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EXPLANATIONS OF THE PLATES.

beneath and the carboniferous limestone above. i. The point in the geological scale at which vertebrated existences first appear. The three Old Red Sandstone formations of this section correspond in their characteristic fossils with those of Scotland, but the proportions in which they are developed are widely different. The Tilestones seem a comparatively narrow stripe in the system in England: the answering formation in Scotland, e, f, g, h, is of such enormous thickness that it has been held by very superior geologists to contain three distinct formations,-e, the New Red Sandstone, f, a representative of the Coal Measures, and g, h, the Old Red Sandstone.

SECTION III.

Interesting case of extensive denudation from existing causes on the northern shore of the Moray Frith (see pages 241 and 242). The figures and letters which mark the various beds correspond with those of fig. 5, and of the following section. The "fish-bed," No. 1, represents what the reader will find described in pp. 268-272 as the "platform of sudden death."

SECTION IV.

Illustration of a fault in the Burn of Eathie, Cromartyshire (see pages 248 and 249).

Plate I. Fig. 1. Restoration of upper side of the elongated species of Pterichthys referred to in page 75. The specimens from which this figure has been chiefly taken are at present in the hands of Agassiz, from whom the writer has not yet received the creature's specific name. Fig. 2. Pterichthys Milleri. Fig. 3. Part of tail of elongated species, showing portions of the original covering of rhomboidal scales. Fig. 4. Tubercules of Pterichthys magnified.

Plate II. Fig. 2. Restoration of under side of elongated Pterichthys. Fig. 1. A second specimen of Pterichthys Milleri. Fig. 3. Portion of wing, natural size.

Plate III. Fig. 1. Coccosteus Cuspidatus. Fig. 2. Impression of inner surface of large dorsal plate. Fig. 3. Abdominal lozenge-shaped plate. Fig. 4. Portion of jaw with teeth.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. Restoration of Osteolepis. Fig. 2. Scales from the upper part of the body magnified. Fig. 3. Large defensive scale which runs laterally along all the single fins. Fig. 4. Under side of scale showing the attaching bar. Fig. 5. Enamelled and punctulated jaw of the creature. Fig. 6. Magnified portion of fin, showing the enamelled and punctulated rays.

Plate V. Fig. 1. Dipterus. This figure serves merely to show the place of the fins, and the general outline of the ichthyolite. All the specimens the writer has hitherto examined fail to show the minuter details. Fig. 2. Glyptolepis. Fig. 3. Single scale of the creature, showing its rustic style of ornament. Fig. 4. Scale with a nail-like attachment. Fig. 5. Under side of scale. Fig. 6. Magnified portion of fin. the Old Red Sandstone.

Fig. 7. Shells of

Plate VI. Fig. 1. Cheirolepis, Nov. Spec. Fig. 2. Magnified scales. Fig. 3. Magnified portion of fin.

Plate VII. Fig. 1. Cheiracanthus. Fig. 2. Magnified scales. Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Vegetable impressions of the Old Red Sandstone.

Plate VIII. Fig. 1. Ichthyolite not yet furnished with a name. Fig. 2. Diplacanthus. Fig. 3. Magnified scales of fig. 1. Fig. 4. Spine of fig. 2, slightly magnified.

Plate IX. Fig. 1. One of the tail flaps of the gigantic Crustacean of Forfarshire. Fig. 2. Reticulated markings of Carmylie.

Plate X. Fig. 1. Cephalaspis Lyellii, copied from Lyell's Elements of Geology. Fig. 2. Holoptychius Nobilissimus, copied on a greatly reduced scale from Murchison's Silurian System. Fig. 3. Scale of Holoptychius, natural size. Fig. 4. Tooth of ditto, also natural size. These last drawn from specimens in the collection of Mr Patrick Duff of Elgin.

NEW WALKS IN AN OLD FIELD;

OR

THE OLD RED SANDSTONE.

CHAPTER I.

The Working-man's True Policy.-His only Mode of acquiring Power. The Exercise of the Faculties essential to Enjoyment.-No necessary Connection between Labour and Unhappiness.-Narrative.-Scenes in a Quarry. The two Dead Birds.-Landscape.-Ripple Markings on a Sandstone Slab. Boulder Stones. - Inferences derived from their water-worn Appearance.-Sea-coast Section.- My firstdiscovered Fossil.-Lias Deposit on the Shores of the Moray Frith. Belemnite.-Result of the Experience of half a Lifetime of Toil.-Advantages of a Wandering Profession in connection with the Geology of a Country.-Geological Opportunities of the Stone-mason.-Design of the present Work.

My advice to young working men desirous to better their circumstances, and add to the amount of their enjoyment, is a very simple one. Do not seek happiness in what is misnamed pleasure; seek it rather in

what is termed study. Keep your conscience clear, your curiosity fresh, and embrace every opportunity of cultivating your minds. You will gain nothing by attending Chartist meetings. The fellows who speak nonsense with fluency at these assemblies, and deem their nonsense eloquence, are totally unable to help either you or themselves, or, if they do succeed in helping themselves, it will be all at your expense. Leave them to harangue unheeded, and set yourselves to occupy your leisure hours in making yourselves wiser men. Learn to make a right use of your eyes ;— the commonest things are worth looking at-even stones and weeds, and the most familiar animals. Read good books, not forgetting the best of all: there is more true philosophy in the Bible than in every work of every sceptic that ever wrote; and we would be all miserable creatures without it, and none more miserable than you. You are jealous of the upper classes; and perhaps it is too true, that, with some good, you have received much evil at their hands. It must be confessed they have hitherto been doing comparatively little for you, and a great deal for themselves. But upper and lower classes there must be, so long as the world lasts; and there is only one way in which your jealousy of them can be well directed. Do not let them get ahead of you in intelligence. It would be alike unwise and unjust to attempt casting them down to your own level, and no class would suffer more in the attempt than yourselves, for you would only be clearing the way, at an immense expense of blood, and under a tremendous pressure of misery, for another and perhaps worse aristocracy,

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