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vided the fermentations be properly and similarly conducted, the quantity of vinous spirit obtained is ever in proportion to the quantity ofsweet,' contained originally in, or drawn from, the subject or matter employed. Of all the saccharine and fermentable matters, whether native or foreign, that are procurable in these kingdoms, the three cheapest are malt, treacle, and sugar.' The portion of the desirable matter for producing beer, or spirit, from these three subjects, is discoverable with ease, and to certainty, by the specific gravity of the solutions of any given quantity of each or either of them. And the question, as to which is the cheapest, is then decided by the quantum of fermentable matter yielded, in conjunction with a consideration of their respective costs.'

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Barley, in its raw or unmalted state, consists chiefly of mucilage, with but a very small portion of saccharine matter. By the germination in malting it the greatest part of the mucilage is converted into sugar, which then becomes so abundant as to form six parts in ten of the actual weight of the malt. The remaining four parts consist of mucilage, with the husks, or draff, of the grain. The saccharine property in malt is so much more readily extracted, in brewing, than the mucilage (under due precautions with regard to the heats of the water applied in the several mashings), that the latter may be disregarded, as affecting the gravity of the solution. Wort may, therefore, be considered as consisting of sugar dissolved in water, and the strength of wort is always proportioned to the quantity of the saccharine matter contained in a given measure of the liquid. And hence the gravity of worts, when compared with the gravity of water, may, in all cases, be received and trusted to, as the measure of their value; which is confirmed, incontrovertibly, in the practice of both distillers and brewers. The first of whom find the proportion of proof spirit, obtained from any given quantity of their wash, to be in an exact ratio to the gravity of such wash, under correct uniformity in all the parts of the process. And, under the same circumstances, the brewer obtains a greater or less price for his beer, according to the gravity of his worts; or, (which is the same) according to the quantity of malt allotted to make such worts.

‘A bushel of ripe and well-cleaned barley will weigh from fifty to fifty-two pounds; of which weight one-fifth part is lost by germination and evaporation in malting, and not more, provided it be malted with a view to the quality, rather than to an injurious increase of measure. In the latter case, a full fourth part of the original weight of the barley is lost in the malting. From a bushel of perfect malt, weighing forty to forty-two pounds, may be drawn twenty-five pounds of solid extract, of equal value for the purposes of making beer and distilled spirits, as twenty-five pounds of dry powder sugar, or thirty pounds of treacle. Or each and either of them will make a barrel of wort, of ten pounds to eleven pounds heavier than water, because the water, which is displaced by the extract (viz. six quarts) weighs fifteen pounds. Estimating the costs of the several

quantities at the wholesale prices of each article, and according to the terms on which a brewer can, at this time (September 1813) purchase 100 or 500 quarters of malt, viz. at 96s. the quarter, treacle at 48s. and sugar at 90s. the 112 pounds of each, it will be found that to equal a quarter of malt, at 96s., will require 240 pounds of treacle, costing 103s., or 200 pounds of sugar, costing 165s.

Until this statement can be disproved, or until some article, equally saccharine and fermentable as malt, can be discovered, and obtained at less cost, it may be submitted to the reader, whence can arise any temptation to a brewer to exchange malt for any other matter to make beer. Sugar is, by act of parliament 1812, permitted to be used in the breweries, but treacle is still prohibited, under such penalties as would be ruinous. No pale beer brewer could use treacle without discovery, by the color and taste of the beer.

Sugar being manufactured uniformly by boiling it to a given and equal consistence, very little or no variation is found in a given weight of the same sorts of it, although the quality of the cane juice, from whence it is made, differs greatly, according to the wetness, or dryness of the season in the West Indian Islands; and the same may be said, or nearly so, of the treacle : but the malts from barley differ very much, according to the condition of the grain, and the skill and integrity of the maltster. The prices also of all the three are, we know, continually fluctuating, yet the advantage will be found to remain with the malt, by those who will take the trouble to make calculations on the contemporary prices of each. And this, either with or without taking into consideration, that if sugar or treacle were to be used, in but a trifling proportion in the breweries, the prices of them would be immediately and greatly advanced, and malt would be in a proportionate degree cheaper. But, although sugar has been allowed to be used in the breweries for more than a year past (as also on some former occasions), it has not been found that any consumption of it takes place among the well-informed part of the trade, to make beer.

