of Gregory V., who threatened to lay the kingdom under an interdict, and Abbon obtained all that he asked. He was killed in a quarrel between the French and the Gascons, 1004. His letters were printed in 1687, folio.-Moreri.

ABBOT (George), an English prelate, was born in 1562, at Guilford, in Surry, where his father was a weaver. He was educated at the grammar school of that place, from whence he was removed to Baliol college, Oxford, of which he became a fellow. In 1597, he was chosen master of University college. In 1599, he was made dean of Winchester, and the year following vicechancellor of Oxford, which office he filled in 1603, and also in 1605. He was one of the divines employed in the present translation of the Bible. La 1609, he was made bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, from whence, the same year, he was translated to London, and in 1610, to Canterbury. He had the courage to oppose the court on some occasions, particularly in the affair of the divorce of the lady Essex, and the Book of Sports, which he forbade being read at Croydon. A sad misfortune happened to him at the close of his life: for being at the seat of lord Zouch, and exercising himself in the park with a cross bow, he by accident shot the keeper instead of the deer. A commission was appointed to examine whether by this irregularity he was incapacitated for discharging the office of primate; and the determination being left with the king, he gave it in favour of the archbishop. He ever after kept a monthly fast on account of the misfortune, and settled 201. a year on the widow of the keeper. He attended king James on his death-bed, and assisted at the coronation of Charles I. In 1627, an assize sermon of Dr. Sibthorpe, preached at Northampton, was sent to the archbishop, with an order from the king to license it; which he refused to do, as it contained exceptionable passages. For this he was banished to his house near Canterbury, and the archiepiscopal authority was put into commission; but when the parliament met, he was restored to his office, but never fully recovered the royal favour. He died at Croydon in 1633, and was buried in the church of the Holy Trinity at Guilford, where he endowed an hospital. The archbishop was a rigid Calvinist and a great favourer of the Puritans. His writings are mostly polemical, except a geographical description of the world.-Biog. Brit.

ABBOT (Robert), eldest brother of the archbishop, was born at Guilford, in 1560, and educated at the same school and college with him. King James appointed him one of his chaplains in ordinary, and was so pleased with his book "De Antichristo," that he ordered it to be reprinted with his own on the Revelations. In 1609, he was alected master of Baliol college, and the year following the king nominated him to

a fellowship in his college at Chelsea, founded for the encouragement of polemical divinity. In 1612, he was made regius professor of divinity at Oxford, where he vin dicated the supremacy of kings against Bellarmine and Suarez, for which he was advanced to the see of Salisbury in 1615. He died in 1617, and his remains were interred in Salisbury cathedral.-Biog. Brit.

ABBOT (Maurice), brother of the above, was bred a merchant, and became a director of the East-India Company. He was appointed, in 1618, a commissioner in the treaty made with the Dutch concerning the trade to the Molucca islands. In 1623, he was one of the farmers of the customs, and the next year one of the council for settling Virginia. He was the first person knighted by Charles I.; and in 1625, was chosen one of the representatives for the city of Lon-don, of which, in 1638, he was lord mayor. He died in 1640.—Ibid.

ABBOT (George), son of sir Maurice, was born in 1600, elected probationer fellow of Merton college 1625, and admitted to the degree of LL.B. in 1630. He was the author of, 1. "The book of Job paraphrased, 1640." 2. Vindicia Sabbati, 1641." S. "Notes on the Book of Psalms, 1651." He died in 1648.—Ibid.

ABBOT (Thomas), a German writer, was born at Ulm, in 1738. He translated Sallust into German, and wrote two treatises, one "Concerning Merit," and the other " Of dying for one's Country." He died in 1766 -Gen. Biog.

ABDALLA, father of Mohammed. He was only a camel-driver, but the Mussulmans boast that he was offered the finest women of his tribe, when he was fourscore years old; and that on his wedding night, a hundred girls died of grief, for having lost the honour of being his bride.—D'Her belot.

ABDALLAH-EBN-ALI, the uncle of the two first caliphs of the Abbassides, under whom he served as a general against the caliph Merwan, and having vanquished that prince, proclaimed his nephew. He was guilty of horrible cruelties on the family of the Ommiades. When his eldest nephew died, his brother Almanzor assumed the government, which so displeased Abdallah that he raised an army against him, but was defeated. He was put to death A. D. 754 -Ibid.

ABDALLAH-EBN-ZOBEIR, an Arabian chief, who seized the caliphate, in 680, against the claim of Yezid, the son of Moaw-. jah, and enjoyed the dignity nine years. He fell bravely fighting in the defence of Mecca, in the 72d year of his age.—Ibid.

