recourse to the court for the settlement of a dispute the arbitrators called upon to form the competent tribunal for the purpose must be chosen from the general list of members of the court. If the parties disagree on the composition of this tribunal, its members must be appointed in accordance with the course prescribed in the international agreement. The court has an international bureau, under the direction and control of а permanent administrative council composed of the representatives of the signatory powers accredited in the Hague, and of the Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs, who acts as president. The Secretary-General is Baron Michiels Van Verduynen. The first secretary is Jonkheer W. Röell. The administrative. Council consists of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the diplomatic representatives at The Hague of the ratifying powers. Each appointment to the permanent court is for six years, and may be revoked. MEMBERS OF THE COURT, APPOINTED BY THE NATIONS CREATING IT. Argentine Republic-Estanislas S. Zeballos, Louis Maria Drago, Carlos Rodriguez Larreta, Joaquin V. Gonzales. Austria-Hungary-Count Albert Apponyi, Henri Lammasch, Albert de Berzeviczy, H. E. Baron, Ernest de Plener. Belgium-Mr. Beernaert, Baron Descamps, Ernest Nijs, L. Arendt. Bolivia Severo Fernandez Alonso, Claudio Pinilla, Ismael Montes, Ignacio Calderon. Brazil-Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira, Ruy Barbosa. Bulgaria-Stoyan Daneff, Dimitri Stancioff. Gandarillas. Chili-Carlos Concha, Miguel Cruchaga, Alejandro Alvarez, José Antonio Hurtado. Cuba-Antonio Sanchez de Bustamente, Gonzalo de Quesada, Manuel Sanguily, Juan B. Hernandes Barreiro. Denmark-J. H. Deuntzer, Axel Vedel, Carl Emil Cold, P. J. Jögensen. Grullon. Ecuador-Luis Felipe Carbo, Honrato Vasquez, Victor Manuel Rendon. Renault. German Empire-Mr. Kriege, Mr. von Martitz, Mr. von Bar, Mr. de Staff. Great Britain-Sir Edward Fry, Sir E. M. Satow, Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, Earl of Desart. Greece-Denis Stephanos, G. Streit, Michael Kebedgy, A. Typaldo Bassia. Guatemala-Francisco Anguiano, Antonio Batres Jauregui, Carlos Salazar, Francisco de Arce. Hayti-Jacques Nicolas Leger, Solon Menos, F. D. Legetime, Tertullien Guilbaud. Italy-Commander Jean Baptiste Pagano Guarnaschelli, Guido Fusinato, Victor Emanuel Orlando, Tommaso Tittoni. Japan-Baron Itchiro Motono, Henry Willard Denison. Mexico-José Ives Limantour, Pablo Macedo, Joaquin Obregón González, Joaquin D. Casasus. Montenegro-No appointments have been made. Netherlands-T. M. C. Asser, F. B. Conninck Liofsting, Jonkheer, A. F. de Savornin Lohman, Jonkheer G. L. M. H. Ruys den Beerenbrouck. Norway-G. Gram, George Francis Hagerup, Sigurd Ibsen, H. J. Horst. Persia Mirza Samad-Khan Momtazos-Saltaneh, Mirza Hassan-Khan Muchir ul Devlet. Calderón. Peru-Carlos G. Candamo, Ramón Ribeyro, Luis F. Villarán, Manuel Alvarez Portugal-Fernando Mattoso Santos, Francisco Antonio da Veiga Beirao, José Capello Franco Frazao (Comte de Penha Garcia), Arthur Pinto de Miranda Montenegro. Rumania-Theodore G. Rosetti, Jean Kalindéro, Jean N. Lahovary, Constantin G. Dissescu. Russia-A. Sabouroff, Mr. Tagantzeff, Baron Michel Taube, Count L. Kamay rovsky. Salvador Manue! Delgado, Salvador Gallegos, Salvador Rodriguez Gonzales, Alonso Reyes Guerra. Servia-George Pavlovitch, Milovan Milovanovitch, Milenko R. Vesnitch. Siam-Frederick W. Verney, Corragioni d'Orelli, Jens I. Westengard. Spain-Rafael de Ureña y Smenjaud, Sigmund Moret y Prendergast, Eduardo Dato y Iradiez, Rafael M. de Labra. Sweden-Knut Hjalmar Leonard de Hammarskjöld, Johan Frederik Ivar Afzelius, Johannes Hellner, Baron Carl Nils Daniel Bildt. Switzerland-Charles Lardy, Eugene Huber, Leo Weber. Turkey-Hakky Pacha, Gabriel Effendi Nouradounghian, Yorghiadis Effendi, Said Bey. United States-John W. Griggs, George Gray, Oscar S. Straus, Elihu Root. eral Antonio Matos. The value of gems imported into the United States through the port of New York from January 1 to November 30, 1912, was $38,000,000. THE ALFRED B. NOBEL PRIZES. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (born in Stockholm, Sweden,, October 21, 1833, died at San Remo, Italy, December 10, 1896), the noted Swedish scientist and inventor of dynamite, left at his death an estate worth over $9,000,000, directing in his will that the residue should constitute a fund, the interest of which should be divided into five equal amounts awarded as prizes for the most important discoveries in physics, in chemistry, in physiology or medicine; for the most distinguished work of an idealistic tendency in the field of literature, and for the best effort toward the promotion of the fraternity of nations, the abolishment or diminution of standing armies and the formation and increase of peace congresses. The income from the residue of the estate permits of five prizes, each approximating $40,000, being awarded annually, together with a diploma or gold medal, on December 10, the anniversary of the founder's death. The prizes for physics and chemistry are awarded through the Royal Academy of Science in Stockholm, the prize for medical or physiological work through the Caroline Medical-Chirurgical Institute in Stockholm, that for literature through the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, and the peace prize is awarded by the Norwegian Storthing. President of the administrative council, Count A. F. C. Wachtmeister; managing director, P. H. Santesson; secretary, Baron C. F. von Otter. The awards follow: Holland ers. E. Fischer, R. Ross, Eng-TheodorE. Ducommun, man, both lish. Mommsen, Swiss, and A. Arrhe- N. R. Finsen, Björns terne W. R. Cremer, querel, P. nius, Swede. Marie Dane. Ramsay, Russian. Björnson, English. Parloff, Frederic Mis- The Institution tral, French, of Internaand José tional Law. Echegaray, 1905 Prof. Leon- Adolph von Prof. Robert ard, of Boeyer, Ger- Koch, Ger Spaniard. Henry Sienkie-Baroness wicz, Pole. Bertha von Suttner, Austrian. Carduc- President Theodore Roosevelt, Kiel Uni Cajal, Span- ci, Italian. Prof. Eduard Dr. Laveran, of Rudyard Kip- Ernesto Theodoro Moneta, Italian, and Louis Renault, French 1908 Prof. Ga- Prof. Ernest Dr. Paul Ehr- Prof. Rudolph K. P. Arnold In Minnesota of cities with a population of less than 100,000 Virginia had the highest death rate in 1910-16.5 per 1,000-and Stillwater the lowest-11.3. 1910 Prof. Jo- Prof. Otto Wal- Prof. Albrecht Paul Johann The Internahanno 8 lach, of the Kossel, of the Ludwig tional Perma Diederik University of University of Неуве, Ger van der Göttingen. Wals, of German. Heidelberg. man. nent Peace Bureau at Berne, Switzerland. Hauptmann, awarded prize in 1912. versity, French. German. 1912 Gustav Dal- Prof. Grignard, Dr. Alexis Car- Gerhardt No PRINCIPAL NAVIES OF THE WORLD. RELATIVE SEA STRENGTH OF CHIEF NAVAL POWERS, DECEMBER 1, 1912. (Data furnished by the Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department.) the Physi- 1911 Prof. Wil 103422206 10140 119 42 75 157 58 98 24 31 4 12 19074480 255144 49 70 261 20 231 76 54 11 14 31 48 18 40 6 1Battleships having a main battery of all big guns (11 inches or more in calibre). 2 Battleships of (about) 10,000 tons or more displacement, and having more than one calibre in the main battery. Armored cruisers having guns of largest calibre in main battery and capable of taking their place in line of battle with the battleships. They have an increase of speed at the expense of carrying fewer guns in main battery and a decrease in armor protection. *Includes all unarmored cruising vessels above 1,500 tons displacement. "Includes smaller battleships and monitors. No more vessels of this class are being proposed or built by the great powers. England has no continuing shipbuilding policy, but usually lays down each year 4 or 5 armored ships with a proportional number of smaller vessels. 