after praesidia, 1 § 152 1. 8, Madvig Gr. § 286, Draeger hist. Synt. § 202, 2, P. S. Gr. 273.

§ 74, 1. 4. aerarii tenuitatem] 'the impoverished state of the exchequer.' 1. 5. tributum] 'a property tax,' being a percentage levied upon the fortune of each Roman citizen, as rated by the censors: its proceeds were chiefly applied to provide for the expenses of war (Liv. IV 60, v 10, VI 32). There had been no occasion to levy a tributum since the subjugation of Macedonia by Paullus Aemilius B. C. 167, by which the treasury was well replenished (8 76 1. 4). All tolls also (portoria) had been discontinued since Pompey's victory over Mithridates B. C. 60, according to the provisions of the Lex Caecilia enacted by Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero's presage, that there might be an occasion for renewing these burdens upon the citizens, was fulfilled in the year following, B. C. 43, when a war tax was laid upon the people, the treasury having been impoverished by the frequent demands made upon it by Caesar and Antony, Sueton. Caesar c. 43.

1. 6. sin quae necessitas] si quis is substantival, si qui adjectival. See note on aliquis 1 § 115 1. 26.

huius muneris] sc. tributi 'this duty,'' state-burden.'

1. 7. malo enim ita] i.e. alicui. So de fin. II § 61 fecerit Torquatus, si, ita vis, propter suas utilitates-malo enim ita dicere quam voluptates, ad fam. III 10 pro tua dignitate, malo enim ita dicere quam pro salute, ad Att. XIII 42, 1 cur pateris-malo enim ita dicere quam cur committis. Madvig thinks ita or sic required in the former, Wesenberg reads ita in the latter of the passages quoted. Translate: 'I had rather say so than forebode evils to our own commonwealth.' Observe that the first part of the parenthesis-malo enim ita quam nostrae ominari-refers to alicui reip.; in the second part he recalls the words which he has just uttered, as uncalled for, because he is speaking of the state in general and not of any state in particular.

neque tamen] i.e. quamquam non, though this remark is not necessary, for etc., III § 86, de fin. i11 § 74 nec tamen quicquam est quod moveri possit.

1. 12. ad victum] the procuratio annonae is recognised by Cicero as a duty of magistrates, in the discharge of which, however, they are not to exhaust the resources of the state.

1. 14. disputare] 'to discuss,' III § II.

in promptu] 'obvious,' § 68, 1 §§ 5, 61, 95.

tantum locus attingendus fuit] 'the subject needed only to be touched upon,' i. e. hinted at. On locus see I § 160 n.

§ 75, 1. 16. caput] 'the chief thing.' Cp. de am. § 45 caput esse ad beate vivendum securitatem, de orat. I § 87 caput enim arbitrabatur esse oratoris ut etc., ib. § 150, de div. II. § 117 quod caput est.

1. 17. avaritiae] 'self-seeking,' opp. to abstinentia § 76, to liberalitas § 64 where it signifies 'meanness.

1. 19. Pontius] Caius Pontius Herennius, the Samnite general, who surprised a Roman army and made them pass under the yoke at the Caudine Pass (furcae caudinae) B.C. 321, Liv. XI 2. He was taken prisoner by Q. Fabius Maximus 29 years afterwards, and, in the triumph of the consul, led in chains and then beheaded. Zumpt suggests that Cicero is quoting from the Origines of Cato.

1. 21. ne] 'ne (val) 'verily' in affirmation is found almost always at

the beginning of a sentence, and followed by a pronoun. Zumpt Gr. § 360 n., Key Gr. § 862.

1. 22. multa saecula] not many centuries,' but 'many generations of men' (оλàs уeveás) (each consisting of 333 years, the average duration of human life), since only 144 years intervened between the death of Pontius B. C. 292, and the enactment of the lex Calpurnia de repetundis B. C. 149. expectanda fuerunt] 'must have been waited for.' P. S. Gr. p. 336,

P. 486.

modo] of an indefinite length of time, here of upwards of 70 years,

I § 26.

1. 23. facile] 'readily,' 'gladly,' § 66 1. 11.

1. 24. si quidem roboris] 'seeing that he (Pontius) had strength enough' to carry his threat into execution, Liv. II 49 si sint duae roboris eiusdem in urbe gentes.

tantum] i.e. quantum in eo fuisse traditur. Z.