ABDALMELEK, fifth caliph of the race of the Ommiades, commenced his reign A. D. 684. He extended his conquests into India and Spain, and conquered Mecca. He reigned twenty-one years, and was succeeded by his eldest son Valid. He was so ge

nerous as not to take a church from the Christians, which they had refused to grant him when he requested it.-D'Herbelot. ABDALRAHMAN, a Saracen general, and governor of Spain in the 8th century, who, after ravaging France with fire and sword, was attacked at Tours by Charles Martel, and slain, in 732.--Mod. U. H.

ABDALRAHMAN, surnamed the Just, of the family of the Ommiades, who, in the ruin of it, went to Spain in 756, where he commanded the Saracens against their king Joseph. Abdalrahman slew that prince, and was then acknowledged caliph. He also assumed the title of king of Cordova, where he died in 790.-Ibid.

ABDAS, a Persian bishop in the time of the younger Theodosius, who indiscreetly brought upon the Christians a violent persecution, and was the first that fell in it. The clergy called in Theodosius to their aid, by whom the Persians were worsted; but the persecution raged forty years.Bayle.

ABDOLONYMUS, king of Sidon. When Alexander conquered that country, he allowed Hephestion to dispose of the crown. Hephestion offered it to three brothers, who all refused it; and being requested to point out a proper person, they fixed on Abdolonymus, who was of the blood royal, though only a gardener. Being brought to Alexander, the conqueror, observing the dignity of his aspect, said to his courtiers, "I wish to know how he bore his poverty." Abdolonymus hearing this, said," Would to heaven I may bear my prosperity as well! This answer so pleased Alexander that he confirmed the appointment.-Diod. Sic. Plutarch.

ABDIAS of Babylon, author of a legend entitled Historia Certaminis Apostolici, printed at Basil in 1571. He pretended that he was one of the seventy-two disciples sent out by Jesus Christ, and that having been an attendant on Simon and Jude, he was made by them the first bishop of Babylon. Bayle.

ABDOLMUMEM, or ABDALMOM, though the son of a potter, became a general, and at last a monarch, by the style of Emir Al "Mumenin (head of the true believers). He rook Morocco, and destroyed the whole of the Almoravide family. After numerous conquests he died in 1156, and was succeeded by his son Joseph.—Mod. Univ. Hist. ABEILLE (Gaspard), a native of Reiz, in Provence, who came to Paris when very young, where he was greatly admired for his wit, particularly by the marshal de Luxemburg, to whom he was secretary. He was a member of the French academy, and prior of a convent. His writings consist of odes, epistles, and some dramatic pieces. He died at Paris, in 1718.--Moreri.

ABEILLE (Scipio), brother of the above, was surgeon-major in the army, and author af The complete Army Surgeon, 1669,

12mo. and a History of the Bones, 12ma 1685. He died in 1697.- Moreri.

ABEL, the second son of our first parents. He was murdered by his brother Cain out of envy, because his offering was accepted and Cain's rejected.—SS.

ABEL (Frederic Gottfried), a German physician and poet, was born at Halberstadt, in 1714. He was bred a divine, but not obtaining the preferment he expected, he turned his attention to physic, in which he took his doctor's degree at Konigsburg, in 1744. He practised at Halberstadt with great reputation till his death, which happened in 1794. He published a German translation of Juvenal in 1788.-Gen. Biog

ABEL, king of Denmark, the son of Valdimer II. He assassinated his brother Eric in 1750, and took possession of his throne. He was put to death by the Frisons, who revolted against him on account of the heavy impositions which he had laid upon them.-Mod. U. H.

ABEL (Charles Frederic), an eminent musician, whose compositions will be ever held in the highest estimation by the lovers of harmony. He died in 1787. He excelled on the viol di gamba.-Burney.

ABELA (George Francis), commander of the order of Malta, and author of a work entitled Maltha Illustrata, 1647, folio, or a description of that island and its antiquities; printed at Malta, curious and scarce.-

Moreri.

ABELARD (Peter), was born in 1079, at Palais, near Nantz, in Britany. He studied logic and metaphysics with such eagerness that he soon became a powerful disputant; and turning his talents against his old master Champeaux, professor of philosophy at Paris, obliged him to quit his chair and retire to a convent. Abelard then applied to the study of divinity, and in a short time became celebrated in that faculty. A wealthy canon, called Fulbert, took Abelard into his house on condition that he should teach his niece Heloise philosophy. Instead, however, of abstruse learning, he taught her love, and Abelard was so intox. icated with the passion that his lectures lost the charms which used to attract the admiration of crowded audiences, and every body saw the reason of it except Fulbert, who at last, being convinced of the truth, turned Abelard out of doors. Heloise, on this, followed her lover, who conveyed her to his sister's house in Britany, where she was delivered of a son, named Astrolabius; and Abelard offered Fulbert to marry his niece, but it is astonishing, that though the uncle was pleased with the offer, the lady refused it. She afterwards, indeed, consented to a private marriage, but never would own it, and indeed sometimes would not scruple to swear that it was not true. This added greater fury to the canou's rage; and Abelard sent her, in consequence, to the monastery of Argenteuil,

