Page images
PDF
EPUB

SECTION I.

ARITHMETICAL OPERATIONS.

1. Mental or Very Brief Rules in Multiplication and Division.

(1) To multiply by a number entirely of nines.

Add to multiplicand as many O's as there are 9's.

Subtract the multiplicand.

(2) To multiply by a number entirely of nines except in the unit-place.

Add to multiplicand as many O's as there are digits.
Subtract the multiplicand × (10-unit-figure).

e.g. 999997-add six O's and subtract 3 x multiplicand. (3) To multiply by any power of 5.

Add as many O's to multiplicand as the given power.
Divide by same power of 2.

e.g. 625 = 5a—add four O's and divide by 16 (24).

(4) To divide by any power of 5.

Multiply dividend by same power of 2.

Mark off as many places as the power given.

e.g. 3125 = 55. Multiply by 32 (25), mark off 5 places.

(5) To multiply by 11 in one line.

Add each digit of multiplicand in succession to its immediate lefthand adjacent digit, carrying when necessary and putting the unitdigit to the right and the final digit (plus remainder if any) to the left.

e.g. 65178 × 11 = 716958.

[ocr errors]

EXAMPLES.

1. Multiply 8693157 by 9996, 9987, 991.

2.
3. Divide

[ocr errors]

739645 by 625, 3125, 250.
96783452 by 125, 25, 3125.

4. Multiply 876596 by 11, 121, 1331.

5. Divide 864935 by 625, 1250, 2500.

2. To multiply in one line in the case of a

[blocks in formation]

This method may be extended to three-figure multipliers, but it is specially useful for those of two figures.

[blocks in formation]

In squaring and cubing numbers the following Algebraic principles are very useful:

(1) The square of the sum of two numbers is equal to the sum of the squares of the numbers + twice the product.

(2) The square of the difference of two numbers is equal to the sum of the squares of the numbers - twice the product.

(3) The cube of the sum of two numbers is equal to the sum of the cubes of the numbers + 3 × product × sum of the numbers.

MULTIPLICATION.

3

(4) The cube of the difference of two numbers is equal to the difference of the cubes 3 × product x difference of the numbers.

(5) The difference of the squares of two numbers is equal to the product of the sum and difference of the numbers.

Examples. 1. 3052=(300+5)2=3002 +25 + 10 × 300

= 90000+ 25+ 3000 93025.

2. 4932=(500-7)2=5002+72 -2.500.7

3.

4.

5.

=

=250000+ 49-7000243049.

263 (20+6)3 203 +63 +3.120.26

=

[blocks in formation]
[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

5. Find value of 812-292, 3752 - 3252, 962-842, 7202 – 7112, 3122-3052.

4. Abbreviation in Multiplication.

This arises when certain digits or sets of digits are multiples of other digits or sets of digits following or preceding them.

Much labour is also thrown away in writing down lines twice where by a judicious arrangement of the work the repetition might be avoided.

The two principles following are of great use with easily rememberable multipliers.

1o. When 1 occurs among the digits, write down the multiplicand adding O's according to the place of the 1. Then multiply by the remaining digits using the original multiplicand as it stands in the line written down.

[blocks in formation]

2. Factors among the digits should be constantly noticed and made use of to shorten the number of lines or lessen the multipliers.

[blocks in formation]

Example 3. 5612 × 852=840+12=12+70 × 12.

67344 471408

4781424

The cases in which one or other or both of these principles may be used are literally without number. A decimal point does not hinder their application.

[blocks in formation]
« PreviousContinue »