act for death or injury to any child in a public or private school occasioned by the negligence of such officer or other person. "SEC. 8. That within sixty days after the taking effect of this act the provisions of section 1 of this act must be fully complied with, and within one hundred and twenty days the provisions of sections 2 and 3 must be complied with; and any neglect to comply with the provisions of this act beyond the times herein specified shall subject the officers and persons named in this act to the penalties prescribed in this act." SEC. 9. * * * Chap. 209, Feb. 23, 1909. 478 Maine: Relative to the safeguarding of schools against danger from fire. "Any building which is used in whole or in part as a school house shall be provided with proper egresses or other means of escape from fire sufficient for the use of all persons therein accommodated. These egresses and means of escape shall be kept unobstructed, in good repair and ready for use. Stairways on the outside of the building shall have suitable railed landings at each story above the first, accessible at each story from doors or windows and such stairways; doors or windows shall be kept clean of snow, ice and other obstructions. In school buildings of more than one story there shall be at least two separate means of egress by inside or outside stairway, and each story above the first shall be supplied with means of extinguishing fire consisting of pails of water or other portable apparatus, or of a hose attached to a suitable water supply and such appliance shall be kept at all times ready for use and in good condition. Upon written notification by the superintending school committee that any school building does not meet the specifications herein named, the municipal officers of the town shall at once proceed to correct the defects, and any failure so to act shall render the town liable to the provisions of section sixteen of chapter fifteen of the revised statutes.” Chap. 100, Mar. 18, 1909. 479 Maine: Amending sec. 38, chap. 28, Revised Statutes, 1903, relative to protection of life in buildings used for public purposes. Providing for fire escapes on all school buildings two stories or more in height. 480 Minnesota: Prohibiting any school board of any public school in any city having a population of 20,000 or more inhabitants from using basement rooms for grade school purposes and fixing the punishment for the violation thereof. Chap. 52, Mar. 12, 1909. 481 Missouri: Repealing sec. 1, act approved Mar. 24, 1903, relative to fire escapes on public buildings, and enacting a substitute. "SEC. 1. It shall be the duty of the owner, proprietor, lessee or keeper of every hotel, boarding and lodging house, tenement house, school house, opera house, theatre, music hall, factory, office building, except fire-proof office buildings, in which all structural parts are wholly of brick, stone, tile, concrete, reinforced concrete, iron, steel, or incombustible material, and which are not used for lodging purposes, in the state of Missouri, and every building therein where people congregate or which is used as a business place, or for public or private assemblages, which has a height of three or more stories, to provide said structure with stair fire escapes attached to the exterior of said building and by stair cases located in the interior of said building. The fire escapes shall commence at the sill of the second story window, and run to the upper sill of the upper story with an iron ladder from the upper story to the roof. The fire escape shall extend downward from said second story to within nine feet of the ground, pavement or sidewalk. School buildings, opera houses, theatres and church buildings; also, hospitals, blind and lunatic asylums and seminaries, shall each have a stair fire escape built solid to the ground. In no case shall a fire escape run past a window where it is practicable to avoid it. All fire escapes required by this act must be of the kind known as stationary fire escapes. All buildings heretofore erected shall be made to conform to the provisions of this act." P. 713, June 12, 1909. 482 Nebraska: Relative to providing buildings three or more stories high with fire escapes and fire protection under the supervision of the commissioner of labor or deputy commissioner of labor, providing for the expense thereof and penalties for violations. Repealing secs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20, Compiled Statutes, 1907. Including school buildings. Providing for annual inspection. Chap. 61, Apr. 2, 1909. 483 New Hampshire: Amending, in a minor manner, sec. 7, chap. 116, Public Statutes, 1901, relative to the doors of public buildings. Chap. 108, Mar. 31, 1909. (Sept. 1, 1909.) D. 484 New York (1909): New York City Building Code, sec. 105, providing that every building hereafter erected or altered to be used as a school shall be built fireproof, does not forbid the use of a building not fireproof for a school; and where a company in good faith made alterations in its building, to be used as an office building pursuant to plans approved by the department of buildings, it could subsequently lease portions of the building for a school, though the building was not fireproof.-City of New York v. Realty Associates, 117 N. Y. S., 207. 