The statement here given of the comparative value of the three sweets,' differs so widely from the notions generally entertained by the public, that it is to be expected the correctness of it will be doubted. The truth of it, however, is proved by distillation; for, so very exact is the proportion of vinous spirit producible from the wort, to its gravity in its first state, that the practical distillers may ascertain, to a single gallon, what will be the produce of proof spirit, from 10,000 gallons, or any greater or less quantity of their fermented liquor, previously to committing it to the stills; which rule is founded on the known number of pounds of fermentable matter required to produce each gallon of spirit, whether the fermentable matter were drawn from malt, from sugar, or from treacle. The whole of which would be impracticable, if there were any distinction in the vinous properties of the different extracts; or if the gravity of the worts were not, in all

the cases, a correct criterion of their value. This rule extends also to, and is practicable in, the brewery.'

On the subject of instruments he afterwards adds:- By simple evaporation, malt wort is brought first to the consistence of treacle, and finally to a fixed and solid extract. Dycas's hydrometer shows the exact number of pounds of such extract, which is contained in thirty-six gallons of wort, each pound whereof occupies the space of 06 parts of a gallon of the water. Quin's, Richardson's, and Dring's instruments show, merely, the addition of gravity in a barrel of wort, 'caused by the difference between the weight of the extract and the weight of the water so displaced. All of the last three instruments differ in a slight degree from each other in their indications, yet not so materially but that all of them may be made similarly useful in the hands of judicious practitioners in the distilleries or breweries.

'Taking the average indications of Quin's, Richardson's, and Dring's hydrometers, each pound of additional gravity (to the water) shows the existence of two-sixths of a pound of extract according to Dicas's rule. And thus a wort of thirty pounds per barrel heavier than water contains seventy-eight pounds of saccharine extract, which is shown at one view, by Dicas's instrument. Dring and Fage's improved instrument, constructed according to the principles laid down by Dr. Thomson in the valuable report before alluded to, shows by means of a sliding rule, given with it, the quantity of dry extract per cent., contained in any given quantity of malt.

A barrel, or thirty-six gallons, beer measure, of rain water, should weigh 367·2 pounds at the rate of 1000 ounces for each cubic foot, which is concluded to be the precise specific gravity of such water. But, that which is in general use being somewhat harder and heavier, it will be nearer the truth to fix it on 369 pounds as the weight of a barrel ofwater in the breweries. Hence, what is called a barrel of wort of thirty pounds, weighs actually 399 pounds: viz. 369 pounds the water, and thirty pounds additional for the wort. Dicas's instrument shows that the consti

tuents of a barrel of such wort are seventy-eight pounds of fermentable extract, which, occupying the space of 4.68 gallons of the liquid, at 06 for each pound, leaves 31-32 gallons of water, the weight whereof, at 10-25 pounds per gallon, amounts to 321 pounds, to which, adding the extract of seventy-eight pounds, we find the total weight to be 399 pounds, as by the others. An exact quart of raw wort, 76-5 pounds, by Dicas, was evaporated to dryness; and, as the extract could not be cleanly separated from the vessel employed, the whole was put into a scale and weighed 24-25 ounces. The vessel (when perfectly cleaned with hot water, which brought the extract again to the state of sweet wort) weighed 15.75 ounces, thereby showing that the actual quantity of extract contained in the quart of wort

was 8.5 ounces, which, multiplied by 144, the quarts in thirty-six gallons, gives 1224 ounces, which, divided by sixteen, gives 76.5 pounds; four ounces of powder-sugar, on being dissolved in a glazed earthen vessel (previously weighed), and brought to a solid extract, lost one-eighth part of its weight, by evaporation in the process. We may hence reasonably conclude that each pound of malt extract is of equal value and usefulness to a distiller or to a brewer, as one pound of sugar, in the state that the last is sold in the shops. For the saccharine matter contained in the extract of malt, is not more (if so much) diminished by the very small portion of mucilage, which mingles with it, when running from the mashing-tun, than the sugar is weakened by its hydrogenous or watery particles; and, if this be granted, it follows that Dicas's hydrometer shows, at once, the number of pounds (or half pounds) of sugar,' contained in each thirty-six gallons of malt wort. Further, if the exhausted grains in a brewing of malt were deprived of their moisture, by drying them on a kiln, it would be found that a bushel of them would be so much lighter than the malt (in its dry state) as the amount of the extract, drawn from each bushel, viz. :

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Say Malt. Extract. Grains. per bushel.

