1 2extraordinary 'man, to whom seven cities contested the glory of OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.-Page 70. 381. Ce, cette, ces, are often joined to the adverbs of place-ci, here, and là, there-in order to point out in a more precise manner the thing spoken of; the demonstrative pronoun is then placed before the substanLive, and ci and là after it. 382. Celui, celle, ceux, celles, are followed by the preposition de, when placed before a substantive, and by a pronoun relative when placed before a verb. EXAMPLES. Les maladies de l'ame sont plus The disorders of the mind are more dangerous than those of the body. The man of whom I spoke to you is he whom you see. Of all the things in the world, it is that which I like least. 383. REMARK. The pronouns celui, celle, ceux, celles, when followed by a pronoun relative, are expressed in English by the personal pronouns he, she, they, or by that which, those which, such as, &c. EXERCISE. The pleasures of the wise resemble in nothing those of a 2dissipated dissipé ressembler 'man. He that suffers himself to (be ruled) by his passions, must nounce * dominer A. doit se laisse noncer à art. bonheur m. étoffe-ci f. siéra That action f. là interest all intéresser art. blâme. men, but that f. ci cannot succeed. là ne saurait réussir. pour 384. Celui-ci and celui-là adopt the gender and number of the substantives whose place they supply. When opposed to each other, celuica marks the nearest object, and celui-là the remotest. EXAMPLE. Celui-ci plaît, mais celui-là captive, This pleases, but that captivates. 385. Ci and là coalesce with ce, and form two other demonstrative pronouns, ceci and cela-the first of which signifies cette chose-ct, this object; the second, cette chose-là, that object. 386. They may be used singly; but when they are opposed to each other, ceci expresses the nearest object and cela the remotest. EXAMPLE. Je n'aime point ceci, donnez-moi cela, I don't like this, give me that. 387. REMARK. When cela is alone, and not opposed to the pronoun ceci, it refers, like this last, to an object pointed to. EXAMPLES. Que dites-vous de cela ? Cela est fort beau, What do you say of that? EXERCISE. (Here are) certainly two charming prospects; this has some Voilà certainement thing more cheerful, but many chose de beau perspective f. quelque people think that more riant, bien de art. personne f. pl. trouver majestic. The body perishes, the soul 18 majestueux. m. périr, striking and more imposant f. immortal; yet all our cares are for that, while we neglect immortel; cependant soin this. What means this? That is true. veut dire tandis que négliger is low and mean, but that is grand and sublime. rampant, bas It is not that. Ce OF INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. This FIRST CLASS. Of those that are never joined to a Substantive.-Page 71. 388. Quelqu'un, quelqu'une, means un, une, one. EXAMPLES. Vous attendons des hommes, il en We expect men, some one will come. Several women have promised me to come, some one of them will come 389. Quelqu'un, quelqu'une, taken absolutely and substantively, is of both genders, and means une personne, a person, some one, any one. J'attends ici quelqu'un, EXAMPLE. I wait here for somebody. 390. Quelques-uns, quelques-unes, signiñes some people, some; plu vieurs dans un plus grand nombre, several out of a great number. EXAMPLES. Quelques-uns assurent, Entre les nouvelles qu'il a debitées, il y en a quelques-unes de vraies, Some people affirm. Among the reports he has circulated, several are true. 391. Quiconque, whoever, signifies quelque personne que ce soit, qui que ce soit, any person whatever. It takes no plural, and is never used but of persons. EXAMPLE. This speech is addressed to whoever is guilty. Ce discours s'adresse à quiconque est coupable, 392. Chacun, chacune, every one, is used either distributively or collectively. It has no plural. 393. Distributively, it means chaque personne, chaque chose, each person or thing. It is then used likewise in the feminine, and requires the preposition de after it. EXAMPLES. Chacun de nous vit à sa mode, Voyez séparément chacune de ces medailles, Each of us lives as he pleases. Look at each of these medals separately. 