9. Recreation, at fixed hours. 10. Dramatic selections from the Schola Ludus. II. Boys now to be able to read and speak Latin fluently. Class IV. The Philosophical 1. Over the door is to be written: "Let no one ignorant of history enter here." 2. Walls to carry diagrams from arithmetic, geometry, and statics. Adjoining the classroom to be a dissecting room, and a chemical laboratory. 3. New Testament study of the life of Christ and the Apostles; a special collection of hymns and psalms. 4. Class book, the Palace of Wisdom, describing natural phenomena. 5. Mathematics, rules of proportion; trigonometry and the elements of statics to be begun. 6. Music, instrumental. 7. History, natural history from Pliny and Ælian. 8. Greek to be begun, and New Testament and selected Greek authors to be read. 9. Recreation not to be neglected, but fewer games. 10. Dramatic performance, using a play dealing with philosophy. Class V. The Logical 1. Over the door is to be written: "Let no one enter who is ignorant of natural philosophy." 2. Walls to be covered with rules of logic. 3. Hymns, psalms, and prayers. A Bible manual, The Gate of the Sanctuary, to be placed in the pupil's hands. This to contain the whole Scripture history, and to afford reading for the year. 4. Class book, one dealing with the human mind: (a) Things discovered and to be discovered. (b) Formal logic. (c) Mental problems. 5. Mathematics, partnership, alligation, and position in arithmetic; heights, distances, and plane surfaces in geometry. 6. Geography and astronomy, the earth and heavens. 7. Optics. 8. History, of mechanical inventions. 9. Style, exercises from Cornelius Nepos, Cæsar, Curtius, and Justin. 10. Greek, Isocrates and Plutarch. II. Dramatic performance, illustrating contest between grammar, logic, and metaphysics, and their final reconciliation. Class VI. The Political 1. Over the door is to be written: "Let no one enter who cannot reason." 2. Wall pictures to illustrate order and limitation; human body, perfect and imperfect. 3. The whole Bible to be read. 4. Class book, one to deal with human society and the laws of economics. 5. Mathematics, Logistic in arithmetic, and Architectonic in geometry to be learned. 6. Geography and astronomy to be continued, with special attention to theory of planets and laws of eclipses. 7. History, that of the church ritual. 8. Style, readings from Sallust, Cicero, Vergil, and Horace. Compoșitions in verse permitted, but not to be insisted upon. 9. Greek, Thucydides and Hesiod. 10. Play, suitable recreations. II. Dramatic performance, representing degeneration of Solomon and his moral downfall. Class VII. The Theological 1. Over the door is to be written: "Let no one enter who is irreligious." 2. Walls to be covered with Hebrew and sacred symbols. 3. Devotional psalms and hymns, and a compendium of Christian belief. 4. Class book, to deal with communion of souls with God. (a) The ascent of the mind to God, following order of Janua. (b) Practical rules for the study of the Scriptures. (c) A Repertory of Theology, and mysteries of salvation. 5. Mathematics, sacred and mystic numbers in arithmetic, sacred architecture as exemplified in the Ark, Tabernacle, and Temple. 6. History of the church. 7. Oratorical training, for training in preaching. 8. Hebrew to be studied, and Old Testament read. 9. Recreation, as needed. 10. Religious plays, illustrating character of Abraham, David, etc. 221. Comenius's Orbis Pictus In 1658 there appeared, from the presses at Nuremberg, the first school picture-book ever printed. It was an introductory reader for learning Latin, and was entitled Orbis Sensualium Pictus, or "The World of Sense Objects Pictured." In it Comenius not only simplified greatly the teaching of Latin, but he shifted the whole emphasis from words to things, and made the teaching of scientific knowledge and useful information key the English-Latin edition of 1727; and the last page is from the duced form, the title-page and the first page of the alphabet from German edition of 1740; the two pages below reproduce, in renature of the book. The page opposite is from a Nuremberg LatinThe following sample pages (Figures 51, 52, 53) illustrate the edition was issued in New York as late as 1810. ductory Latin textbook for nearly two centuries. An American was reprinted in all European lands, and was used as an intronote of the book. The success of the book was immediate. It The first page, in the edition of 1727. The third page, from the same edition FIG. 51. Two PAGES FROM THE "ORBIS PICTUS" præfcribuntur illis creta Quidam ftant, Quidam confabu- ac gerunt fe FIG. 52. wird ihnen vorgeschrie Etliche schwägen, und erzeigen sich Péculans,o.3 muthwillig A SCHOOL IN COMENIUS'S TIME Facsimile of a page in the Orbis Pictus. Reproduced from a copy of the Nuremberg Latin-German edition of 1740, now in the Hildebrand Library at Stanford University is a Shop in which Young Wits are fashion'd to vertue, and it is distinguished into Forms. The Master, 2. sitteth in a Chair, 3. the Scholars, 4. in Forms, 5. he teacheth, they learn. Some things are writ down before them at a Table, and write, 7. Some stand and rehearse things committed to memory, 9. Some talk together, 10. and behave themselves wantonly and carelessly; these are chastised with a Ferrula, II. and a Rod, 12. Schola, 1. I. est Officina, in quâ Novelli Animi formantur ad virtutem, & distinguitur in Classes. Praeceptor, 2. sedet in Cathedra, 3. Discipuli, 4. in Subselliis, 5. ille docet, hi discunt. Quaedam praescribuntur illis Cretâ in Tabellâ, 6. Quidam sedent ad Mensam, & scribunt, 7. ipse corrigit Mendas, 8. Quidam stant, & reci tant mandata memoriae, 9. Quidam confabulantur, IO. ac gerunt se petulantes, & negligentes; hi castigantur Ferula (baculô), II. & Virga, 12. FIG. 53. AN AMERICAN "ORBIS PICTUS" Facsimile of a page from the first American edition of the Orbis Pictus, printed in New York in 1810. This was an American reprint of the twelfth English edition. The illustrations were redrawn in New York, and in the process of redrawing were very much modernized. |