P. 42.

10. it inward ripeness.'

P. 42. it shall be still: Milton very early regarded himself as dedicated to the performance of some great work for which he had to make adequate preparation, in the way of building himself up; even: equal, in proportion to, in conformity with.

P. 43. Your true and unfeigned friend, etc.: see penultimate sentence of the passage given, p. 65, from 'The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelaty.'

P. 43.

To Alexander Gill, Jr. (Familiar Letters, No. V.)

this ode: Psalm cxiv.

To Charles Diodati. (Familiar Letters, No. VI.) P. 44. To Charles Diodati: Milton's schoolfellow at St. Paul's, and his dearest friend; he died in August, 1638, while Milton was on his Continental tour; on his return he wrote the In memoriam poem, Epitaphium

Damonis.

To Benedetto Bonmattei of Florence. (Familiar Letters, No. VIII.) P. 46. To Benedetto Bonmattei: mentioned by Milton among his Florentine friends, in the autobiographical passage in the Second Defence; see note, p. 247.

P. 47.

Mansus

our native kings: the ancient kings of Britain.

P. 47. stirring wars even under the earth: King Arthur, after his death, was supposed to be carried into the subterraneous land of Faerie, or of Spirits, where he still reigned as a king, and whence he was to return into Britain, to renew the Round Table, conquer all his old enemies, and reëstablish his throne. He was, therefore, etiam movens bella sub terris, still meditating wars under the earth. The impulse of his attachment to this subject was not entirely suppressed; it produced his History of Britain. By the expression revocabo in carmina, the poet means, that these ancient kings, which were once the themes of the British bards, should now again be celebrated in verse.— - Warton. Warton renders bella moventem [v. 81 of the Latin] meditating wars, but that is not the true sense; it is waging wars, and Arthur is represented as so employed in Fairy-land in the romances. — Keightley.

P. 47. Paphian myrtle: the myrtle was sacred to Venus; Paphos was an ancient city of Cyprus, where was a temple of Venus.

Areopagitica

P. 48. Galileo: b. 1564, d. 1642; he was seventy-four years old when Milton visited him in 1638; whether he was actually imprisoned at the time is somewhat uncertain; he may have been, as Hales suggests, in libera custodia, i.e. 'only kept under a certain restraint, as that he should not move away from a specified neighborhood, or perhaps a special house. P. 48. never be forgotten by any revolution of time: i.e. as Hales explains, caused to be forgotten.

P. 48. other parts: i.e. of the world.

P. 48. in time of parliament: there was no parliament assembled from 1629 to 1640.

Hales.

P. 48. without envy: without exciting any odium against me. P. 48. he whom an honest quæstorship: Cicero, 75 B.C. P. 48. Verres: pro-prætor in Sicily, 73-71 B.C. Cicero's Verrine orations were directed against his extortions and exactions.

P. 49.

To Lucas Holstenius. (Familiar Letters, No. IX.)

Lucas Holstenius: see note, p. 21.

P. 49. Alexander Cherubini: Roman friend of Milton, 'known in his lifetime as a prodigy of erudition, though he died at the early age of twenty-eight.'

P. 49. Virgil's 'penitus convalle virenti': Virgil's 'souls enclosed within a verdant valley, and about to go to the upper light.'

P. 49. Cardinal Francesco Barberini: b. 1597, d. 1679; librarian of the Vatican, and founder of the Barberini Library.

Epitaphium Damonis

P. 50. In the British legends of Geoffrey of Monmouth and others, the mythical Brutus, before arriving in Britain with his Trojans, marries Imogen, daughter of the Grecian king Pandrasus; Brennus and Belinus are two legendary British princes of a much later age, sons of King Dunwallo Molmutius; Arvirach or Arviragus, son of Cunobeline, or Cymbeline, belongs to the time of the Roman conquest of Britain; the "Armorican settlers" are the Britons who removed to the French coast of Armonica to avoid the invading Saxons; Uther Pendragon, Igraine, Gorlois, Merlin, and Arthur are familiar names of the Arthurian romances. - Masson.

Of Reformation in England

P. 52. their damned designs: the restoration of Papacy and ecclesiastical despotism.

P. 53. antichristian thraldom he would seem to allude to the invasions of England by the Romans, Saxons, Danes (twice), and Normans, and the War of the Roses, followed by the partial reformation under Henry VIII.- Keightley.

P. 53. Thule: some undetermined island or other land, regarded as the northernmost part of the earth; called in Latin Ultima Thule; often used metaphorically for an extreme limit.

P. 53. that horrible and damned blast: Keightley understands this as referring to the Gunpowder plot.

P. 53. that sad intelligencing tyrant: Philip IV., King of Spain from 1621 to 1665.

P. 53. mines of Ophir: used in a general sense for gold mines.

P. 53. his naval ruins: an allusion to the destruction of the Spanish armada, in 1588, in the reign of his grandfather, Philip II.

P. 54. in this land: when Milton wrote this, he must still have been meditating a poem to be based on British history.

Animadversions upon the Remonstrant's Defence, etc.

