have the power of transmuting any substance that its possessor pleased, Lucian dial. deor. 7, 4. 1. 12. optimo quisque ingenio]=ingeniosissimus quisque, the descriptive abl. of quality, P. S. Gr. p. 399, Madvig Gr. § 372, Roby Gr. II 1232, 1309. 1. 13. totum se collocaret in] 'would occupy himself entirely with.' Cognitio and scientia stand in the same relation to each other as coniunctio and societas: the former is the cause, the latter the effect. Madvig ad fin. III § 50 observes: 'Debuit dici: tum optimo quemque ingenio...se collocaturum esse; refertur enim ad illud: Nec verum est, quod dicitur a quibusdam. de nat. deor. I § 123, ubi est: neque enim tam desipiens fuisset, rectius futurum erat: neque enim tam desipientem futurum fuisse (nisi ita esset) ut cet. Nam ex Posidonii persona ratio redditur iudicii ante positi.' 1. 16. omne officium]= quodque officium, 'every duty,' cp. § 128 ab omni quod abhorret cet., § 133 l. 33. 1. 17. quod cognitione...continetur] 'which is dependent upon abstract study,' § 160 l. 30, 111 § 23, 11 § 58. CHAPTER XLV § 159. illud forsitan quaerendum sit] 'the following enquiry perhaps may be proper,' the potential use of the conjunctive, P. S. Gr. p. 338. 1. 19. communitas] § 152. 1. 20. apta naturae] § 153 1. 11. 1. 21. non placet] sc. anteponi eam. On placere see § 138 1. 9. 1. 22. foeda...flagitiosa] foedum is that which is offensive to the natural feelings, 'repulsive,' flagitiosum, that which is 'scandalous.' Taetra and obscena in the next sentence refer to these words in an inverse order (per chiasmum, § 122), obscenus, indecent,' enhancing the signification of foedus, and taeter, 'shocking,' 'atrocious,' that of flagitiosus. An instance of such a conflict between patriotism and decency is given III § 93. 1. 24. ea permulta] ‘a great many of these,' Roby Gr. II 1295, Zumpt Gr. § 430. Posidonius] IIoσeiduvios was a distinguished Stoic philosopher, born about B.C. 135, a pupil of Panaetius. He was a native of Apamea in Syria, but lived at Rhodes. Strabo calls him ἀνὴρ τῶν καθ ̓ ἡμᾶς φιλοσόφων πολυμα BéσTаTOS: Cicero, who received instruction from him when he visited Rhodes, de fin. 1, 2, styles him vel omnium Stoicorum maximum (111 § 10, de nat. d. I § 7, § 123), and thought so highly of his powers that he requested him to write an account of his consulship, as a most notable philosopher, to visit whom Pompey, on his return from the Asiatic war, went to Rhodes. He was a man of extensive and varied acquirements in almost all departments of human knowledge, as a minute enquirer. He is scarcely ever mentioned without some expression of affection, and Cicero tells us that he read his works more than those of any other author. At a later period he became a resident at Rome and stayed in Cicero's house. The fragments of his numerous writings were collected by J. Bake and published at Leyden 1810. See Introd. § 30. 1. 26. suscipiet] indefinite subject, sc. sapiens ille, 121 l. 1, 134 1. 36. ne res p. quidem] nor will the state either,' 'no more will the state." Ne quidem ovdé, Germ. auch nicht; § 124 1. 31, pro Archia § 2 ne nos quidem, no more have we,' Tusc. I§ II si ergo apud inferos miseri non sunt, ne sunt quidem apud inferos ulli. See Madvig Gr. § 457, and ad fin. Exc. III p. 802, Roby Gr. II 1657, Zumpt Gr. § 801. For the sentiment cp. § 84. 1. 27. hoc] i. q. eo, tanto. Haec...res, the common reading, would refer to the conflict between justice and temperance, as contrasted with the conflict between justice and wisdom. quod non potest] Roby Gr. 11 1701, 1745, P. S. Gr. p. 459, Madv. Gr. § 357. 1. 28. tempus ut] i.e. eiusmodi ut, § 32, § 133 n. § 160, 1. 29. effectum sit] i.q. conclusum sit, 'let this have been proved,' 'be a certain conclusion.' Efficere in this sense is more commonly followed by ut with the subjunctive as II § 10, Tusc. 1 § 16 mors ut malum non sit efficies, nat. deor. III 12 efficitur ut omne corpus mortale sit. See III § 23 and cp. Kuehner n. to Tusc. I § 77. in officiis deligendis] i.q. diiudicandis, § 146 1. 8. 1. 30. quod teneatur hominum societate] 'which consists in, is absolutely necessary to the maintenance of society.' Contineri is the word which most frequently occurs in this sense, I§ 153 1. 24, § 158 l. 18, Nägelsb. lat. Stil. p. 304. Alan compares de leg. I § 23 ut homines deorum agnatione et gente teneantur. 1. 31. etenim] § 153 1. 27 n. cognitionem sequitur] 'is the result of, presumes an antecedent, know ledge.' 1. 