tyme beyng, vj, li, xii j. s. iii j. d.; And the resydewe of the said stypend was collected and gathered of the denocioun and benyvolence of the brothers and systers of the said Guylde. . . . They prowyded and have founde an honest and lernyed scolemaster, within the said halle, in lyke manner as they before tyme dyd; that is to say, one John Obyner, bachelor of arts; who hath there, at this present tyme, a boue the number of a hundred scolers." 99. Indenture of Apprenticeship, 1396 (From the Archæological Journal, London, 1872, vol. XXIX, 184. Trans. by H. C.) The following Indenture of Apprenticeship was executed in Northampton, England, in 1396, and is typical of apprenticeship documents for hundreds of years thereafter. This Indenture testifies that thus it is agreed between John Hyndlee of Northampton, Brazier, on the one part, and Thomas Edward, son of Gilbert Edward of Windsor, on the other part, that the aforesaid Thomas shall place himself and serve as apprentice to the said John Hyndlee, to be subject to this John Hyndlee and his assigns well and faithfully after the custom of apprentices, from the feast of All Saints next following after the present date up to the end of the seven years next succeeding shall have been fulfilled and completed, to the art called brazier's craft, practiced by the said John, during this time learning humbly. Subject to him during the term of seven years aforesaid, the abovementioned Thomas Edward shall keep secret all concerns of his said master John Hyndlee which ought to be concealed. He shall not do any injury to John, his master, nor see any done, but shall quickly prevent anything of the kind and shall protect his said master steadfastly from this time forth. He shall not absent himself from his aforesaid service. He shall not employ the goods and cattle of the said John, his master, without his permission. Booths, prostitutes, dies, dice, and similar games he shall not frequent, at the expense of his aforesaid master. He shall by no means commit fornication or adultery with any woman of the house and family of the said John, his master, nor shall he marry a wife, without the consent of his said master. The precepts, legal mandates, and reasonable requirements of the said John, his master, are to be faithfully observed by said Thomas; he shall diligently fulfill them, and obey the commands fully, during the whole period of his term above noted. And if the said Thomas should default from any of his agreements or from the prescribed articles, then said Thomas, according to the manner and the amount of his defection, shall make reparation to his master, John aforesaid, and shall double the term of his apprenticeship before mentioned, repeating his said service. And the aforesaid John Hyndlee and his assigns shall direct said Thomas, his apprentice, in the above-mentioned arts in the best way said John knows and is able to do, they shall teach and instruct him. Or, if they can make him learn in no other way, let them do it by punishment. Moreover, said John shall give to the teaching and informing of said Thomas in the art called the Pewterer's craft as much as he knows how and is able to do beyond the limits of his first duties. And said John shall conceal (a hole in the deed) from said Thomas, his apprentice, none of the aforesaid arts, during the above-mentioned term. Finally, said John and his assigns shall furnish to said Thomas everything necessary to him, his food and clothing, linen, bedding, housing, shoes, et cetera, enough to suffice him each year according as the age and stature of the said Thomas increase during the term aforesaid. In testimony of this matter the above-mentioned parties have affixed to these Indentures their seals alternately. Dated at Northampton, the Sunday next after the feast of Saint Luke, the apostle and evangelist, in the nineteenth year of the reign of King Richard the Second, following the Conquest. Witnesses: Henry Caysho, then mayor of the city of Northampton, William Wale and John Wodeward, bailiffs of the same. Richard Gosselyn, John Esex Smyth, and others. CHAPTER IX THE RISE OF THE UNIVERSITIES THE Readings contained in this chapter relate to the rise of the mediæval university, the organization of its instruction, and the influence of these institutions on the intellectual life of the later medieval period. Slowly evolving out of some cathedral or monastery school, which had for long been noted for the high character of its instruction, the universities of medieval Europe finally arose, were chartered as a mediæval guild, and in time became important not only intellectually, but socially and politically as well. For centuries they were almost the only homes of free thought. The value of their work is well set forth in the final selection of the chapter (124), by the great historian of these mediæval institutions. The table giving country and date of foundation of these great mediæval institutions (100) shows the slow progress of new ideas in the Europe of that day, and the direction and rate of that progress. As both teachers and students were regarded as clerici they naturally possessed the privileges and immunities of the clergy (51), but, these not being regarded as sufficient for the new traveling scholars, new privileges and exemptions and protections were extended to both masters and students. Of these new privileges the grants of Frederick Barbarossa in Italy (101), King Philip Augustus at Paris (102), Count Rupert at Heidelberg (103) and Philip IV of France (104) have been selected as typical. The charter granted to the new university of Heidelberg (103) is also typical of these early documents, and is noteworthy for the detailed provision it made for the future university. As these universities in time brought many strangers to the cities in which they were located, and as these persons needed eating and sleeping accommodations and thus helped local business, as well as adding to the intellectual prestige of the city, the different cities interested began to vie with one another in making special concessions to secure a university, and some even were willing to spend much money in maintaining such an institution. The privileges granted by Vercelli, to induce a migrating body of professors and students from Padua to locate there (105), is a good example of the first; and the selection from Villani, as to the cost for maintaining a university (106), is a good example of the second. The efforts made by the English king to secure scholars from Paris (109) is another example of the first type. As the early universities were in no way held to place by buildings and equipment, as is a modern university, it was easy for them to move to some other city whenever conditions did not please them. This right of cessatio was formally recognized by Papal Bull (107), and was frequently exercised (108, 109) for reasons that to-day seem trivial. As the early universities were essentially guilds, with the stages of apprentice, journeyman, and master represented, the right to create and license masters was recognized almost from the first. The Bulls of Popes Gregory IX (107) and Nicholas IV (111), giving such right to Paris, are typical and illustrative. The form of this license to teach is well shown in the document reproduced from Rashdall (112). The courses of reading or lectures required for the different degrees are shown in the documents giving the requirements for the Arts degree at Paris (113), Leipzig (114 a-b), and Oxford (115); while the requirements for the still higher professional degrees in theology, civil and canon law, and medicine are well illustrated in the statement of Oxford requirements for each (116 a-b), and the Paris requirements for the degree in medicine (117). The scholastic character of the theological instruction may be inferred from the criticisms made by Roger Bacon (118), a keen Oxford scholar and monk of the latter part of the thirteenth century. The scarcity of books before the invention of printing did much to keep the character of the instruction on a low level, the master being compelled to "read" from the one text available and comment from his "gloss." This lack of books is shown by the list of twenty-seven volumes contained in a scholar's library, left by will to the University of Paris (119); by Roger Bacon's lament (120); and by the Paris statute prescribing the character of the classroom instruction to be given (121). The latter also throws some light on the classroom conduct of the time. Selections 122 and 123 reproduce two of the earliest schedules of lectures known, the one at Toulouse (122) dating from 1309, and the one from Leipzig (123) from 1519. 100. University Foundations before 1600, by Countries The table given below shows the progress, rate, and direction Studia Generalia founded by Papal or Imperial Bull Studia Generalia before or 16th century 1230 Toulouse; P. 1303 Avignon, P. 1540 Macerata. * Founded by a migration from some other university. P. Founded by Papal Bull. I. Founded by Imperial Edict. R. Founded by Royal Charter (Spain). |