485 North Carolina: Relating to the protection of the sanitary condition of certain free-school rooms in Pitt County. "SEC. 1. That it shall be unlawful for any person or persons to expectorate upon the floors or walls of certain free-school rooms which are situated in Chicod Township, in Pitt County, North Carolina, and designated as the McGowan and Mills schoolrooms. "SEC. 2. Any person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be liable to a fine of not less than one dollar nor more than five dollars. "SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the school trustees of said free school districts to see that the provisions of this act are properly executed." SEC. 4. * SEC. 5. * * * Chap. 601, Mar. 5, 1909. Chap. 637, Mar. 6, 1909. 486 North Carolina: Providing fire escapes and protecting human life. Includes school dormitories. 487 North Carolina: Providing proper sanitary surroundings for the state charitable and educational institutions. Making, upon petition, the keeping of swine or swine pens unlawful within a radius of one-quarter of a mile of any educational or charitable institution. Chap. 706, Mar. 6, 1909. 488 North Dakota: Requiring one or more stationary fire escapes, consisting of stairways, to be attached to the outside of each one and every story, above the first story, of all schoolhouses in this state having more than one story, designating those whose duty it shall be to have said fire escapes installed, and prescribing punishment for a violation thereof, etc. Chap. 124, Mar. 15, 1909. 489 North Dakota: Defining the duties of district boards in relation to the planting, cultivation, and protection of trees and shrubs upon schoolhouse grounds. Chap. 201, Feb. 15, 1909. 490 North Dakota: Amending sec. 829, Revised Codes, 1905, relating to schoolhouses and sites. Constituting the county superintendent of health, the chairman of the board of county commissioners, and the county superintendent of schools a board of inspection for schoolhouses and outbuildings. Providing for the furnishing of plans for one and two room schools. Sec. 2, chap. 204, Mar. 15, 1909. 491 Oregon: Requiring the doors of buildings used for public purposes to open outward and providing penalty for violation. Chap. 5, p. 517, Mar. 17, 1909 (sp. sess.). 492 Oregon: Requiring the doors of public buildings used for public purposes to open outward, and providing a penalty for violations. Chap. 110, Feb. 23, 1909. 493 Pennsylvania: Providing for the safety of persons from fire or panic in certain buildings, not in cities of the first and second classes, by providing proper exits, fire escapes, fire extinguishers, and other preventives of fire; by vesting jurisdiction for the enforcement of this act in the department of factory inspection; providing proper penalties. Act 233, May 3, 1909. 494 South Dakota: Creating the office of state building inspector; providing for the inspection and regulation of public buildings. structures. Including public school buildings and defining conditions for inspected 495 Wisconsin: Repealing secs. 1636-4 and 4390a, Statutes, and creating a new section to be numbered sec. 1636-4, Statutes, relative to fire escapes on buildings. Including schools. Chap. 479, June 16, 1909. 496 * Wisconsin: Creating secs. 524m-1, 524m-2, 524m-3, 524m-4, 524m-5, 524m-6, and 524m-7, Statutes, providing for inspection of public school buildings. "SECTION 1. There are added to the statutes seven new sections to read: Section 524m-1. The inspector of rural schools, the inspectors of state graded schools, and the inspector of high schools of the state, in addition to their other duties are hereby made inspectors of public school buildings. Said inspectors shall act under the direction of the state superintendent, and under such regulations as may be established by him. "SEC. 524m-2. Whenever any county or district superintendent, city superintendent, member of a school board or board of education, or any voter of a school district, or a member of a board of health, shall make a complaint in writing to the state superintendent that any building used for or in connection with any public school in his county, district, city, village, or town, as the case may be, is in an unsanitary condition, or that the conditions are such as to endanger the life and health of the children attending such school, or that the schoolhouse is unfit for school purposes one of said inspectors designated by the state superintendent shall personally investigate and examine the premises and buildings concerning which said complaint is made. "SEC. 524m-3. Upon such investigation and examination, said inspector shall, if conditions warrant it, make an order directing the school board, the board of education, the town board of school directors, or other officer or officers having control of the school district or school corporation, to repair and improve such building or buildings as may be necessary, and to place said buildings in a safe and sanitary condition; or if the said inspector shall deem the schoolhouse unfit for school purposes and not worth repairing he shall state said fact and recite the reason therefor. "SEC. 524m-4. The said inspector shall file said order in the state superintendent's office, and cause true copies thereof to be delivered, by mail or otherwise, to the clerk of the district board, the secretary of the town board of school directors, the clerk of the board of education of the district or school corporation where such schoolhouse and premises are located, and shall deliver as provided herein copies of said order to the proper county, district or city superintendent, and also the clerk of the town, city, or village in which the schoolhouse is located. "SEC. 524m-5. The said order shall state the time in which it shall be complied with, and shall take effect from its date, and shall continue in force and full effect until reversed. The decision of the inspector may be appealed from to the state superintendent in