a year was conferred on Mr M'Culloch by the administration of Sir Robert Peel.

edition of his work, which was published in 1803. The most important of his other works are, An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, 1815; and Principles of Political Economy, 1820. Several pamphlets on the Corn-laws, the Currency, and the Poor-laws, proceeded from his pen. Mr Malthus was in 1805 appointed Professor of Modern History and Political Economy in Hailey-Inquiry concerning the Power of Increase in the bury College, and he held the situation till his death in 1834.

The opponents of Malthus and the economists, though not numerous, have been determined and active. Cobbett never ceased for years to inveigh against them. Coleridge also joined in the cry. MR GODWIN came forward in 1820, with an Numbers of Mankind, a treatise very unworthy the author of Caleb Williams.-In 1830 MICHAEL MR DAVID RICARDO (1772-1823) was author THOMAS SADLER (1780-1835) published The Law of several original and powerful treatises con- of Population: a Treatise in Disproof of the nected with political economy. His first was on Superfecundity of Human Beings, and developing The High Price of Bullion, 1810; and he published the Real Principle of their Increase. A third successively Proposals for an Economical and volume to this work was in preparation by the Secure Currency, 1816; and Principles of Political author when he died. Mr Sadler was a mercantile Economy and Taxation, 1817. The last work is man, partner in an establishment in Leeds. In considered the most important treatise on that 1829 he became representative in parliament for science, with the single exception of Smith's the borough of Newark, and distinguished himWealth of Nations. Mr Ricardo afterwards self by his speeches against the removal of the wrote pamphlets on the Funding System and on Catholic disabilities and the Reform Bill. He Protection to Agriculture. He had amassed also wrote a work on the Condition of Ireland. great wealth as a stock-broker, and retiring from Mr Sadler was an ardent benevolent man, an business, he entered into parliament as represent-impracticable politician, and a florid speaker. ative for the small borough of Portarlington. He His literary pursuits and oratorical talents were seldom spoke in the House, and only on subjects honourable and graceful additions to his charconnected with his favourite studies. He died, acter as a man of business, but in knowledge and much regretted by his friends, at his seat, Gat- argument he was greatly inferior to Malthus and comb Park, in Gloucestershire, on the 11th of Ricardo.-Among other works of this kind we may September 1823. notice, An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth, and the Sources of Taxation, 1831, by the REV. RICHARD JONES. This work is chiefly confined to the consideration of Rent, as to which the author differs from Ricardo.-MR NASSAU WILLIAM SENIOR (1790-1864), Professor of Political Economy in the university of Oxford, in 1831, published Two Lectures on Population. He was the ablest of all the opponents of Malthus. Mr Senior wrote treatises on the Poor-laws, on National Education, and other public topics. In 1864 he published Essays on Fiction, being a collection of articles on Scott, Bulwer Lytton, and Thackeray, contributed to the chief Reviews. He also contributed a valuable article on Political Economy to the Encyclopædia Metropolitana.

The Elements of Political Economy, by JAMES MILL, 1821, were designed by the author as a school-book of the science as modelled or improved by Ricardo.-DR WHATELY (afterwards Archbishop of Dublin) published two introductory Lectures, which, as Professor of Political Economy, he had delivered to the university of Oxford in 1831. This eminent person was also author of a highly valued work, Elements of Logic, which attained great popularity, and is a standard work; Thoughts on Secondary Punishments; and other works, all displaying marks of a powerful intellect. A good elementary work, Conversations on Political Economy, by MRS MARCET, was published in 1827.-The REV. DR CHALMERS on various occasions supported the views of Malthus, particularly in his work On Political Economy in connection with the Moral Prospects of Society, 1832. He maintains that no human skill or labour could make the produce of the soil increase at the rate at which population would increase, and therefore he urges the expediency of a restraint upon marriage, successfully inculcated upon the people as the very essence of morality and religion by every pastor and instructor in the kingdom. Few clergymen would venture on such a task!-Another zealous commentator was MR J. RAMSAY M'CULLOCH, author of Elements of Political Economy, and of various contributions to the Edinburgh Review, which have spread more widely a knowledge of the subject. Mr M'Culloch also edited an edition of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and the works of Ricardo, and compiled several useful and able statistical works, the most important of which are a Dictionary of Commerce, a Statistical Account of the British Empire, and a Geographical Dictionary. This gentleman was a native of Wigtownshire, born in 1789, and died at the Stationery Office, London, of which he was comptroller, November 11, 1864. A pension of £200

MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS.