1. 25. cum] i.e. ex quo tempore, 'it is not yet 110 years since a law,' Philipp. 12. 10 vigesimus annus est cum me petunt, P. S. Gr. p. 465, Madvig Gr. § 358 obs. I. The actual time was 105 years, from B. C. 149 to

B. C. 44.

1. 26. L. Pisone] Lucius Calpurnius L. F. L. N. Piso Frugi, the annalist (Brut. § 106, de leg. 1 § 6, ep. ad fam. IX 22, 2), was the author of the law which established a permanent commission (quaestio perpetua) for the trial of provincial Governors who had been guilty of such illegal acts as came under the denomination repetundae. The law was carried by him when tribunus plebis, B. C. 149 (Brut. 1. c.). Pighius (ann. Rom. II p. 447) gives the following as the supposed text of the law: uti quibus in provinciis magistratus populi Romani eorumve comites contra leges pecunias cepissent quidve commisissent, earum iniuriarum ergo Romae quiritari iudicioque quaesito sua repetere provinciales possent. The experiment was found to work so well that from time to time new laws were passed, by which new courts of a similar description were instituted for the investigation of different offences, as the lex Iunia passed by M. Junius Brutus, a tribune of the plebs, the lex Servilia (B. C. 105), the lex Acilia passed by M. Acilius Glabrio, tribune of the plebs (B. C. 101, Verr. Act. 11 i. 9), the lex Cornelia passed by Sulla B. C. 81, and lastly the lex Iulia, passed by C. Julius Caesar in his first consulship B. C. 59. See Dict. of Antiq. Art. Repetundae, Ramsay Rom. Antiq. pp. 296, 306 ff.

nulla antea cum fuisset] 'whereas there had not been any before.' ☛ 1. 27. proxumae quaeque duriores] A mixture of two constructions, quo propiores-eo duriores, 'the later in point of time, the more rigorous,' and proximae quaeque durissimae. Cp. Acad. pr. 11 § 49 me tibi primum quidque concedente, de fin. II § 105 si prima quaeque bene ab eo consulta atque facta ipsius oblivione obruentur, i. e. as Madvig explains aliud super aliud continuo ordine et, ut nos loquimur, unum post alterum.'

1. 28. Italicum bellum] called also the 'Social' or 'Marsic war,' because the Marsi were one of the principal States engaged in it, was the war occasioned by the struggles of the Italian allies of the Republic (B. C. 100-88) to obtain for themselves admission to the privileges of Roman citizens (romana civitas). According to the statement of Appian (bell. civ. I 35), M. Livius Drusus had proposed a measure, recommending an enquiry into the corrupt practices in the courts of justice. This measure was extremely unpopular with the aristocratical party and roused their indignation to such a degree, that they determined to resist all the other measures CIC. de Off.

20

which Drusus brought forward, those viz. for the admission of the civitates foederatae to the privileges of citizenship.

1. 30. expilatio direptioque sociorum] 'pillaging and plundering of the allies,' during the dictatorship of Sulla and Caesar.

1. 31. inbecillitate aliorum] quia nemo est, qui Romanos vincere audeat, qui nunc quidem facile vinci possent. H.

CHAPTER XXII

§ 76, 1. 32. Africanum] the younger, I § 90, Introd. § 27. laudat quod fuerit] Public Sch. Gr. § 96 p. 343 'a finite subordinate clause is subjunctive when it is dependent on an assertion of some other than the writer, implied but not formally expressed in the principal or prior verb (virtual oratio obliqua),' ib. § 196 p. 140, Madvig Gr. § 357 a.

P. 89, 1. 1. abstinentiae] the opposite of avaritia § 75.

non hominis est solum] III § 111 ista laus non est hominis sed temporum, Br. § 258.

1. 3. tantum-tributorum] Vell. Paterc. 1 9, 6 cuius (Pauli triumphus) tantum priores excessit vel magnitudine regis Persei vel specie simulacrorum vel modo pecuniae-bis miliens centiens sestertium aerario (210 millions of sesterces = £1,837,500) contulerat--ut omnium ante actorum comparationem amplitudine vicerit. Paulus' final victory was won at the battle of Pydna, B. C. 168.

