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1. 21. où,' when,' lit. where-in; always used as a relative pronoun when an idea of place is conveyed.

1. 24. Linné, Linnæus, a celebrated Swedish naturalist, professor of botany at Upsala, died in 1778. 1. 34. dans son harmonie,

in its harmony'; son refers to the possessor creation; it cannot be replaced by en with the article for the reason that it is governed by the prep. dans; cp. p. 21, 1. 14.

1. 35. il doute si, he wonders whether. Douter is not here to doubt' but 'to question'.

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1. 12. à travers, 'across'; au travers requires de. See p. 32, l. 34. 1. 25. le faîte, the summit'; from Lat. fastigium, hence the circumflex accent.

1. 31. le résumé, le criterium, 'the summary, the touchstone'.

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1. 15. frapper d'anathème, 'to anathematize,' ' to condemn'.

XIII.

1. 25. passe-temps, pastimes'; being compounded of a verb and substantive to which there is no idea of plurality attached, both parts remain unchanged in the plural; the same applies to des réveille-matin, alarm-clocks, des abat-jour, shades, des serre-tête, head-bands.

PAGE 76.

1. 1. que de pouvoir, to be able'. Whenever the principal infinitive follows that which expiains it, the former is introduced by que de, e.g. 'C'est imiter les dieux que de soulager les malheureux'. In the case of substantives when the principal subst. comes second it is introduced by que, e.g. 'C'est un rocher stérile que cette île'. Cp. p. 42, l. I.

1. 2. vivre à volonté de..., 'live at his free will of that other life'. 1. 7. le positif, positive knowledge as opposed to speculative theories. The system of philosophy called Positivism was originated by Comte, a French philosopher (1799-1857); it ignores all inquiry into causes, and, dealing only with Positives, simply seeks to discover the laws of phenomena.

1. 9. le voulez-vous? 'do you desire it?'

1. 10. le râlement de l'accord, 'the jarring sound of tuning the instruments'.

1. 14. la douce image de Picciola; not the flower but the personified Picciola, the creation of his brain, in female form.

1. 26. gens, 'people'. What is the gender of gens? Pl. of gent (Lat. gentem); naturally fem. and accordingly the adj. that precedes it

will be in the fem., yet, as it awakes the idea of men, the adj. that follows it is masc., e.g. les vieilles gens sont soupçonneux.

1. 36. c'étaient les seuls événements; observe that the verb être preceded by ce is in the plural when the following word is a pl. subst. or pronoun of the third person. Cp. p. 48, 1. 38.

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1. 12. d'où ressortait, lit. whence stood out'.

1. 21. se montre à lui, not se lui montre; the disjunctive form (à lui) is used after the verb instead of the conjunctive (lui), (1) with all reflective verbs, (2) with the verbs penser, songer, croire, (3) with all verbs when there are two or more indirect objects.

1. 27. quelque rapide, 'however rapid'; quelque before an adj. is an adverb and therefore unchangeable; before a subst. it is an adj. and agrees with it; before a verb it is written in two words quel que, the first of which is an adj. and consequently agrees with the subst. it qualifies.

1. 32. en grand ébahissement, 'in great amazement'; ébahir is formed from the interj. bah!

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1. 5. la ressemblance que j'ai cru trouver, not crue; since que is the direct object of trouver and not of cru.

1. 10. c'est chose étrange que de voir..., 'it is a strange thing to see this illusion take place even in the land of dreams'. Why que de voir? See p. 76, 1. 1.

1. 14. au dire du vieillard, according to the saying of the old man'; · some infinitives (not present participles as in English) may be used as substantives, e.g. le boire, le manger. Cp. p. 19, 1. 2.

1. 28. jeté ma fortune par lambeaux, 'given away my fortune piecemeal'.

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1. 4. pouvait valoir à la fille, 'could win for (lit. be worth to) the daughter'.

1. 6. c'est égall 'never mind!' Lit. 'it is all the same!'

XIV.

1. 9. avant peu bien d'autres sacrifices, 'ere long many other sacrifices'; bien used as an adverb of quantity is followed not simply by de but by the genitive of the article; here however an adjective follows and consequently d'de is used. Avant peu= before little (time).

1. 21. les plus sublimes qu'il eût faites encore, 'the most sublime he had as yet made'. Obs. the subjunctive after a relative pronoun which is preceded by a superlative. Cp. p. 36, 1. 20.

1. 29. il s'agit aujourd'hui de l'enfantement, he has now to deal with the production,' lit. 'the question is now about...'.

1. 33. la gestation de l'œuf végétal, 'the development of the vegetable embryo',

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1. 1. il va lui falloir, 'he will have to,' lit. 'it is going to be necessary for him to'.

1. 5. saura la ménager, 'will know how to tend it carefully'; ménage which has given ménager, was formerly mesnage, originally maisnage, from late Lat. mansionaticum, expense of a household.

1. 22. que chacun reste, 'let each one of them (nails and flag-stones) stay'.

1. 34.

1. 12.

un large bourrelet, ‘a broad protruding swelling'.

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et ma consigne donc! 'and what about my orders!' 1. 20. plutôt, 'rather'; not to be confounded with plus tôt, 'sooner'. 1. 21. dussé-je y laisser mes ongles, 'were I to lose my nails in the attempt'. Observe the acute accent in dussé-je, puissé-je, etc.; also the inversion of the verb and nom. pronoun; cp. p. 71, 1. 24.

