XV.

PAGE 84.

1. 6. du sieur Charney, 'of Monsieur Charney'. Sieur, a contracted form of seigneur, was originally a title of distinction, but is now only used in legal or official documents.

1. 15. qu'alors son mépris..., 'what a revival of his profound contempt of men'.

1. 22. ses parfums n'accusent plus..., 'its fragrance no longer indicates correctly the hour of the day'. Note accuser in the sense of to indicate.

PAGE 85.

1. 13. que vous ne le pensez, 'than you think'. Obs. ne without pas and without a negative meaning is used after the comparative taken negatively; que-ne here=than.

PAGE 86.

1. 2. fortement dominé, 'completely overpowered'.

1. 5. bien s'affermir, 'to steady himself in his new course'. Cp. p. 53, 1. 3.

1. 8. où l'orgueil humain a le dessous; 'wherein human pride is conquered'; cp. avoir le dessus = to have the upper hand.

1. 24. me répondre d'un messager, 'guarantee me a messenger'; répondre de to answer for.

1. 31. advienne que pourra, ‘happen what may'.

PAGE 87.

1. 4. ce linge insensible, that insentient neck-tie,' lit. 'linen without feeling'.

1. 10. placet, 'petition'; a contraction of the Lat. word placeat, with which the petition usually began.

1. 14. remonta, 'went up again', i. e. was drawn up again.

1. 19. ils eurent beau se hâter, 'in vain they hastened, or whatever haste they made'. Compare the colloquial: it was all very fine for them to hasten.

1. 28. bien avant dans la soirée, 'late (lit. far forward) in the evening'.

BOOK II.

I.

PAGE 88.

1. 1. Alexandrie. Alexandria, an important stronghold 57 m. S.F. of Turin. See Map.

1.2. dans ses habits de fête, 'in holiday attire'.

1. 7. Marengo, a small village 2 m. E. of Alexandria. Near this village was fought (14 June, 1800) the battle which influenced the destinies of the whole of Europe. By the victory that Napoleon here won over the Austrians under Melas, the French recovered Lombardy, and were able, soon after, to force Austria to make the Peace of Luneville (9 Feb. 1801).

1. 10. Notre-Dame de Lorette. Loreto stands on a hill, 23 m. S. of Ancona. Its magnificent church of Our Lady of Loreto contains the Casa Santa or Holy House, said to be our Saviour's from Nazareth, brought here by angels. It is a celebrated resort of pilgrims.

1. 11. jubilé à Rome, a religious festival recurring now every twenty-fifth year. The Hebrew Jubilee was every fifty years.

1. 19. tréteaux, 'tressels'; formerly tresteau, originally trestel, from Lat. transtellum, a bench.

1. 26. des rosaires bénits, 'holy rosaries'. Rosaire, Lat. rosarium, properly a garland of roses to crown the image of the Virgin, then a garland of threaded beads serving to mark off prayers. Bénir has two participles; béni, blessed (generally), bénit, consecrated by a religious ceremony.

PAGE 89.

1. 5. mortadelles, 'Italian sausages'; bartavelles, 'red partridges'. 1. 9. massepains, marchpans,' lasagnes, 'stews of flat macaroni,' ravioles, mince-meat pies'.

1. 18. une caille bardée, 'a larded quail'.

1. 19. stufato dans sa terrine, ‘a stew in its tureen'.
contenant et contenu, 'the vessel and its contents'.
1. 20. des quolibets,

jokes'; from Lat. quod libet; originally a scholastic thesis discussed for amusement.

1. 23. fait volte-face, faces about '.

1. 24. retourner à la pitance, to go back for a fresh supply'. Pitance, pittance, properly the portion given to a monk for his meal; Lat. pietantia, a corruption of pietatem, the product of the piety of the faithful. Ducange derives it from picta, a small coin issued by the Counts of Poitiers (moneta comitum Pictavensium), so that pictantia (pitance) is the portion of food (given to monks) of the value of a picta.

1. 26. à contre-temps, at cross purposes'.

1. 29. où chantent déjà à tue-tête les buveurs, 'where tipplers are already bawling'; à tue-tête=with head-killing (noise).

1. 32. se multiplier, 'bustle about,' to seem to be in several places at once, i.e. to be more than one person.

1. 33. giannine (Ital.), 'maids,' pl. of giannina.

PAGE 90.

1. 5. vitres, window panes,' from Lat. vitrum (or rather from pl. vitra mistaken for sing. of 1st decl. fem.); its doublet is verre, glass, which is masc.

1. 6. de commande, 'prescribed,' 'which is part of the programme'. 1. 7. des mousquetades à poudre, 'blank cartridges'.

1. 10.

1. 19.

à l'abri d'un coup de main, 'beyond reach of a sudden attack'. fait l'appel aux cavaliers, 'sounds the cavalry call '.

1. 30. dont la plaine se hérisse, with which the plain is now bristling'. Hérisser is derived from hérisson a hedge-hog, originally ériçon, from Lat. ericionem, dim. of ericius.

PAGE 91.

1. 11. lui-même, on le voit, for on le voit lui-même, in order to emphasize the pronoun.

1. 17. un madrigal à coups de canon, 'a madrigal composed of cannon-shots'.

1. 26. bat aux champs, beats a salute'; a beat of the drum by which troops are summoned to come out in the open (aux champs) to salute an officer.