where she put on the religious habit, but not the veil. The enraged Fulbert caused Abelard to be emasculated by ruthians, who broke into his chamber; on which he turned monk in the abbey of St. Denis, which he soon left, and retired to Champaigne, where he became lecturer, and with great success. This raised him numerous enemies, particularly the professors at Rheims, who charged him with heterodoxy on the subject of the Trinity, and got him censured at the council of Soissons, in 1121. He afterwards erected an oratory in the diocese of Troyes, called the Paraclete, but was soon driven from it by his enemies. He next became abbot of Ruis, in the diocese of Vannes, and gave Heloise and some other nuns the Paraclete. In 1140, his works were condemned as heretical by a council; which decree was confirmed by the pope, who ordered Abelard to be confined; but at the request of Peter, abbot of Clugny, this sentence was mitigated. After a life of extraordinary vicissitudes, Abelard died in the priory of St. Marcellus, in 1142, and the corpse being sent to Heloise she deposited it in the Paraclete. The names of these lovers are eternized by the epistles published by Pope and other poets. Heloise died in 1163, and was buried in the Paraclete; and in 1780, the abbess, madame de Roncy, ordered the bones of the lovers to be placed in a leaden coffin and deposited under the altar. She also caused a monument of black marble to be placed over the spot. The works of Abelard were published at Paris in one volume, 4to. 1616.-Berington's Hist. of Abelard and Heloise, 4to. Bayle. Moreri, ABELL (John), an English musician celebrated as a singer, and as a player on the lute. He belonged to the chapel royal; but being a papist, he was dismissed at the Revolution, when he went abroad, and gained considerable sums as a singer: but sometines his extravagance brought him so low, that he was obliged to travel on foot with his lute at his back. At Warsaw, the king of Poland sent for him to court, but Abell refused to go, on which peremptory orders were given to compel his attendance. On his arrival he was seated in a chair in a spacious hall, and drawn up to a great height, when the king and his train appeared in a gallery opposite to him. Several wild bears were then turned into the hall, and the king told him to take his choice, either to sing or be let down among the bears. Abell preferred the first, and used to say that he never sung so well in his life. In 1701, he published a collection of songs in several languages, but when he died is unknown. He is said to have had the art of preserving the natural tone of his voice to extreme old age.Borny's Hist. Music.

ABELLI (Lewis), a French prelate, was Lorn in 1608. He obtained the bishopric of Rhodes in 1664, but resigned it three years «ferwards, and le:ired to St. Lazare, where

hedied in 1691. He wrote Medulla Theologica, 2 vols. 12mo,― Moreri.

ABENDANA (Jacob), a Spanish Jew, was prefect of a synagogue in London, and died in 1685, in which year a Hebrew commentary of his on several passages of scripture appeared at Amsterdam.—Gen. B. D.

ABENEZRA (Abraham), born at Toledo in 1099. He was skilled in various languages and sciences, and composed several works, the most valuable of which is his commentary on the Old Testament, printed in Buxtorf's Hebrew Bible. He died at Rhodes in 1174.-Moreri.

ABENGNEFIL, an Arabian physician of the 12th century, and author of a book, the translation of which, entitled De Virtutibus Medicinarum et Ciborum, was printed at Venice in 1581, folio.-Friend's Hist. Phys.

ABEN-MELEC, a Jewish rabbi, author of a Hebrew commentary on the Bible, entitled "The Perfection of Beauty," Amsterdam, 1661, folio. This work has been translated into Latin-Moreri.

In

ABERCROMBIE (Ralph), a British general, was descended from an ancient family in Scotland, and entered early into the army, as did two of his brothers, one of whom was killed at the battle of Bunker's-hill, in America. The first commission of gir Ralph was a cornetey in the guards, and in 1760 he obtained a lieutenancy. 1762 he became captain in the third regiment of horse, in which corps he rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1773. In 1787 he was made major-general, and in 1798 had the command of the 7th regiment of dragoons. Soon after the commencement of the late war he was employed on the continent, and commanded the advanced guard in the action of Cateau, when the duke of York, in his dispatches, made an honourable representation of his conduct. He was wounded at Nimeguen, and in the winter of 1796, conducted the retreat of the troops out of Holland. Next year he was appointed commander in chief of the forces in the West Indies, where he took possession of several French and Dutch settlements. On his return to Europe he was rewarded with the order of the Bath, and made governor of the Isle of Wight, Fort George, and Fort Augustus. In 1797 he was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general. Sir Ralph was next fixed on to take the command of the forces in Ireland, where he exerted himself with great ability in maintaining the discipline of the army, suppressing the rising rebellion, and protecting the people from military oppression. He was afterwards employed under the duke of York in the enterprise against Holland, where it was confessed, even by the enemy, that his military talents were of the most brilliant order. It being resolved to send an army to dispossess the French of Egypt, sir Kalph was appointed to the cons mand of the expedition. Here he landed

