1. 7. vois-ici.

1. 17.

duty'.

PAGE 120.

que voici, 'here present,' lit. 'whom behold here'; voici =

se mirent en devoir, 'set about'; lit. 'put themselves in

carreau, 'flag-stone'. See p. 98, 1. 30.

1. 22. 1. 26. Latude. Henri Mazers de Latude, born in 1725, was for 35 years a state prisoner. He tried several times to escape from the Bastille, and from Vincennes, and once got away as far as Amsterdam when he was again arrested. (See Wonderful Escapes by Whiteing.)

It

1. 27. Bastille; the Bastille of Paris was a fortified castle built in the reign of Charles V. for the defence of the gate St Antoine. was for a long while used as a state prison and was seized by the people and demolished in 1789.

1. 34. depuis '96, ever since 1796'. 1. 36. faisaient le guet,

were keeping watch'; guet der. from

guetter which is of German origin=wachten.

PAGE 121.

1. 3. se mit à promener en mesure ses doigts sur la vitre, 'began drumming with his fingers on the window pane'. See p. 90, 1. 5. 1. 35. acte est pris (law phrase)=' note is taken'.

PAGE 122.

1. 2. pièces de procédure, 'materials for law proceedings,' or 'articles

of evidence'.

VIII.

་

1. 16. distractions, absent moods'.

1. 17. le matin même, 'that very morning'; même after a subst. has the meaning of himself, herself, itself; before the subst. it signifies same; when used as an adv. it means also, even.

1. 22. un jacobin botaniste? a Jacobin (who has become) a botanist?' The name of Jacobin was given to the members of a revolutionary society which held its meetings in a convent of Dominicans, Rue St Jacques (Lat. Jacobus).

1. 23. Marat, a conspicuous character among the terrorists, was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, in 1793.

1. 24. Couthon, another violent terrorist, perished on the scaffold in 1794.

1. 35. mater et amener à merci, 'to checkmate and bring to sue for mercy'. Mater is derived from Pers. mat, dead; the Persian phrase schach-mat ('the king is dead') has given our word checkmate, and the French verb mater.

PAGE 123.

1. 11. les Brutus, 'the Brutuses,' i.e. men like M. Junius Brutus, the stern, uncompromising democrat, who carried his principles to such length as to outrage the common law of morals and of society, and who stabbed Cæsar publicly in the Senate House at Rome, 15 March, B. C. 44. Obs. that proper names do not take the plural, except (1) when they are common to great families or dynasties; (2) when they are used as common nouns. Cp. p. 38, 1. 4.

1. 24. sornettes, 'nonsense'; sornette is a dim. of sorn, probably of Celtic origin, Kymr. swrn, a trifle.

1. 38. il devait d'avoir reçu, 'he was indebted for having received'.

PAGE 124.

1.1. donjons, 'turrets'; donjon from mediæval Lat. domnionem = dominionem, a tower which dominates.

1. 10. acolytes, 'attendants'. Acolyte is properly the attendant on the officiating priest.

1. 23. faisant graviter, 'moving'.

1. 1.

PAGE 125.

comme s'il se fût retrempé..., as if he had imbibed fresh energy from the wrath of his superior'; tremperto dip, to temper (steel).

1. 17. l'axe qui faisait rayonner sa pensée, ' the focus from which his thoughts radiated'.

1. 23. plus de, 'no longer any,' or 'no more'. Obs. that, without a verb, the negatives stand without ne; e.g. 'pas moi'=' ce n'est pas moi'; 'plus de projets' =‘il n'y a plus de projets'; non plus (=neither) requires the full negation ne pas before it, as: 'Je ne le veux pas non plus' (neither do I wish it).'

1. 28. ce rameau sibyllin, this sibylline (i.e. prophetic) bough'.

1. 31. vivre de son ancienne vie, lead his former life'. For the difference between ancien and vieux, nouveau and neuf see p. 63, l. 14. 1. 32. plutôt mourir que de rentrer; cp. p. 115, l. 34.

PAGE 126.

1. 11. les seules qu'il eût jamais répandues; cp. p. 36, 1. 20. 1. 17. les deux sbires, the two officers of justice (Ital. sbirri).

PAGE 127.

1. 17. il en crut sentir, for il crut en sentir; this inversion is very common with verbs used as auxiliaries with an infinitive.

1. 25. blafardes, 'pallid'; of Germ. origin (blei-farbig, leadcoloured).

PAGE 128.

1. 6. à plusieurs reprises, 'several times'.

1. 16.

et de vous entendre, and to come to some understanding'. 1. 21. s'appuyait de la hanche sur sa canne, was leaning with the hip on his walking-stick'; hanche (hip, haunch) is of Germ. origin. trouver le mot, 'find the solution,' lit. the key-word.

1. 23.

1. 29. apostille, 'postscript'; from Low Lat. postilla, explanation; the full phrase post illa (verba auctoris) explains its origin.

BOOK III.

1. 9. 1. 13.

I.

PAGE 129.

de sa part, with his compliments'; cp. p. 67, 1. II. sur nouveaux frais, 'afresh,' 'over again'; frais, cost, expense, is derived from fractum which was used in this sense in Low

Lat.

1. 16.

1. 15.

1. 17.

ses archives sur toile, 'his records on linen'.

PAGE 130.

l'était venu soutenir for était venu le soutenir; cp. p. 127,

II.