1. 40. il la fallait à, 'war was needed for'. Obs. that il faut, il fallait, require the acc. of the thing and the dat. of the person.

PAGE 92.

1. 9. les neuf cents hommes; obs. cent, when two or more hundreds are spoken of, takes the mark of the plural if not followed by another numeral; similarly with vingt.

1. 14. s'ébranle, sways forward'; s'ébranler, to stagger, or totter, is used to convey the idea of a mass beginning to move.

II.

1. 27.

elle en revint, she began again'; lit. 'she came back from it,' i.e. from this state of prostration.

PAGE 93.

1. 9. c'est toujours ça de gagné, it is at all events so much to the good'. Obs. the gen. after ça (cela); this construction we find also with rien, quoi; cp. p. 16, 1. 3.

C. P.

14

1. 13. cela vous va-t-il? does that suit you?' vous is dat.

-

Buon viaggio (Ital.), 'a pleasant journey to you' if not, then goodbye!

1. 15. enferré, entangled'; enferrer, der. from fer (Lat. ferrum), is to run through with a sword; it is used here figuratively.

1. 23. ils eurent beau, well might they'in vain did they.

1. 26. bêtes de charge, de selle et de bât, 'beasts of burden, saddle and pack-horses'. Bât from Low Lat. bastum.

1. 31. défiant, eluding,' lit. setting at defiance.

1. 34. voitures foraines, hawkers' carts'. Forain from Lat. foraneus, that which is from foras (outside), foreign.

1. 38.

auvent de toile goudronnée, tarpaulin awning'.

PAGE 94.

1. 18. de même (manière, understood), 'in the same way'.

1. 29. un bougeoir, a bed-room candlestick'; derived from bougie, a wax-candle, so called from the town of Bougie in Algeria where they were made. Some prefer to derive it from bouger, to move.

1. 33. couple, a married couple, is masc., also when it means two beings animated by a common interest; it is fem. when signifying simply two.

1. 34. pardonnez à ma question, 'allow me to ask you'. Pardonner à is said of things only in cases when the agent is more present to the mind than the thing done.

PAGE 95.

1. 6. deux pièces à saint Jean-Baptiste, two crown pieces with the effigy of St John the Baptist,' ten francs of French money.

1. 9. vous ne devez pas être gênante, 'you cannot be much in the way'; gêner is derived from gêne, trouble, which originally meant 'torture,' contracted from gehenna, the place of torment.

1. 22. n'en peuvent plus, ‘are dead beat'. Losca and Zoppa are the names of the mules.

1. 27. un simple sequin de Venise..., a single Venetian sequin (about 10s.) is worth more than a double Genoese parpaiole' (a coin of small value). Prov. equivalent to 'a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush '.

1. 34. tant bien que mal, partly ill'.

as best she could,' lit. 'partly well,

PAGE 96.

1. 17. débiter, 'to sell (by retail)'; débit, from Lat. debitum, is a doublet of dette; the verb débiter is used for retail trade in necessaries of life.

s'emportent, hurry,' 'start off with a rush'. When used of persons s'emporter means to let oneself be carried away by one's temper, to fly into a passion.

1. 18. des tessons, 'fragments,' 'potsherds'; from Lat. testonem, dim. of testum, clay, then clay vessel, then fragment.

1. 28. en guise de, by way of'; guise, manner, way (A. S. wise). 1. 39. marchant sur les bas-côtés du chemin, 'keeping along the edges of the road'; bas-côtés='lower sides,' sloping towards the ditch.

PAGE 97.

1. 16. lui fit ouvrir les yeux; obs. lui, not la; faire ouvrir has the force of a transitive verb to open, just as faire voir to show, faire savoir to announce; accordingly we have the person in the dat. and the thing in the acc. Cp. p. 42, 1. 28.

1. 37. de quoi gronder, grounds for scolding'; de quoi='wherewith'. 1. 38. pourvu qu'elles n'aient pas, lit. ' provided they have not '='I trust they have not taken advantage of my sleep'.

PAGE 98.

The

1. 4. figura le signe de la croix, 'crossed himself': figura=fit. 1. 9. le petit lever, the early reception'; levée, s. f.= 'levy'. Eng. use of levée for lever is incorrect, hold a levée' should be 'hold a lever'.

1. 26. au rez-de-chaussée, on the ground floor'; compounded of rez (Lat. rasus, on a level with) and chaussée, the road (Lat. calciata sc. via, properly a road trodden down with the heel).

1. 28. la vitre plombée, the latticed window'. The fem. gender of vitre seems to indicate that it was derived from vitra (pl. of vitrum) mistaken for a fem. subst. of the first declension.

1. 30. un carreau s'entr'ouvrit, 'a panel opened a little'; carreau is properly anything square, Old Fr. carrel from Lat. quadratellum, dim. of quadratus.

1. 36. enfoncée dans le mur, 'niched in the wall,' lit. sunk into.

1. 8. razza maladetta! (Ital.), accursed race!'

1. 17.

1. 18.

restez des nôtres, 'stay and be one of us'; for une des nôtres. drudi ballarini (Ital.), ‘smart dancers'.

1. 19. Contadina, an Italian dance.

PAGE 100.

1. 1. cohue, 'crowd'; verbal subst. of cohuer (to hue and cry together).

1. 38. farandole, an Italian round dance.

1. 40. de bonne volonté, 'willing to join in it,' lit. 'of (i. e. with) good will'.