1. 4. finem attulerit] 'has put an end to imposts' (for all time following, up to the present moment); afferret would signify that it put an end to imposts (immediately at that time). Madvig Gr. § 382 obs. 1.

1. 6. patrem] i.e. his natural father, Aemilius Paulus. He was the adopted son of Scipio Africanus son of the elder Africanus, 1 § 121. 1. 7. Karthagine eversa] B. C. 147, I § 35.

quid?] sc. ais, censes, Zumpt Gr. § 769, Madv. Gr. § 479 d obs. 1. collega-in censura] B. C. 142.

1. 8. copiosissimam urbem] sc. Corinth, B. C. 148, see 1 § 35 n., Vell. Pat. I c. 13.

1. 9. Italiam ornare] 'to embellish Italy,' i. e. with the treasures of Grecian art, which formed part of his booty. Plin. n. h. XXXIV 7 § 17 Mummius Achaia devicta replevit urbem non relicturus filiae dotem.

1. 10. quamquam cet.] 'though indeed,' I § 30, 111 § 86. The protasis with etsi or quamquam is sometimes added to modify or correct the apodosis, and may be rendered 'and yet.' P. Sch. Gr. p. 481.

domus ipsa] 'the house also,' Nägelsb. lat. Stil. p. 246.

§ 77, 1. 11. unde egressa est] 'from which I have made this digres sion,' viz. § 21. Brut. § 82 is princeps ex Latinis illa oratorum propria et quasi legitima opera tractavit, ut egrederetur a proposito ornandi causa, Quintil. 11 4, 15 sed ut eo revertar, unde sum egressus, IV § 12 hanc partem TapéκBаow Graeci vocant, Latini egressum vel egressionem. The words usually employed in this sense are digredi and digressio.

1. 12. in] 'in the case of,' I § 46.

1. 13. remp. gubernantibus] § 11 1. 23.

habere quaestui rem publicam] 'to turn the state into a source of profit,' 'to make money by the state,' predicative dative of purpose, P. S. Gr. p. 391, Roby Gr. II 1162, Madv. Gr. § 249.

1. 14. turpe-sceleratum-nefarium] 'vile-outrageous-execrable.' turpis opp. to honestus, offensive to the moral sense or sense of decency, exciting disapproval and contempt, as gluttony, cowardice; sceleratus violating the rights of others or the peace and good of society, as robbery, sedition; nefarius against the gods or nature, as blasphemy, sacrilege, murder of kindred.

1. 15. oraculum] & φιλοχρηματία Σπάρταν ὀλεῖ ἄλλο δὲ οὐδέν, the oracle given to the Spartan kings Alcamenes and Theopompus. Plutarch inst. Lacon. p. 239 F.

1. 20. abstinentia et continentia] Ubi licet uti rebus tuis sed tamen moderate uteris, continens es: abstinens vero, si non attigeris res alienas, etsi id fieri per te possit impune. H. These virtues are both antagonistic to avaritia: abstinentia respects that which is another's, continentia what pertains to one's self.

§ 78, 1. 21. se populares volunt] sc. esse, an omission of not uncommon occurrence in Cicero; Tusc. v § 66 quis est omnium—qui se non hunc mathematicum malit (sc. esse), quam illum tyrannum? ib. § 54 sed tamen utrum malles te, si potestas esset, semel ut Laelium consulem (sc. esse), an ut Cinnam quater?

1. 22. agrariam rem temptant] 'essay measures with regard to the disposal of the ager publicus,' Ramsay Rom. antiq. p. 228 ff.

1. 23. possessores] 'tenants of the ager publicus, 'occupiers of the state domain,' not 'owners,' § 73 n. and Ramsay 1. c. p. 226.

1. 24. condonandas] ought to be remitted,' in reference to laws for the total remission or reduction of debts, σεισάχθεια οι ἀποκοπὴ χρεῶν, tabulae novae, § 84.

1. 28. si habere-non licet] 'if hindrances are laid in the way of every man keeping his own.' Madvig Gr. § 442 c.

1. 29. supra dixi] § 73.