40lbs. 25lbs. 15lbs

This has been proved satisfactorily, and may be experienced in little time, and without much trouble, because on a small scale. And such examination of the separate parts of a bushel of malt is further satisfactory, inasmuch as it confirms the amount of fermentable matter extracted from this, or any given quantity of malt, as the same may have been shown by Dycas's hydro

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But 2s. of this was considered a war-tax, and to continue only to six months after a general peace. In 1816 therefore it was taken off; but in 1819 a new duty was imposed which raised it to 28s. per quarter. Since which the 3d Geo. IV., c. 18, has reduced it to 8s. per bushel, or 20s. per quarter. The new Malt Consolidation Act was so extravagant in its provisions and restrictions, that it prevented the whole of the respectable part of the maltsters commencing operations at the usual period in 1827, and diminished the quarter's revenue, we understand, full, £60,000. Under these circumstances the lords of the treasury have seen it proper to suspend a considerable part of its provisions; and the whole measure is to be remodelled at the meeting of parliament.

MALTON, a borough, and market town in the North Riding of Yorkshire, seventeen miles and a half north-east from York, and 217 north by west from London, situate on the river Derwent, over which it has a handsome stone bridge. The town is about half a mile long, and has two parish churches, besides three places of worship for Quakers, Presbyterians, and Methodists. Here are also a handsome suite of public rooms and a theatre. The river is navigable up to the town, by which large quantities of corn, butter, and hams, are sent to different parts of the kingdom. Malton has returned two members to parliament ever since the twentythird of Edward I., the right of election being vested in the holders of burgage tenures. The town is governed by a bailiff. It has two iron foundries, and the manufactures of inalt, linen, hats, and gloves, are carried on here. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday.

MALVA, the mallow, a genus of the polyandria order, and monadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-seventh, columnifera: CAL. double, exterior one triphyllous; the arilli numerous and monospermous. There are numerous species; consisting of herbaceous perennials, biennials, and annuals, for medical, economical, and ornamental uses; rising with erect stalks from about half a yard to ten or twelve feet high, garnished with large, roundish, lobated leaves, and quinquepetalous flowers. They are all raised from seed.

M. communis, the common mallow. The leaves are reckoned the first of the four emollient herbs: decoctions of them are sometimes employed in dysenteries, heat, and sharpness of urine; and, in general, for obtunding acrimonious humors: their principal use is in emollient glysters, cataplasms, and fomentations. The leaves enter the officinal decoctions for glysters, and a conserve is prepared from the flowers.

M. crispa, Maurisiana, and Peruviana, when macerated like hemp, afford a thread superior to hemp for spinning, and which is said to make more beautiful cloths and stuffs than even flax. From the crispa, which affords stronger and longer fibres, cords and twine have also been made. From these species, likewise, a new sort of paper was fabricated by M. de l'Isle. On this invention, Messrs. Lavoisier, Sage, and Berthollet, in name of the Academie des Sciences, observe, that it is not probable the paper made by M. de l'Isle will be substituted for that made from rags, either for the purpose of printing or writing. Yet paper from the mallows may be used for these purposes, if we can judge from a volume printed on it presented to the academy. The great utility of M. de l'Isle's invention is for furniture, which consumes a great quantity of rags; and his papers have a natural hue, much more solid than can be given by coloring matter, and this hue may serve as a ground for other drawings.'

MALVASIA, an island of Greece, on the east coast, famous for Malmsey and other wines; fifty miles south-east of Misitra, and seventy-five south of Athens. Napoli is the capital.

MALVERN CHASE, an extensive district of England, containing upwards of 7000 acres in

Worcestershire, 600 in Herefordshire, and 100 in Gloucestershire.

