FIG. 19. THE CAMP OF WISDOM

(From Les Arts et Métiers au Moyen Age, p. 252)

An allegorical stained-glass window, the work of Lorraine artists of the sixteenth century, and now in the Library of Strassburg. This shows the wise youth passing up the steps of the Trivium and Quadrivium and the three Philosophies to the inner court of the Temple of Wisdom, with Theology still ahead and over all. Other youths are seen wasting their time.

III. Natural Philosophy.

1. On the Heavens and the Earth. (3 to 4 months.)

2. On Generation and Destruction. (7 weeks to 2 months.) 3. Meteorics. (3 to 4 months.)

4. Parva Naturalia. (2 to 3 months.) The books on:

a. Sense and Sensible Things.

b. Sleep and Waking.

c. Memory and Recollection.
d. Longevity and Shortlivedness.

IV. Metaphysics.

1. Metaphysics. (5 to 9 months.)

V. Mathematics.

1. Astronomy: Theory of the Planets (Gerard of Cremona). (5 to 6 weeks.)

2. Geometry: Euclid. (5 to 9 months.)

3. Arithmetic: Common Arithmetic (Sacrobosco). (3 weeks
to 1 month.)

4. Music: Music (John de Muris). (3 weeks to 1 month.)
5. Optics: Common Perspective (John of Pisa). (3 to 33
months.)

115. Books required at Oxford for the Arts Degree
(Rashdall, H., The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol. II, part II,
pp. 455-58. Oxford, 1895)

The following list of books shows those required for the A.B. and the A.M. degrees at Oxford in the period 1408-31. It is a more elastic course of study than the one at Paris, and Aristotle is less prominent. More alternatives or elections were offered the student than at either Paris or Leipzig. A clear attempt is seen to keep up the traditions that an Arts course should include the Trivium and Quadrivium of the earlier Middle Ages, as well as the "three philosophies" introduced by the rediscovery of Aristotle early in the thirteenth century.

For B.A. (Admissio ad lecturam alicuius libri Facultatis Artium): Four years' study.

For Determination.

To have been admitted as above, and."read" some book of Aris-
totle.

To have disputed for a year as "General Sophister" in Parviso.
To have responded de questione.

To have heard: Donatus, Barbarismus; Arithmetic (Algorismus
integrorum); the method of finding Easter (Computus ecclesias-
ticus); (Joannes de Sacra Bosco), Tractatus de Sphæra; Por-
phyry, Isagoge; Gilbert de la Porrée, Sex Principia; Aristotle,
Sophistici Elenchi-lectionatim in College or Hall.

The Old and New Logic, except the Boethius, Topics, bk. IV, cursorie from Bachelors in the Public Schools.

For License and Inception:

Three years' additional study.

To have been admitted ad lecturam alicujus libri Aristotelis, and to have lectured thereon.

To have been admitted to determine.

To have responded apud Augustinenses, and taken part in a certain number of other disputations.

To have heard (in addition to the books already read for B.A.). (Stat. of 1431.)

In the Seven Arts:

Grammar.

Rhetoric.

Priscian "in majore vel minore." (One term.)
The Rhetoric of Aristotle. (Three terms.)

(Or the Topics of Boethius, bk. IV; or Cicero, Nova Rhetorica; or
Ovid's Metamorphoses; or "Poetria Virgilii.")

Logic...

Aristotle, De Interpretatione. (Three terms.) (Or Boethius, Topics (first three books); or Aristotle, Prior Analytics, or Topics.)

Arithmetic. .... Boethius. (One term.)

Music...

. Boethius. (One term.)

Geometry.. ...Euclid (? six books.)

(Or Alhazen. [Two terms]; or Vitellio, Perspectiva.) Astronomy......(Ptolemy?) Theorica Planetarum. (Two terms.) (Or Ptolemy, Almagesta.)

In the Three Philosophies:

Natural..

terms.)

.Aristotle, Physica or De cælo el mundo. (Two

(Or De proprietatibus elementorum, or Meteorica, or De vegetabilibus et plantis, or De Anima, or De Animalibus, or "any of the smaller books.")