32. ita fit ut] formula concludendi, i.q. hinc sequitur, efficitur, 'it follows that,' 'consequently,' § 101 1. 28 ita fit, ut ratio praesit, appetitus obtemperet, Tusc. II § 16 ita fit, ut omnino nemo esse possit beatus, III I, I ita fit, ut animus de se ipse tum iudicet, cum id ipsum, quo iudicatur, aegrotet, Hand Tursell. III p. 474. pluris sit] the genitive of value, P. S. Gr. § 269, Madv. Gr. § 294, Roby Gr. II 1186. 1. 34. locus ipse]=sedes rei, 'the essential point,' 'the ground of proof.' 'Omnia vertuntur in eo, quod communitatem deorum hominumque primum esse docuit.' (Zumpt.) Quintil. v 10, 20 locos appello sedes argumentorum, in quibus latent et ex quibus sunt petenda, Cic. top. 2, 7 cum pervestigare argumentum aliquod volumus, locos nosse debemus, sic enim appellatae ab Aristotele sunt eae quasi sedes, e quibus argumenta promuntur. ib. 2 8 itaque licet definire, locum esse argumento sedem. 1. 35. cuique] sc. officio, 'to each single duty,' § 97. P. 58, 1. 1. gradus officiorum] 'gradations of duties,' i. e. of those duties we owe society some are more important than others. See the full discussion of this subject in c. 17. Some 1. 3. deinceps gradatim] i.e. ea quae deinceps gradatim sunt. editors read reliqua before reliquis, which is unnecessary because reliqua or some equivalent word is implied already in deinceps=rà deinceps: see Nägelsb. 1. Stil. p. 202. § 161, 1. 5. honestumne] the subject id de quo deliberetur or id quod in deliberationem cadat is understood. 1. 7. ut supra dixi] §§ 10, 152, cp. 11 § 88. BOOK THE SECOND CHAPTER I P. 61, § 1, 1. 1. ab honestate atque ab omni genere virtutis] 'from moral rectitude, or rather from every one of its constituent virtues.' ducerentur] After a leading proposition in a past tense dependent interrogative and objective propositions are expressed in the imperfect, although their import may hold good also at the present or at all times (in which case the present is often used in English), Madvig Gr. § 383. It is the prevailing idiom of Cicero to construct the present tense with historic consecution, P. S. Gr. p. 483, cp. 1 § 29 1. 13. 1. 5. ad vitae cultum] 1 § 12 1. 28. 1. 6. facultatem] 'means of acquiring,' 1 § 9. opes] 'power,' ‘influence,' the facility of accomplishing what you wish through others: copiae] 'riches,' 'resources,' I § 9 l. 21. 1. 7. in quo tum quaeri dixi quid utile] sc. esset, 1 § 152 1. 5, § 9. The tum is transposed from its proper place before quid utile. Facciolati and others consider that this passage, the second clause of which is not found in several of the best MSS, is spurious and a marginal gloss on libro superiore. In quo must refer to the whole clause ut—persequar. 1. 8. de quibus] sc. officiorum generibus. 1. 9. de instituto ac iudicio meo] i. e. cur ad hoc nos studium potissimum contulerimus ac de philosophia nobis potissimum probata in vindication of my design of writing upon moral philosophy, and of the philosophical method I have chosen.' The prooemium, wherein Cicero justifies his devotion to philosophy after the fall of the Republic (§ 1--6) and his philosophical method (§ 7), agrees with that of the first Book de nat. deor. In his writings subsequent to the years B. C. 44 and 43 the prooemia are not so carefully worked up as in the de legibus and de rep., but are contracted into a narrow range of often-recurring thoughts: ep. ad Att. XVI 6 § 4, he says habeo volumen prooemiorum: ex eo eligere soleo, cum aliquod oúyYpappa institui. Heine. § 2, 1. 11. complures] such men as Hortensius, Brutus, Varro. 1. 12. ad scribendi studium] de nat. deor. I § 8 eoque minus me instituti mei (i.e. philosophiam nostris explicandi) paenitet, quod facile sentio quam multorum non modo discendi sed etiam scribendi studia commoverim, cp. de off. I § 1, ut non modo Graecarum litterarum rudes sed etiam docti aliquantum se arbitrentur adeptos et ad dicendum et ad iudicandum. 1. 14. bonis viris] 'worthy, well-meaning men,' a slightly contemptuous expression for non nimis or parum docti, I § 20, III § 39, de fin. I oo 25 homines optimi non intellegunt, Tusc. 1 § 6 ab optimis illis quidem viris, sed parum eruditis. The cultivation of philosophy was distasteful to the Romans, a people ambitious for extension of empire, and regarding as they did a life of action to be the only proper life for a man of rank, they looked upon learning as the business of pedants, and abandoned it contemptuously to the Greeks. See Tacitus Agric. 4 memoria teneo ipsum narrare se in prima iuventa studium philosophiae acrius, ultra quam |