the wire which has been previously of Rheophores. recommended is not open to this objection is not the least of its advantages. Figs. 31 and 32 are other varieties of rheophore, fitted chiefly for application to very small muscles, such as the interossei, and some of those of the face. Fig. 33 shows Duchenne's method

Method of

holding Rheophores.

Method of holding the Sponge-holders in a single hand.

of holding two rheophores. The application is being made to the muscles of the hypothenar eminence with one hand, while the other hand is employed about the instrument. In fig. 34 the conical rheophores are in like manner applied to the face. As it is requisite to administer to a muscle a dose of electricity proportionate to its degree of excitability, the operator should whenever possible have