MALVERN, GREAT, a town of Worcestershire, in which was formerly an abbey, whereof nothing remains but the gateway and church. Part of it was a religious cell for hermits before the conquest; and the greatest part, with the tower, built in the reign of William I. Its outward appearance is very striking. It is 171 feet in length, sixty-three in breadth, and sixtythree in height. In it are ten stalls; and it is supposed to have been rebuilt in 1171. The nave only remains in part, the side aisles being in ruins. The windows have been beautifully enriched with painted glass, and in it are remains of some very ancient monuments.

MALVERN HILLS, lofty mountains in the south-west part of Worcestershire, rising one above another, for about seven miles, and dividing that county from Herefordshire. On these hills are two medicinal springs. They run from north to south, the highest point 1315 feet above the surface of the Severn at Hanley, and appear to be of limestone and quartz. On the summit of these hills is a camp with a treble ditch, supposed to be Roman, and situated on the Herefordshire side of the hills.

MALVERN, LITTLE, a town of Worcestershire, seated in a cavity of the above hills, three miles from Great Malvern. It had an elegant abbey and church. Henry VII., his queen, and his two sons were so delighted with this place, that they beautified the church and windows, part of which remain, though mutilated. In the lofty south windows of the church are historical passages of the Old Testament; and in the north windows are pictures of the principal events of our Saviour's life, from his birth to his ascension. Our Saviour's passion is painted in the east window of the choir, at the expense of Henry VII., who is represented with his queen. In the west window is a noble piece of the day of judgment.

MALVERSATION, n. s. Fr. malversation. Crookedness of conduct; artifice; trick. The malversation of the unjust steward is not exhibited for our imitation, but his prudence.

Lessons of Prudence.

MALVEZZI (Virgil), marquis of Malvezzi, was born at Bologna in 1599, and became LL.D. in 1619. He was well versed in literature, music, law, physic, and mathematics. He served also in a distinguished post in the army of Philip IV. of Spain, and was employed by him in some important negociations. He died at Bologna, in 1654, leaving several works in Spanish and Italian. His Discourses on the First Book of Tacitus have been translated into English.

MALUS (Stephen Louis), a military engineer in the French service, was born at Paris in 1775. At seventeen years of age he produced a tragedy on The Death of Cato, but chiefly devoted himself to the mathematics, and was admitted into the school of engineers. When, however, he was about to obtain a commission some political obstacle occurred, and he entered the army as a private soldier. Shortly after, his abilities being observed, he was sent to the Polytechnic school, of which he became a professor, and accompanied the expedition of Buonaparte to Egypt,

as an officer of engineers. Having on his return called the attention of the Institute of France to the phenomenon of double refraction, they made it the subject of a prize, which Malus gained; and made some important experiments on the polarity. This gained him admission into the Institute. He also wrote a memoir on a discovery he made of a branch of the Nile, forming part of the first volume of La Decade Egyptienne. Malus died in 1812.

MALWAH, a province of Hindostan, situated between 22° and 23° of N. lat. On the north it is bounded by Ajmeer and Agra, on the east by Allahabad and Gundwaneh, on the south by Khandeish and Berar, and on the west by Ajmeer and Gujerat, being in length about 250 miles, and in breadth 150. Till recently it was in the occupation of the Mahrattas, and contained the capitals of Dowlet Row Scindia, and Holkar. Numerous rivers have their sources here as the Chumbul, Narbudda, Sopra, and Cane: the land is fertile, the soil being in general a fine black mould, and produces cotton, indigo, opium, sugar, fine tobacco, and all the grains of India. Here is also pasture for numerous herds of cattle, and flocks of sheep. It has two harvests, the first or superior ending in April, the second in October. The tobacco, particularly that of the district of Bilsah, is carried to all parts of the east.

MAMBRUN (Peter), a learned French Jesuit, born in Clermont in 1581. He was one of the most perfect imitators of Virgil in Latin poetry, and his poems are of the same kind. Thus he wrote Eclogues, Georgics, together with a heroic poem entitled Constantine, or Idolatry overthrown. He showed also great critical abilities in a Latin Peripatetical Dissertation on Epic Poetry. He died in 1661.