PAGE 131.

1. 9. dies seminalis, 'sowing-time' (French, jour des semailles). 1. 33. ployant sous le faix, 'bending under the burden'; plier, to bend, is applied to substances which offer little or no resistance, while ployer is more generally to bend forcibly. This distinction made by grammarians is somewhat fanciful and is not admitted by Littré.

PAGE 132.

1. 7. plus de, for il n'y a plus de, 'no longer any'.

1. 13. ́ Species plantarum, etc. Treatises on botany by different writers ranging from the 16th to the 18th century.

1. 36. arrête-bœuf, rest-harrow; attrape-mouche, flytrap; pain de pourceau, sow-bread; herbe à pauvre homme, hedge hyssop; bec de grue, crane's bill; casse-lunette, eyebright; dent de chien, dog's tooth; oreille

de lièvre, hare's ear; queue de renard, fox-tail; mufle de veau, snapdragon; barbe de chèvre, goat's beard; langue de cerf, hart's tongue; fleur de coucou, cuckoo flower (Spiers' Dict.),

PAGE 133.

1. 13. filet de Vulcain, 'net-work (after the manner) of Vulcan'. To Vulcan were ascribed all the most marvellous master-pieces of workmanship, e.g. the arms of Achilles, the palace of the Sun, Ariadne's crown, etc.

1. 15.

1. 38.

au point de l'étouffer, lit. 'to the extent of stifling it'.

n'en peut-on guérir? is it impossible to get cured of it?' The primitive sense of guérir is to defend, formerly guarir, originally warir from O. H. G. warjan (Mod. wehren), to defend.

III.

PAGE 134.

1. 12. il ne l'eût pu reconnaître, for il n'eût pu la reconnaître, cp. p. 127, 1. 17 and p. 130, l. 15.

=

1. 15. ses argus, 'his Arguses' 'his spies'. The fabulous Argus whom Juno employed to guard Io, had a hundred eyes, half of which were always open. At the bidding of Jupiter Mercury lulled Argus to sleep and slew him, but Juno metamorphosed him into a peacock and so preserved the eyes of her spy on the tail-feathers of her favourite bird.

PAGE 135.

1.2. des braves gens, 'good people'; braves gens, jeunes gens, honnêtes gens are regarded as single words and accordingly des is used instead of de which otherwise would be required before an adjective.

1. 32. baiser, 'to kiss,' from Lat. basiare; must not be confounded with baisser to lower, derived from Low Lat. bassus.

PAGE 136.

1. 2. du rôle qu'elle avait dû jouer, 'of the part that it must have played,' i.e. ‘of the influence that it must have exerted with the philosopher'.

1. 5. se tiennent. 'stand,' lit. 'hold themselves'.

1. 7. où l'on se heurte, 'where men jostle each other'. On being a direct derivative of homo, it is easy to understand how it admits the article before it. L'on is in general used to avoid a hiatus and consequently after où, si, et, and sometimes after que unless the word which follows on begins with the letter l. Cp. p. 40, 1. 26.

1. 26. une causerie, 'a chat'; derived from the verb causer, to talk, from Lat. causari, to defend a cause, then to discuss, lastly to talk. The other verb causer, to cause or to occasion, is derived from Lat.

causa.

1. 35. tous deux, 'both'; tous les deux does not suggest the idea of reciprocity which is conveyed by tous deux.

IV.

PAGE 137.

1. 7. le vent de France, 'French influence'.

1. 16.

donner des gages aux deux partis, 'to commit himself with both sides,' lit. to give pledges to both.

1. 26 roturier, 'a plebeian,' lit. a peasant who holds a roture (Lat. ruptura), i. e. the right to break up and cultivate the soil. Ruptura is 'tenure by villenage,' opposed to feodum.

1. 34. appliqua un soufflet sur la joue, 'slapped the face'.

PAGE 138.

1. 6. curé, 'incumbent,' parish-priest (holding the cure); vicaire corresponds to our word curate.

1. 10. maladroite, 'ill-judged'; der. from malè ad directum.

1. 17. servait tranquillement la messe..., 'he, the poor young agitator, quietly in the village assisted the priest at mass'. Messe from Lat. missa, one of the words of dismissal of the congregation, 'ite, missa est'. 1. 25. on fit de lui, 'they made him out to be,' lit. made out of him. vu, 'considering'; vu, like excepté, ci-inclus, etc. does not agree with the subst. when placed before it; it is then used as a preposition.

1. 40. parer, v. n. to parry, parer, v. a.= to adorn; both are der. from Lat. parare, to prepare (for a blow or for a show).

PAGE 139.

1. 24. des versants en pente douce, 'declivities with a gentle slope'. 1. 25. rosages des Alpes, 'Alpine rhododendrons'. The Alpen-rose

is the rhododendron ferruginosum of botany.

1. 39. Ariens. The Arians were the followers of Arius, a presbyter of the Church of Alexandria, who contended that our Lord was not God in as full a sense as the Father.

PAGE 140.

1. 33.

1. 10. sa Vierge à lui, 'his own peculiar Madonna'; cp. p. 110, 1. 8. ainsi du reste, 'and so forth,' lit. 'and so with all the rest'. 1. 40. quiétistes, 'quietists,' religious dreamers who hold that religion consists in repose of the mind and passive contemplation of the Deity.