1. 30.

suae rei cuiusque] 'of his own particular property.' Observe that cuiusque is feminine and agrees with rei. See Madvig to Cic. de fin. v § 46 quia cuiusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit, because every part of nature both in body and soul has its own particular power'; Lachmann to Lucr. II 371, who quotes Cic. de orat. III § 216 (vox) acuta gravis, cita tarda, magna parva, quas tamen inter omnes est suo quoque in genere mediocris: add Caesar bel. civ. 1 83 et rursus aliae totidem (cohortes) suae cuiusque legionis subsequebantur, Plin. h. n. VII 9, 15 tu memineris sui cuiusque generis auctores diligenter eligere, Liv. III 22, 6 equites suae cuique parti collocat, XXIV 3 § 4 separatim greges sui cuiusque generis remeabant, Cic. in Verr. I c. 56 hoc opus bonum suo cuique facito. See also P. S. Gr. p. 287 § 79.

§ 79, 1. 31. atque] i. e. praeterea, insuper.

in hac pernicie] § 4 1. 17.

1. 32. quam putant] sc. se consecuturos, an infinitive in a relative clause left to be supplied from the tempus finitum of the main proposition, Zumpt Gr. § 774.

P. 90, 1.3. non fuisse solvendo] 'to have been insolvent,' Zumpt Gr. § 664 n. 1, P. S. Gr. p. 391, Madv. Gr. § 415 obs. 1. Cp. Liv. 11 8

divites qui oneri ferendo essent, IV 35 sitne aliquis plebeius ferendo magno honori, XXVII 25 remp. esse gratiae referendae.

ille, qui accepit iniuriam] the party wronged,' i. e. the ejected occupant of land, or the creditor who has forfeited his money.

1. 5. nec, si plures sunt-idcirco] See Hand Tursell. III p. 100, who compares de nat. deor. III § 70 nec, si is, qui accepit, bene utitur, idcirco is, qui dedit, amice dedit, de orat. I § 118 neque enim, si multitudo litium ......dat locum vel vitiosissimis oratoribus, idcirco nos hoc, quod quaerimus, omittemus, ep. ad Att. vIII II.

1. 7. non numero-iudicantur sed pondere] 'are estimated not by quantity but by quality,' i.e. it is not merely the number of the persons benefited, as compared with that of those injured, which we have to consider, but the superior quality and influence of the latter and the amount of their ill-will, to which the gratitude of the former will bear but a small proportion.

quam habet aequitatem] i.q. quam aeque fit, III § 9, in Cat. IV 4, 7 habere videtur ista res iniquitatem si imperare; velis difficultatem, si rogare. The subject is the sentence introduced by ut-habeat=habere eum, Zumpt Gr. § 664 note. See Kühner to Tusc. disp. 111 § 5, v § 62. Observe that Cicero does not say quam iustitiam but aequitatem. According to the Roman law no length of occupancy (vetustas possessionis de leg. agr. II § 57) could bestow a right of property upon the occupier (possessor) of the ager publicus, for it was a fundamental principle that prescription (multorum saeculorum possessio) could not be pleaded against the state.

1. 9. possessum] 'taken possession of,' from possido, § 81.

CHAPTER XXIII

§ 80, 1. 10. hoc iniuriae genus] i. e. the ejection of state-tenants and reduction of debts.

1. 11. Lysandrum] Not the distinguished Spartan general and diplo matist mentioned in 1 § 76, and § 109, whose life was written by Cornelius Nepos and Plutarch, but another Lysander son of Libys, who lived nearly 140 years after him, of whom mention is made by Plutarch in his life of Agis ch. VI.

1. 12. Agim regem] Agis the fourth, whose life Plutarch wrote. Being king of Sparta B. C. 244-240, he attempted to reform the abuses of property, and re-establish the institutions of Lycurgus: but he was opposed by Leonidas II and the wealthy party, and executed by command of the ephors.

1. 14. tyranni] After Cleomenes III (Plutarch vit. Cleom. c. 11), who had renewed his father's attempts to restore the ancient Spartan constitution and to regenerate the Spartan character, had been banished B.C. 222, first Lycurgus, then the tyrant Machanidas ruled over Sparta. He was followed by Nabis, after whose death (B. C. 192) the Lacedaemonians became subject to the Achaeans, until Sparta came under the Achaean league, Liv. XXXVIII 34.

1. 15. exterminarentur] 'were expatriated,' ecopioletev, III § 32 1. 30, i. q. gr. Cleomenes put four ephors to death and banished eighty Spartans. dilaberetur] fell to pieces.' There remained however the shadow of the Spartan constitution, till it was finally destroyed by the Romans.