with the troops March 8th 1801, and defeated the French at Aboukir, after a bloody action. On the 21st of the same month was fought near Alexandria a memorable battle, in which the English were again the victors, but with the loss of their gallant general, who died the 28th, on board the ship which was conveying him to Malta, in the great church of which island he was buried with military honours. In 1774, sir Ralph represented the county of Kinross in parliament, and continued in that capacity till the general election in 1780.--Monthly Mag. Public Characters, Vol. III.

ABERCROMBY (Thomas), a physician, was born at Forfar, in the county of Angus, 1656, and educated at St. Andrews, from whence he went to Leyden, and took the degree of M. D.in 1685. On his return to Scotland he professed the Romish religion, and was made physician to James 11. He compiled "The Martial Achievements of Scotland," in 2 vols. folio; also a treatise on wit. He died at Edinburgh, in 1726.—Gen. B. D.

ABERNETHY (John), a divine, was born in 1680, at Coleraine in Ireland. He was educated at Glasgow, where he took the degree of M. A.; and then went to Edinburgh, and studied divinity. In 1708, he became pastor of a congregation at Antrim; not long after which a society of dissenting ministers was established at Belfast, whose object was to shake off subscription to the Westminster confession, in which Abernethy concurred with great zeal. In 1726, the general synod passed a resolution that the nonsubscribing ministers should not be of their body, in consequence of which many congregations became dissatisfied with their pastors. That of Abernethy decreased so much, that he accepted an invitation from the congregation of Wood-street, Dublin, wherehe continued till his death,in 1740. Two volumes of his sermons were printed at London, in 1748, and are held in great estimation. Biog. Br.

ABGARUS, king of Edessa, in Mesopotamia, and contemporary with our Saviour, to whom, it is said, he wrote a letter, and received an answer, both extant and well known. Many learned writers have vindicated their authority, while others reject them as forgeries.-Eusebius.

ABGILLUS, surnamed Prester John, was son to a king of the Frisi, and attended Charlemagne to the Holy Land, but did not return with him to Europe. He gained mighty conquests in Abyssinia, which country was afterwards called from him the empire of Prester John. He is said to have written the history of Charlemagne's journey, and of his own to the East.-Moreri.

ABIJAH, king of Judah, was the son of Rehoboam, and began his reign 958 B. C. In the second year of his reign he defeated Jeroboam, king of Israel.SS

-SS.

B. C. 1048.-S.S.

ABOUGHEHEL, an Arabian idolator, and a bitter enemy to Mohammed, who is said to have passed upon him sentence of reproba tion, but his son Acramas was converted to the Mussulman faith. The Mohammedans, by way of contempt, call coloquintida the melon or cucumber of Aboughehel.

D' Herbelot.

ABOU HANIFAH, was the son of Thabet, and born at Coufa A. D. 699. He is es teemed among the Mussulmans for his expositions of their law, but was persecuted for denying predestination, and died in prison at Bagdad. 385 years after his death the reigning caliph built a mausoleum to his memory, and founded a college for his followers.-D' Herbelot.

ABOU-JOSEPH, a mussulman doctor, who was the first that had the title of kadhi al kodhat, or judge of the judges. He lived in the caliphate of Haroun-alraschid.—Ibid.

ABOULAINA, a Mohammedan doctor, famous for his wit, of whom the following story is told. Moses, son of the caliph Abdalmalek, having put to death secretly one of Aboulaina's friends, gave it out that he had fled; the doctor, on being asked what was become of his friend, replied in the words of scripture, Moses smote him and be died. The prince being told of this, sent for Aboulaina, and threatened him with severe punishment; on which Aboulaina replied in the words of scripture, Wilt thou kill me today as thou didst the other yesterday? The prince was so pleased with his wit, that he dismissed him with presents.-Ibid.

ABOULOLA, the surname of Ahmed ben Soliman, an Arabian poet, who lost his sight by the small-pox, when only three years old. At the age of 45 he embraced the notions of the Brahmins respecting the metempsychosis, and lived the remainder of his life on vegetables. He died in 1057.— Hid.

ABRABANEL (Isaac), a learned rabbi, was