Moral....

(Three terms.)

.Aristotle, Ethica, or Economica, or Politica.

Metaphysical.... Aristotle, Metaphysica. (Two terms.)

116. Requirements for the Professional Degrees at Oxford (Rashdall, H., The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol. II, part II, pp. 452-55. Oxford, 1895)

Rashdall gives the following requirements for the professional degrees for mediæval Oxford, though without any particular dates. They cover the requirements in the early fourteenth century.

For Opponency:

(a) Theology

For M.A. candidates, four or five years' study (i.e. apparently to
be in the fifth year), presumably divided between the Bible and
Sentences, since three years' auditio of the Bible are required for
Inception.

For others, eight years in the study of Arts; six or seven years in Theology.

For B.D. (Admissio ad lecturam libri Sententiarum):

For M.A. candidates, two years more, i. e. seven years in all.

For others, two years more, i.e. eight years in all.

Certain Opponencies, number not specified.

For License:

Two years' further study.

To have lectured on one book of the Bible and on the Sentences. An examinatory Sermon at Saint Mary's.

Eight Responsions to non-graduate Opponents.

To dispute (as Opponent) with every Regent D.D.

Vespers.

In the fifteenth century an additional Sermon was added by Statute.

(b) Canon Law

For Bachelor of Decrees: (Admissio ad lecturam extraordinariam alicuius libri Decretalium):

Five years' study of Civil Law.

To have heard the Decretals twice, and the Decretum for two years.

For Inception as Doctor of Decrees:

To have read extraordinarie two or three "causes' or the tractate De Simonia, or De Consecratione, or De Pænitentia (parts of the Decretum).

To have opposed and responded to the questions of every Regent. To have given one lecture for each Regent.

(After Inception, two years, afterwards one year of Necessary Regency.)

(c) Civil Law

For B.C.L. (Admissio ad lecturam libelli Institutionum):

For M.A. candidates, four years' study.

For others, six years' study.

For License ad legendum aliquod volumen Juris Civilis (e.g. the Diges

tum Novum or Infortiatum):

To have heard the libri apparitati of the Civil Law.

To have lectured on the Institutes, the Digestum Novum, and the
Infortiatum.

To have given an ordinary lecture for each Regent Doctor.
To have opposed and responded in the School of each Decretist.

(d) Medicine

For M.B. (Admissio ad legendum librum Aphorismorum).

(No time specified.)

For admission "ad practicandum" in Oxford:

For M.A. candidates, four years' study.

To pass an examination conducted by the Regent Doctors.
For others, eight years' study and examination.

For License and Inception:

For M.A. candidates, six years' study (in all).

To have "read" one book of Theorica (i.e. the Liber Tegni of
Galen, or Aphorismi of Hippocrates), "pro majori parte.'
To have "read" one book of Practica (i.e. Regimenta Acutorum of
Hippocrates, Liber Febrium of Isaac, or the Antidotarium of
Nicholas).

To have responded to and opposed in the Schools of the Regents
for two years.

For others, to have been admitted to practice, as above: eight years' study (in all): to have given the above lectures.

117. The Course in Medicine at Paris

(Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, vol. 1, no. 453, p. 517; trans. by Munro) The following required course in Medicine at Paris, 1270-74, gives the books used, and will prove of special interest to students interested in the study of medicine. It also shows the influence of Arabic writers on European learning in this subject. It is a poorer course of study than that provided at Montpellier, though Montpellier probably had the foremost medical faculty in Europe at that time.

This is the form for licensing bachelors of medicine. First, the master under whom the bachelor is, ought to testify to the chancellor, in the presence of the masters called together for this purpose, concerning the suitability of licensing the bachelor. He ought to prove his time of study by at least two examinations; and the time which he ought to have studied is five and one half years, if he has ruled in arts or has been a licentiate; or six, if he has not.

The course of study is as follows:
I. He ought to have heard:

1. The Ars Medica (probably Liber Tegni, of Galen) twice in
the regular courses and once in an extraordinary course,
with the exception of Theophilus. (Theophilus was a
Byzantine physician, said to have lived in the seventh
century, A.D.)