HANNAH MORE.

HANNAH MORE adopted fiction as a means of conveying religious instruction. She can scarcely be said to have been ever 'free of the corporation' of novelists; nor would she perhaps have cared much to owe her distinction solely to her connection with so motley and various a band. Hannah withdrew from the fascinations of London society, the theatres and opera, in obedience to what she considered the call of duty, and we suspect Tom Jones and Peregrine Pickle would have been as unworthy in her eyes. This excellent woman was one of five daughters, children of Jacob More, who taught a school in the village of Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, where Hannah was born in the year 1745. The family afterwards removed to Bristol, and there Hannah attracted the attention and patronage of Sir James Stonehouse, who had been many years a physician of eminence, but afterwards took orders and settled at Bristol. In her seventeenth year she published a pastoral

363

drama, The Search after Happiness, which in a short time went through three editions. Next year she brought out a tragedy, The Inflexible Captive. In 1773 or 1774 she made her entrance into the society of London, and was domesticated with Garrick, who proved one of her kindest and steadiest friends. She was received with favour by Johnson, Reynolds, Burke, &c. Her sister has thus described her first interview with the great English moralist :

First Interview with Johnson.

those who had less, we got a good store of gold in return; but how, alas! we wanted the wit to keep it. I love you both,' cried the inamorato-'I love you all five. I never was at Bristol-I will come on purpose to see you. What! five women live happily together! I will come and see you-I have spent a happy evening lives to shame duchesses.' He took his leave with so -I am glad I came-God for ever bless you! you live much warmth and tenderness, we were quite affected at his manner. If Hannah's head stands proof against all the adulation and kindness of the great folks here, why, then, I will venture to say nothing of this kind will hurt her hereafter. A literary anecdote: Mrs MedallaSterne's daughter-sent to all the correspondents of her deceased father, begging the letters which he had written to them; among other wits, she sent to Wilkes with the same request. He sent for answer, that as there happened to be nothing extraordinary in those he had received, he had burnt or lost them. On which the faithful editor of her father's works sent back to say, that if Mr Wilkes would be so good as to write a few letters in imitation of her father's style, it would do just as well, and she would insert them.

In 1777 Garrick brought out Miss More's tragedy of Percy at Drury Lane, where it was acted seventeen nights successively. Her theatrical profits amounted to £600, and for the copyTwo legendright of the play she got £150 more.

We have paid another visit to Miss Reynolds; she had sent to engage Dr Percy-Percy's Collection, now you know him-quite a sprightly modern, instead of a rusty antique, as I expected; he was no sooner gone than the most amiable and obliging of women, Miss Reynolds, ordered the coach to take us to Dr Johnson's very own house: yes, Abyssinian Johnson! Dictionary Johnson! Ramblers, Idlers, and Irene Johnson! Can you picture to yourselves the palpitation of our hearts as we approached his mansion? The conversation turned upon a new work of his just going to the press-the Tour to the Hebrides and his old friend Richardson. Mrs Williams, the blind poet, who lives with him, was introduced to us. She is engaging in her manners, her conversation lively and entertaining. Miss Reynolds told the doctor of all our rapturous exclamations on the road. He shook his scientific head at Hannah, and said 'sheary poems, Sir Eldred of the Bower and The was a silly thing!' When our visit was ended, he called Bleeding Rock, formed her next publication. In for his hat, as it rained, to attend us down a very long 1779, the third and last tragedy of Hannah More entry to our coach, and not Rasselas could have acquitted was produced; it was entitled The Fatal Falsehimself more en cavalier. We are engaged with him hood, but was acted only three nights. At this at Sir Joshua's on Wednesday evening-what do you time, she had the misfortune to lose her friend Mr think of us? I forgot to mention, that not finding Garrick by death, an event of which she has given Johnson in his little parlour when we came in, Hannah some interesting particulars in her letters. seated herself in his great chair, hoping to catch a little ray of his genius: when he heard it he laughed heartily, and told her it was a chair on which he never sat. He said it reminded him of Boswell and himself when they stopped a night, as they imagined, where the weird sisters appeared to Macbeth. The idea so worked on their enthusiasm, that it quite deprived them of rest. However, they learned the next morning, to their mortification, that they had been deceived, and were quite in another part of the country.