P. 56. and thou standing at the door: see introductory remarks on Lycidas.

The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelaty

P. 57. Slothful, and ever to be set light by thou slothful one, and

ever, etc.

P. 57. infancy not speaking.

P. 58. preventive: going before, forecasting, anticipative.

P. 58.

equal: impartial, equitable; Lat. æqualis.

P. 58.

the elegant and learned reader: him only Milton addressed, not the common reader. He was no demagogue.

P. 58. anything elaborately composed: he had his meditated great work in mind.

P. 59. another task: poetical composition.

P. 59. empyreal conceit: lofty conceit of himself.

P. 59.

envy odium; Lat. invidia.

P. 60. Ariosto (Lodovico): Italian poet; b. 1474, d. 1533; author of the Orlando Furioso.

P. 60. Bembo (Pietro): b. 1470, d. 1547; secretary to Pope Leo X.; Cardinal, 1539; famous as a Latin scholar.

P. 60. wits geniuses.

P. 61.

Tasso (Torquato): Italian poet; b. 1544, d. 1595; author of

the Gerusalemme Liberata (Jerusalem Delivered).

P. 61. a prince of Italy: Alfonso II., Duke of Ferrara?

P. 61. Godfrey's expedition against the Infidels: the subject of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered; Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the first crusade; b. about 1058, d. 1100.

P. 61. Belisarius: a celebrated general, in the reign of Justinian; b. about 505 A.D., d. 565.

P. 61. Charlemagne (or Charles the Great): b. 742, d. 814; Emperor of the West and King of the Franks.

P. 61. doctrinal and exemplary: instructive and serving for example. P. 61. Origen: Christian Father, of Alexandria (185-254).

P. 61. Pareus (David): b. 1548, d. 1622; a Calvinist theologian, Professor of Theology, University of Heidelberg.

P. 62. Pindarus: Greek lyric poet, about 522-442 B.C.

6

P. 62. Callimachus: Greek poet and grammarian, about 310-235 B.C. P. 62. most an end: 'almost uninterruptedly, almost always, mostly, for the most part.' — Murray's New English Dictionary, s.v. an end.' The phrase occurs again in Chap. III. Book II. of this same pamphlet: 'the patients, which most an end are brought into his [the civil magistrate's] hospital, are such as are far gone,' etc. Vol. II. p. 491, of the Bohn ed. of the P. W.

P. 63. demean: conduct; O. Fr. demener.

P. 63. such (sports, etc.) as were authorized a while since: i.e. in the Book of Sports. Proclamation allowing Sunday sports, issued by James I. P. 63. paneguries: same as panegyrics.

P. 64. Siren daughters: the Muses, daughters of Memory or Mnemo

syne.

P. 65. gentle apprehension: a refined faculty of conception or perception.

Apology for Smectymnuus

P. 66. Solon: Athenian statesman and lawgiver, about 638-558 B.C. 'According to Suidas it was a law of Solon that he who stood neuter in any public sedition, should be declared ǎτμos, infamous.'

P. 66. doubted: hesitated; or, perhaps, in the sense of feared.

P. 66. most nominated: most frequently named, most prominent.

P. 66, 67. my certain account: the account which I shall certainly have to render.

S

P. 67. tired out almost a whole youth see the extract given from "The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelaty.'

P. 67. this modest confuter: Dr. Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter, afterward of Norwich; the reference is to his 'Modest Confutation' of Milton's 'Animadversions.'

P. 69. Animadversions: 'A. upon the Remonstrant's Defence against Smectymnuus.' 1641.

P. 69. devised: described, represented.

P. 70. conversation: in New Testament sense, mode or way of life, conduct, deportment (åvaστpopń).

of.

P. 71.

to obtain with me: prevail, succeed with me, to get the better

P. 71. both she or her sister: Cambridge or Oxford University; 'both' requires 'and'; 'or' requires 'either.'

P. 71. that suburb sink: the 'pretty garden-house in Aldersgate street,' as his nephew, Edward Phillips styles it, to which he removed from 'his lodgings in St. Bride's Churchyard,' in 1640, and where he was living when he wrote his 'Apology for Smectymnuus.'

P. 72. I never greatly admired, so now much less: in 'The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelaty' ('The Conclusion. The mischief that Prelaty does in the State'), Milton writes: 'The service of God, who is truth, her (Prelaty's) liturgy confesses to be perfect freedom; but her works and her opinions declare that the service of prelaty is perfect slavery, and by consequence perfect falsehood. Which makes me wonder much that many of the gentry, studious men as I hear, should engage themselves to write and speak publicly in her defence; but that I believe their honest and ingenuous natures coming to the universities to store themselves with good and solid learning, and there unfortunately fed with nothing else but the scragged and thorny lectures of monkish and miserable sophistry, were sent home again with such a scholastic bur in their throats, as hath stopped and hindered all true and generous philosophy from entering, cracked their voices for ever with metaphysical gargarisms, and hath made them admire a sort of formal outside men prelatically addicted, whose unchastened and unwrought minds were never yet initiated or subdued under the true lore of religion or moral virtue, which two are the best and greatest points of learning; but either slightly trained up in a