7 Germany has a continuing shipbuilding programme, governed by a fleet law authorized by the Reichstag. For 1912 there are authorized 1 battleship, 1 battle cruiser, 2 cruisers, 12 destroyers. Eventual strength to consist of 41 The original abode of the Bulgars was a tract between the Ural Mountains and the Volga, where the kingdom of Great (or Black) Bolgary existed down to the thirteenth century. United States France 8 Japan 11 Russia Italy battleships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 cruisers, 144 destroyers, 72 submarines. 8$78,837,591 authorized to be expended from 1911 to 1917 for the construction of war vessels. 9$4,760,000 authorized for experiments and further construction. 10Includes vessels of colonies. Russian shipbuilding programme provides for the completion by 1918 of 4 battle cruisers, 8 small cruisers, 36 destroyers and 18 submarines. The battle cruisers have been contracted for and are included in the above table. Note.-Vessels undergoing trials are considered as completed. The following vessels are not included in the tables: Ships over twenty years old from date of launching, unless they have been reconstructed and rearmed within five years; torpedo craft over fifteen years old; transports, colliers, repair ships, converted merchant vessels or any other auxiliaries; vessels of less than 1,500 tons, except torpedo craft; torpedo craft of less than 50 tons. The second table includes vessels authorized but not yet laid down, as well as those actually under construction. STRENGTH IN PERSONNEL, DECEMBER 1, 1912. 1The admiral of the navy. 2 Includes 3,100 men of the coast guard. 3 Includes pharmacists and apothecaries. Includes adjutants, premier maîtres and maîtres of all branches. 5 Marine infantry and seaman artillery. Includes pharmaceutical officers. "The United States now has, temporarily, as extra numbers, due to promotion for war service, and to officers restricted by law engineering duty on shore only, 7 flag officers, 23 captains, 4 commanders, 10 lieutenant commanders and 1 lieutenant. to Great Britain-4 large armored ships, 8 light armored ships, 20 destroyers, a group of submarines, one coast guard cruiser, 4 oil tank steamers and one water tank vessel. Germany-1 battleship, 1 battle cruiser, 2 small cruisers, 12 destroyers, 6 submarines and 1 submarine salvage ship. United States-1 battleship, 6 destroyers, 8 submarines, 2 fuel ships, 1 tender to destroyers and 1 submarine tender. France-3 battleships, 9 submarines and 1 transport. Russia-The following programme to be executed in five years has been authorized: 4 battle cruisers, 8 protected cruisers, 36 destroyers and 18 submarines. OTHER NAVAL STATISTICS. For complete. list of the vessels of the United States Navy, see under the United States Navy elsewhere in this volume. For full list of the vessels in foreign navies up to 1909, see pages 471 to 480 of The Tribune Almanac for 1911. The first American flag of the present stars and stripes pattern was hoisted August 3, 1777, over Fort Schuyler, then a military post on the site of the village of Rome, N. Y. WARSHIP TONNAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL NAVAL POWERS, DEC. 1, 1912. NUMBER AND DISPLACEMENT OF WARSHIPS, BUILT AND BUILDING, (Table prepared by Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department.) The Trans-Andean Railway, connecting Valparaiso and Buenos Ayres, ascends the Andes 7,615 feet within a distance of 46 miles from Los Andes to the summit, or an average of about 166 feet to the mile. 2,268 5 2,166 471,558 142,166 613,724 |