In a subsequent letter (1776), after the publication of Hannah's poem, Sir Eldred of the Bower, the same lively writer says:

If a wedding should take place before our return, don't be surprised-between the mother of Sir Eldred and the father of my much-loved Irene; nay, Mrs Montagu says if tender words are the precursors of connubial engagements, we may expect great things, for it is nothing but child,' 'little fool,' 'love,' and 'dearest.' After much critical discourse, he turns round to me, and with one of his most amiable looks, which must be seen to form the least idea of it, he says: "I have heard that you are engaged in the useful and honourable employment of teaching young ladies.' Upon which, with all the same ease, familiarity, and confidence we should have done had only our own dear Dr Stonehouse been present, we entered upon the history of our birth, parentage, and education; shewing how we were born with more desires than guineas, and how, as years increased our appetites, the cupboard at home began to grow too small to gratify them; and how, with a bottle of water, a bed, and a blanket, we set out to seek our fortunes; and how we found a great house with nothing in it; and how it was like to remain so till, looking into our knowledge-boxes, we happened to find a little larning, a good thing when land is gone, or rather none; and so at last, by giving a little of this little larning to

Death and Character of Garrick.

From Dr Cadogan's I intended to have gone to the Adelphi, but found that Mrs Garrick was at that moment quitting her house, while preparations were making for the last sad ceremony; she very wisely fixed on a private friend's house for this purpose, where she could be at her ease. I got there just before her; she was prepared for meeting me; she ran into my arms, and we both remained silent for some minutes; at last she whispered: 'I have this moment embraced his coffin, and you come next.' She soon recovered herself, and said with great composure: The goodness of God to me is inexpressible; I desired to die, but it is his will that I should live, and He has convinced me He will not let my life be quite miserable, for he gives astonishing strength to my body, and grace to my heart; neither do I deserve; but I am thankful for both.' She thanked me a thousand times for such a real act of friendship, and bade me be comforted, for it was God's will. She told me they had just returned from Althorp, Lord Spencer's, where he had been reluctantly dragged, for he had felt unwell for some time; but during his visit he was often in such fine spirits, that they could not believe he was ill. On his return home, he appointed Cadogan to meet him, who ordered him an emetic, the warm bath, and the usual remedies, but with very little effect. On the Sunday, he was in good spirits and free from pain; but as the suppression still continued, Dr Cadogan became extremely alarmed, and sent for Pott, Heberden, and Schomberg, who gave him up the moment they saw him. Poor Garrick stared to see his room full of doctors, not being conscious of his real state. No change happened till the Tuesday evening, when the surgeon who was sent for to blister and bleed him made light of his illness, assuring Mrs Garrick that he would be well in a day or two, and insisted on her going to lie down. Towards morning, she desired to be called if

way, the Earl of Southampton, and others, a
new version of King Lear, and one entire original
drama, entitled Vortigern and Rowena. Such
a treasure was pronounced invaluable, and the
manuscripts were exhibited at the elder Ireland's
house, in Norfolk Street. A controversy arose
as to the genuineness of the documents, in
which Malone took a part, proving that they
were forged; but the productions found many
admirers and believers. They were published by
subscription, in a large and splendid volume,
and Vortigern was brought out at Drury Lane
Theatre, John Kemble acting the principal char-
acter. Kemble, however, was not to be duped by
the young forger, being probably, as Sir Walter
Scott remarks, warned by Malone. The repre-
sentation of the play completely broke up the
imposture. The structure and language of the
piece were so feeble, clumsy, and extravagant,
that no audience could believe it to have pro-
ceeded from the immortal dramatist. As the
play proceeded, the torrent of ridiculous bombast
swelled to such a height as to bear down critical
patience; and when Kemble uttered the line,
And when this solemn mockery is o'er,