1. 33. pardon pour la povera, 'no blame to (lit. pardon for) the povera'.

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1. 6. que m'importe? for que m'importe-t-il? The pronoun il of this impersonal verb is generally omitted in the interrogative form.

1. 10. un kinzerlick, an Austrian' (unacquainted with the French language); the term kinzerlick, a corruption of kaiserlich, was then applied by the French soldiers to the Germans generally, but chiefly to the Austrians.

1. 11. gentiment, prettily'. The final of gentil (which was the fem. form in Old Fr.) not being pronounced, the adverb is spelt genti

ment.

1. 17. ça se trouve bien, that comes opportunely'.

1. 19.

fit un geste, 'nodded assent'.

1. 28. s'abattre si facilement, give way so easily'.

1. 36. de lui à elle se sont établis..., 'between them there have arisen mutual obligations, solemn pledges'; établis is masc. because one of the two nouns it qualifies (engagements) is of that gender.

1. 40. de long en large, to and fro'.

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1. 2. que, 'how'. Observe that the adj. or adv. is placed after the verb in exclamations beginning with que.

1. 38. il n'en put fermer l'œil, he could not sleep a wink (lit. close the eye) in consequence'.

XV.

PAGE 84.

1. 6. du sieur Charney, 'of Monsieur Charney'. Sieur, a contracted form of seigneur, was originally a title of distinction, but is now only used in legal or official documents.

1. 15. qu'alors son mépris..., 'what a revival of his profound contempt of men'.

1. 22. ses parfums n'accusent plus..., 'its fragrance no longer indicates correctly the hour of the day'. Note accuser in the sense of to indicate.

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1. 13. que vous ne le pensez, 'than you think'. Obs. ne without pas and without a negative meaning is used after the comparative taken negatively; que-ne here=than.

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1. 2. fortement dominé, 'completely overpowered'.

1. 5.

bien s'affermir, 'to steady himself in his new course'. Cp. p. 53, 1. 3.

1. 8. où l'orgueil humain a le dessous; 'wherein human pride is conquered'; cp. avoir le dessus: to have the upper hand.

1. 24. me répondre d'un messager, 'guarantee me a messenger'; répondre de to answer for.

1. 31. advienne que pourra, 'happen what may'.

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1. 4. feeling'.

ce linge insensible, that insentient neck-tie,' lit. 'linen without

1. 10. placet, 'petition'; a contraction of the Lat. word placeat, with which the petition usually began.

1. 14. remonta, 'went up again', i. e. was drawn up again.

1. 19. ils eurent beau se hater, 'in vain they hastened, or whatever haste they made'. Compare the colloquial: it was all very fine for them to hasten.

1. 28. bien avant dans la soirée, 'late (lit. far forward) in the evening'.

BOOK II.

I.

PAGE 88.

1. 1.

of Turin.

Alexandrie. Alexandria, an important stronghold 57 m. S.E.
See Map.

1. 2. dans ses habits de fête, 'in holiday attire'.

1. 7. Marengo, a small village 2 m. E. of Alexandria. Near this village was fought (14 June, 1800) the battle which influenced the destinies of the whole of Europe. By the victory that Napoleon here won over the Austrians under Melas, the French recovered Lombardy, and were able, soon after, to force Austria to make the Peace of Luneville (9 Feb. 1801).

1. 10. Notre-Dame de Lorette. Loreto stands on a hill, 23 m. S. of Ancona. Its magnificent church of Our Lady of Loreto contains the Casa Santa or Holy House, said to be our Saviour's from Nazareth, brought here by angels. It is a celebrated resort of pilgrims.

1. 11. jubilé à Rome, a religious festival recurring now every twenty-fifth year. The Hebrew Jubilee was every fifty years.

1. 19. tréteaux, 'tressels'; formerly tresteau, originally trestel, from Lat. transtellum, a bench.

1. 26. des rosaires bénits, 'holy rosaries'. Rosaire, Lat. rosarium, properly a garland of roses to crown the image of the Virgin, then a garland of threaded beads serving to mark off prayers. Bénir has two participles; béni, blessed (generally), bénit, consecrated by a religious ceremony.

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1. 5. mortadelles, 'Italian sausages'; bartavelles, 'red partridges'. 1. 9. massepains, marchpans,' lasagnes, 'stews of flat macaroni,' ravioles, mince-meat pies'.

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1. 18. une caille bardée, 'a larded quail'.

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1. 19. stufato dans sa terrine, a stew in its tureen'.

contenant et contenu, 'the vessel and its contents'.

1. 20. des quolibets, jokes'; from Lat. quod libet; originally a scholastic thesis discussed for amusement.

1. 23. fait volte-face, 'faces about '.

1. 24. retourner à la pitance, to go back for a fresh supply'. Pitance, pittance, properly the portion given to a monk for his meal; Lat. pietantia, a corruption of pietatem, the product of the piety of the faithful. Ducange derives it from picta, a small coin issued by the Counts of Poitiers (moneta comitum Pictavensium), so that pictantia (pitance) is the portion of food (given to monks) of the value of a picta.

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