the time and manner now provided for taking appeals to said superintendent, and the decision appealed from shall be stayed pending such appeal. "SEC. 524m-6. Whenever any school district, school corporation, school board, board of education, or town board of school directors shall refuse to comply with the order of said inspector within the time therein specified, such school district or school corporation shall forfeit absolutely its apportionment of the fund derived from the seven-tenths mill tax, provided for in section 1072a of the statutes, and amendments thereto, and shall continue to so forfeit its regular apportionment of such fund until there is full compliance with the requirements of said order. "SEC. 524m-7. Nothing in this act shall be deemed to interfere with the operation of the provisions of subsection 3 of section 461 of the statutes, relating to the duties of county superintendents of schools, or with the provisions of section 1418b of the statutes, relating to the inspection and regulation of the sanitary conditions of schoolhouses by boards of health." Chap. 550, June 17, 1909. (d) Buildings and Sites: Prohibition Districts. 497 * Arizona: Prohibiting the maintenance of saloons, gambling houses, or other places inimical to good morals, within the territory embraced within a radius of 600 yards of the center of the grounds of any territorial normal school. Chap. 74, Mar. 18, 1909. (Apr. 1, 1909.) 498 Arkansas: Amending Act 278, Acts, 1907, prohibiting the sale of liquor within 5 miles of the university. Act 127, Apr. 12, 1909. 499 California: Adding section 172a, Penal Code, relative to the sale of vinous or alcoholic liquors upon or within 14 miles of the grounds of any university having an enrollment of more than 1,000 students, more than 500 of whom reside or lodge upon said university grounds. Chap. 447, Mar. 25, 1909. (July 1, 1909.) 500 Michigan: Amending the title and secs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 17, act 313, Public Acts, 1887 (secs. 5379, 5380, 5382, 5383, 5384, 5385, 5386, and 5395, Compiled Laws, 1897), relative to sale, etc., of intoxicating liquors, and adding five new sections thereto. No license to be issued for new saloons within 400 feet from front entrance of church or public schoolhouse. Proviso. (Sec. 37.) Act 291, June 2, 1909. 501 Missouri: Repealing act, p. 257, Laws, 1907, prohibiting the granting of a dramshop license within 5 miles of any state educational institution enrolling 1,500 or more students. P. 471, June 1, 1909. 502 Montana: Prohibiting the establishment or maintenance of saloons as places where malt, vinous, or spiritous liquors are sold at retail, within 2,000 feet of any state educational institution, and prohibiting the issuance of permits or licenses therefor; fixing a punishment for violation. Chap. 90, Mar. 5, 1909. 503 Tennessee: Prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors as a beverage near any schoolhouse, public or private, where a school is kept, whether the school be in session or not. Establishing 4-mile limit. Chap. 1, Jan. 20, 1909. (July 1, 1909.) (e) United States Flag in Schools. 504 Massachusetts: Amending sec. 50, chap. 42, Revised Laws, 1902, relative to the display of the United States flag on schoolhouses. Making display obligatory; formerly permissive. Chap. 229, Mar. 27, 1909. 505 Nevada: Requiring school trustees to procure and hoist on public schoolhouses the United States flag. Chap. 97, Mar. 13, 1909. 506 Vermont: Providing for the display of flags on school premises. Act 48, Dec. 2, 1908. E. TEACHERS IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS. By reason of their volume, and of their many evidences of educational progress, the enactments concerning the standards of qualification and the conditions of certification of teachers in the public schools continue to represent one of the most interesting phases of the legislative activity of the year, especially when considered with those dealing with normal schools and other institutions set up for the purpose of the professional education and training of teachers. (See section G, enactments 565-623.) Of the measures of general importance, the following appear to merit mention: California (507), providing for the classification of schools and prescribing conditions for certain certificates; Alabama (510), amending in several important respects the code provisions governing examination and certification; Idaho (516), relative to questions and examiners; Missouri (519) and West Virginia (524), adding agriculture to the list of required subjects for teachers' examinations; Vermont (523), providing for a more uniform system of examination; Wyoming (527), amending the entire code governing certificates; and North Dakota (540), encouraging professional spirit among teachers. Evidences of the movement for the centralization of control over the examination and certification of teachers are to be found in the Utah amendment (509) relative to the minimum qualifications for teaching; in the Colorado measure (513) creating a state board of examiners; and in the Vermont amendment (522) relative to the conduct of teachers' examinations by the superintendent of education. The conditions for the recognition of certain diplomas as teachers' certificates, defined by Michigan (537), Minnesota (538), and Texas (539), are in accord with the trend of the day in the matter of the higher education of teachers. The steps taken by Missouri (534) are similar to those taken in several States during recent years for the protection of boards of education from a class of teachers who violate valid contracts. Such |