394. Collectively, it signifies toute personne, every person. Chacun a ses défauts, EXAMPLES. Every body has his faults. EXERCISE ON THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 2Can not some one of these f. tendre Will ladies be of the party? Some people like to read partie f. aimer (every thing new). (There are) beautiful pictures; I could wish toutes les nouveautés. Voilà de superbe tableau m. principes vouloir en m. savoir to buy some. Whoever has studied the principles of an art, knows that * acheter it (is only) (by length of time) and by deep reflection, that he can ce n'est que à la longue de profond réflexion f. succeed in making it his own. All the ladies at the ball were very fine réussir se rendre le * propre. ly dressed, and each ment paré, differently. avait une parure différente. balm. H. superbeEvery one should, for devrait, pour íthe sake of) his own happiness, listen only to the voice of reason voix f. art. raison f. truth. What is the price of each of these medals? art. vérité f. 395. Autrun means les autres personnes, other people: it only applies to persons, is never accompanied by an adjective, has no plural, and is never used in a sentence without being preceded by a preposition. EXAMPLE. La charité se réjouit du bonheur d'autrui, Charity rejoices in the happiness of others. 396. Personne, which is always masculine and singular, means nul, qui que ce soit, no one, nobody, whosoever. In this sense, it is preceded or followed by the negative ne, which is placed after personne when this word stands before the verb, and before the verb when personne stands after. The same observation applies to rien. Il ne faut nuire à personne, EXAMPLES. We must injure nobody. Personne n'est assuré de vivre Nobody is certain of living till tojusqu'au lendemain, morrow. 397. REMARK I. The negative is sometimes understood; as, y a-t-il quelqu'un ici? is there any body here? personne, nobody. Personne stands for il n'y a personne, there is nobody here. 398. REMARK II. In interrogative phrases without negation, or in those expressing doubt, personne signifies quelqu'un, any body. Personne oserait-il nier? EXAMPLES. Would any body dare deny? Je doute que personne soit assez I doubt whether any body be bold hardi, 399. REMARK III. When personne of a comparison, it means any body. enough. is placed in the second member EXAMPLE. Cette place lui convient mieux qu'à personne, That place suits him better than any body. 400. Rien, nothing, which is masculine and singular, is used with or without a negation. When with a negation, it means nulle chose, nothing EXAMPLE. Il ne s'attache a rien de solide, He applies himself to nothing fixed. 401. When used without a negation it means quelque chose, something. EXAMPLE. 402. The negation is sometimes understood-que vous a coûté cela ? rien, how much did you pay for that? nothing. 403. It always requires the preposition de before the adjective or paruciple that follows it, and then the verb is understood, as is likewise the negation; as, rien de beau que le vrai, nothing is noble but truth. men, the misfortunes of others are but a mal m. ne Pour la plupart de art. dream. Do not to others what you would not wish (to be done to you). vouloir qu'on vous fit songe m. No one knows whether he deserves savoir si est digne de love or hatred. An egotist egoiste loves nooody, not even his own children; in the whole universe, he sees no one but himself. voit pas même que lui seul. dans * propre confidence (with which) the king honors him. confiance f. dont honorer one (ever painted) nature, in its amiable ait jamais peint art. f. the sentimental Gessner. Has any body digne I doubt whether any que simplicity, better than f. 'called 'on me this est-il venu chez dessein m. art. ouvrage m. Egyptiens. whether there is any thing better calculated to exalt the soul than the Of those which are always joined to a Substantive.-P. 72. 404. Quelque, some, signifies un, une, entre plusieurs, one out of several; it is of both genders, and takes the number of the substantive. EXAMPLE. Adressez-vous à quelque autre personne, Apply to somebody else. 405. Chaque, each, every, which is of both genders, has no plural. EXAMPLE. Chaque pays a ses coutumes, Each country has its customs. 406. Quelconque, aucun, any, quel que ce soit, whatever it be; quel qu'il soit, whoever he be, is of both genders, and is always placed after a substantive; when used with a negative it is always singular. EXAMPLE. П ne veut se soumettre à aucune He will submit to no authority autorité quelconque, whatever. 407 Certain signifies quelque, certain, some. In this sense it is used alike of persons and things; but it is always placed before the substantive. EXAMPLE. J'ai oui dire a certain homme, à I have heard some man say. un certain homme, 408. Un, une, a or an, when used indeterminately for quelque, certain, some person or some thing, takes the gender of the substantive to which it is joined |