at Barley Grove, a property of some extent, which they purchased and improved. From the day that the school was given up, the existence of the whole sisterhood appears to have flowed on in one uniform current of peace and contentment, diversified only by new appearances of Hannah as an authoress, and the ups and downs which she and the others met with in the prosecution of a most brave and humane experiment-namely, their zealous effort to extend the blessings of education and religion among the inhabitants of certain villages situated in a wild country some eight or ten miles from their abode, who, from a concurrence of unhappy local and temporary circumstances, had been left in a state of ignorance hardly conceivable at the present day.' These exertions were ultimately so successful, that the sisterhood had the gratification of witnessing a yearly festival celebrated on the hills of Cheddar, where above a thousand children, with the members of female clubs of industry-also established by them-after attending churchservice, were regaled at the expense of their benefactors. Hannah More died on the 7th of September 1833, aged eighty-eight. She had made about £30,000 by her writings, and she left, by her will, legacies to charitable and religious the pit rose and closed the scene with a discordinstitutions amounting to £10,000. ant howl. We give what was considered the

In 1834, Memoirs of the Life and Correspond-most sublime passage' in Vortigern:

ence of Mrs Hannah More, by William Roberts, Esq., were published in four volumes. In these we have a full account by Hannah herself of her London life, and many interesting anecdotes.

SAMUEL AND WILLIAM HENRY IRELAND. SAMUEL IRELAND, a dealer in scarce books, prints, &c., was author of several picturesque tours, illustrated by aqua-tinta engravings; but is chiefly remarkable as having been made by his son, a youth of eighteen, the unconscious instrument of giving to the world a variety of Shakspearean forgeries. WILLIAM HENRY IRELAND (1777-1835) was articled to a conveyancer in New Inn, and, like Chatterton, began early to imitate ancient writings. His father was morbidly anxious to discover some scrap of Shakspeare's handwriting, and this set the youth to manufacture a number of documents, which he pretended to have accidentally met with in the house of a gentleman of fortune. Amongst a mass of family papers,' says the elder Ireland, the contracts between Shakspeare, Lowine, and Condelle, and the lease granted by him and Hemynge to Michael Fraser, which was first found, were discovered; and soon afterwards the deed of gift to William Henry Ireland (described as the friend of Shakspeare, in consequence of his having saved his life on the river Thames), and also the deed of trust to John Hemynge, were discovered. In pursuing this search, he (his son) was so fortunate as to meet with some deeds very material to the interests of this gentleman. At this house the principal part of the papers, together with a great variety of books, containing his manuscript notes, and three manuscript plays, with part of another, were discovered.' These forged documents included, besides the deeds, a Protestant Confession of Faith by Shakspeare, letters to Anne Hatha

* Quarterly Review, 1844

O sovereign Death!

That hast for thy domain this world immense;
Churchyards and charnel-houses are thy haunts,
And hospitals thy sumptuous palaces;

And when thou wouldst be merry, thou dost choose
The gaudy chamber of a dying king.
Oh, then thou dost wide ope thy bony jaws,
And with rude laughter and fantastic tricks,
Thou clapp'st thy rattling fingers to thy sides;
With icy hand thou tak'st him by the feet,
And upward so till thou dost reach his heart,
And wrapt him in the cloak of lasting night.

So impudent and silly a fabrication was perhaps
never before thrust upon public notice. The young
adventurer, foiled in this effort, attempted to
earn distinction as a novelist and dramatist, but
utterly failed. In 1805, he published a confes-
sion of the Shakspearean forgery, An Authentic
Account of the Shakspeare Manuscripts, in which
he makes this declaration : 'I solemnly declare,
first, that my father was perfectly unacquainted
with the whole affair, believing the papers most
firmly the productions of Shakspeare. Secondly,
that I am myself both the author and writer, and
had no aid from any soul living, and that I should
never have gone so far, but that the world praised
the papers so much, and thereby flattered my
vanity. Thirdly, that any publication which may
appear tending to prove the manuscripts genuine,
or to contradict what is here stated, is false; this
Several other novels,
being the true account.'
some poems, and attempts at satire, proceeded
from the pen of Ireland; but they are unworthy of
notice; and the last thirty years of the life of
this industrious but unprincipled littérateur were
passed in obscurity and poverty.

EDMUND MALONE-RICHARD PORSON.

EDMUND MALONE (1741-1812), who was conspicuous in the detection and exposure of Ireland's forgeries, was an indefatigable dramatic critic