MAMERTINI, a mercenary band of soldiers who passed from Campania into Sicily at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to support their demands. The sedition was appeased by some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for bospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all the males in the city, married their wives and daughters, and rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city Mamertum, or Mamertium, from a provincial word which in their language signified martial or warlike. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero.

MAMME. See ANATOMY, Index.

MAMMALIA, in natural history, the first class of animals in the Linnean system, divided into seven orders. See ZOOLOGY.

MAMMOCK, n. s. & v. a. Span. machan, or Ital. maccarl, to pound; beat small. A shapeless mass: to break, or tear to pieces.

I saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and he did so set his teeth, and did tear it! Oh, I warrant, how he mammockt it. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. The ice was broken into large mammocks. James's Voyage.

MAM'MON, n. s. Į Gr. pappovac, of Heb.

Bickermajeet, a famous rajah of Hindostan, reigned over Malwah, and overran so many other provinces, that the Hindoos have adopted his reign as one of their eras. It commenced fifty-seven years before the birth of Christ. His capital was about a mile to the northward of Oujain. The Mahommedans conquered this province in the middle of the thirteenth century; but on the death of the emperor Balin, in 1286, Dilavur Khan rebelled, and laid the foundation of an independent kingdom, which lasted upwards of 170 years. Its capital was Mundu, an extensive city, situated in the hills, south of Oujain. Malwah was subdued by the Mogul makes him a fallen angel, but few retain more emperor Homayon, in the year 1534, and remained annexed to Delhi till after the death of Aurungzebe in 1707, when it was by degrees taken possession of by the Mahrattas, by whom it was divided into several states. See MAHRATTAS. The ancient landholders, called Grassiah, yet retain possession of some of the hill forts. MAM, n. s. Lat. mamma; Gr. μαμμα; MAMIE', Arab. and Heb. mam; Pers, maAll the eastern, and most

ma.

MAM MONIST.

power.

.אמז >

Riches. Milton

Ye cannot serve God and mammon. Matt. vi. 24. which believe in him, cannot chuse but be confident Mammon is so proud a boaster, that his clients, of him; for what doth he not brag to do? Yet, if we weigh his power aright, we shall conclude of mammon, as Paracelsus doth of the devil, that he is a base and beggarly spirit. Bp. Hall.

That great mammonist would say, he is rich that can maintain an army: a poor man would say, a

MAMMA of the northern languages, have cording to that Italian inscription, He is rich that

MAM MET.

this kind of compellation for mother: mammet

is a doll or puppet..

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MAMMOTH, MAMMUTH, or American elephant, a huge animal, now unknown, if not extinct, to which have belonged tusks, bones, and skeletons of vast magnitude, which have been often found in different parts of Siberia, Russia, Germany, and North America. Many specimens of them are seen in the Imperial cabinet at Petersburgh; in the British, and Dr. Hunter's Mr. Pennant thinks it more than probable, that museums, and in that of the Royal Society. it still exists in some of those remote parts of the vast new continent, impenetrated yet by Europeans.' The Ohio Indians have the most absurd and ridiculous traditions respecting it, and pre

tend that it required an exertion of even omnipotent power to extirpate them. Sir Hans Sloane, Gmelin, Daubenton, Buffon, and other eminent naturalists, are of opinion that these prodigious bones and tusks have really belonged to elephants; and many modern philosophers have held the mammoth to be as fabulous as the centaur. The great difference in size they endeavour to account for as arising from difference in age, sex, and climate: and the cause of their being found in those northern parts of the world where elephants are no longer natives, nor can even long exist, they attribute to the great revolutions which have happened in the earth, by earthquakes and inundations. In 1767 Dr. Hunter, with the assistance of his brother Mr. J. Hunter, investigated more particularly this part of natural history, and proved, that these fossil bones and tusks are not only larger than the generality of elephants, but that the tusks are more twisted, or have more of the spiral curve, than elephants' teeth; and that the thigh and jaw bones differ in several respects from those of the elephant: but what put the matter beyond all dispute was the shape of the grinders, which clearly appeared to belong to a carnivorous animal, or at least to an animal of the mixed kind; and to be totally different from those of the elephant, which is well known to be of the graminivorous kind. North America seems to be the quarter where the remains abound most. On the Ohio, and in many parts farther north, tusks, grinders, and skeletons of unparalleled magnitude, which can admit of no comparison with any animal at present known, are found in vast numbers, some lying on the surface of the earth, and others a little below it. A Mr. Stanley, taken prisoner by the Indians near the mouth of the Tennessee, relates, as Mr. Jefferson informs us, that after being transferred through several tribes, from one to another, he was at length carried over the mountains, west of Missouri to a river which runs west; that these bones abounded there; and that the natives described to him the animal to which they belonged as still existing in the northern parts of their country. Bones of the same kind have been found some feet below the surface of the earth, in salines on the north Holston, a branch of the Tennessee, about lat. 36° 30' N. Whereever the grinders are found, there also we find the tusks and skeleton; but no skeleton of the hippopotamus nor grinders of the elephant. Mr. Jefferson urges the following among other decisive arguments, that the mammoth is quite a different animal: 1. The skeleton of the mammoth bespeaks an animal of five or six times the cubic volume of the elephant, as M. de Buffon has admitted. 2. The grinders are five times as large, are square, and the grinding surface studded with four or five rows of blunt points: whereas those of the elephant are broad and thin, and their grinding surface flat. 3. I have never heard an instance of the grinder of an elephant being found in America. 4. From the known temperature and constitution of the elephant, he could never have existed in those regions where the remains of the mammoth have been found. The elephant is a native only of the torrid zone

and its vicinities: if, with the assisance of warm apartments and warm clothing, he has been preserved in life in the temperate climates of Europe, it has only been for a small portion of what would have been his natural period, and no instance of his multiplication in them has ever been known. But no bones of the mammoth have been ever found farther south than the salines of the Holston, and they have been found as far north as the arctic circle.' Mr. Jefferson concludes, that, 'To whatever animal we ascribe these remains, it is certain such a one has existed in America, and that it was the largest of all the terrestrial beings of which any traces have ever appeared.' Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 65.

MAMMOTH CAVE, a stupendous cavern of Kentucky, near Green River, 130 miles S. S. W. of Lexington. An interesting account of it has been published by Dr. Nahum Ward. Having determined to explore this subterranean phenomenon, he provided himself with guides, lamps, a compass, and refreshments, and descended a pit about forty feet deep, which leads to the mouth of the cavern. This is about forty or fifty feet high, and thirty feet wide, but soon grows narrower, after which it expands again to nearly the same width, but only about half the height, which dimensions it preserves for about a mile, when it reaches the first hoppers, where a manufacture of salt-petre has lately been established. From this place to the second hoppers, about two miles from the entrance, the width of the gallery is forty feet, and its height sixty. Along nearly the whole of this length walls have been built, of loose limestone, and the bottom is smooth and hard. In all the galleries, indeed, which the Dr. traversed, the sides were nearly perpendicular, and the arches regular, and so strong that they have even withstood the shocks of earthquakes. In 1802 these phenomena were severely felt in this part of Kentucky; and the workmen stationed at the second hoppers, about five minutes before each shock, heard a heavy rustling noise, like a strong wind, rushing from the cave. When that ceased, the rocks cracked, and the whole appeared as if upon the point of immediate destruction. Large rocks also fell in some parts of the cavern, but none of the men were injured.

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From this part the passage runs for about a mile towards the west, and then changes to southwest till it reaches the chief area or city, about six miles from the mouth of the cave. From the second hoppers to this place the gallery is nearly 100 feet high, and of a corresponding width. The floor is level, and is covered with loose stones and salt-petre earth. Dr. W. then observes, when I reached this immense area (called the chief city), which contains upwards of eight acres, without a single pillar to support the arch, which is entire over the whole, I was struck dumb with astonishment.-Nothing can be more sublime and grand than this place, of which but a faint idea can be conveyed, covered with one solid arch, at least 100 feet high, and to all appearance entire.' Having explored this area, five passages were found leading from it, and varying in width from sixty to 100 feet, and generally about forty feet high.

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