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Rio de Janeiro is quoted at 30 days' sight in Brazilian reis per 100 Port. reis.

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(1) £685. 9s. 8d., at 3 mos. 41, and 3 mos. 411. Discount,

2 p.c., 2p.c.

(2) 7286 Mlr., at 3 mos. 41ğ. Discount, 3 p.c.
(3) £1000, at 3 mos. 4018.
(4) 6512-64 Mlr., at 3 mos.

count, 1 p.c., 31 p.c.

Discount, 2 p.c.

407, and 3 mos. 41. Dis

(5) £712. 5s. 6d., at 3 mos. 40, and 3 mos. 41. Discount, 1 p.c., 24 p.c.

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(1) Through Paris, 25-22, and 435.

(2) Through Hamburg, 20:41, and 176.

Direct rates, London on Lisbon, 3 mos. 401, Lisbon on London, 3 mos. 413. Discount, 1 p.c., 3 p.c. Debts, £756. 8000 Mlr.

Weights and Measures.

The metric system was adopted in 1868.

The old weights and measures still in use to some extent are:

WEIGHT.

The arratel (of 16 onzas) = 1.011857142 lb. av.=4589,76 kilog.
The quintal (of 4 arrobas)=96 arratei=129.517714285 lb. av.

1 lb. av. 9882819 arratei. 1 cwt. =110.69 arratei. 1 English ton=17 Port. quintals nearly.

PORTUGUESE MEASURES.

LIQUID.

321

The Lisbon almude=3.6845 imp. gall. = 16.74 litres.

The Oporto almude=5·5826 imp. gall.

1 imp. gallon=27140 Lisbon almudes=179158 Oporto almudes. The Oporto pipe =115 gallons. The almude=2 alqueires (liquid). The Lisbon pipe =117 gallons.

The pipe of oil = 30 almudes.

DRY.

The Lisbon alqueire=3808005 bushels = 13.841 litres.

The Oporto alqueire =4805058 bushels=17·465 litres.

1 imp. bus. = 2.626047 Lisbon alqueires=2.081140 Oporto alqueires. The fanega 4 alqueires (dry).

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LENGTH.

The Covado de craveira (of 3 palmos, or 2 pés., or 24 polegadas) = 7186 yds.

The Covado avantagado (of 24 polegadas) = 74165 yds.

The vara (of 5 palmos) = 1.1977 yds.

1 Eng. yd.=1.3916. Ćov. crav. = 1.34835. Cov. adv. = 83494 vara. Eng. yds. are used at times. 6 yds. are taken as 5 varas, or 20 yds. as equal to 27 Cov. avant.

Multiples may be constructed for conversion into English weights and measures.

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The value of the franc is that of the French one (91d. nearly).

The coins are those of France with 5, 10, 20 centimes in nickel.

Switzerland does not coin gold pieces: the French coins circulate instead.

The Swiss silver ones (when struck) are struck at the Paris Mint.

The coining of silver is now suspended.

Exchanges.

There are 3 days of grace in Glaris, 6 in St Gall, one in Geneva.

The brokerage is per mille.

Bill-stamps are charged thus: in Basle, per mille: in Fribourg, in Geneva, in Vaud, : in Valais, 1. In Lucerne each bill is charged 10 centimes.

In Tessin the charges are-up to 250 fr., 10 cts.: from 250 to 500, 15 cts.: from 500 to 1000, 25 cts.: above 1000, 50 cts. per 1000 or fraction.

In Basle cheques pay 10 cts.

The Course of Exchange is as in Paris.

Weights and Measures.

The metric system fully adopted in 1877.

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Belgium belongs to the French Monetary Union, and the value of the Belgian money in francs is the same as that of France-the par of exchange on London being the same.

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BELGIAN BILLS.

Bills and Exchanges.

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The short exchange on London in Antwerp and Brussels is usually 2-5 centimes higher than that in Paris.

Bills drawn or payable in Belgium are stamped thus: Up to 200 fr. 10 centimes-from 200 to 500 fr. 25 centimes-from 500 to 1000 fr. 50 centimes, and then for every 1000 fr. or fraction 50 centimes.

Bills circulating in Belgium only by indorsement pay same 10 centimes up to 200 fr.-from 200 to 500 only 13 centimes-from 500 to 1000, 25 centimes, and then for every 1000 or frn. 25 centimes.

Weights and Measures are those of the Metric System with some slight difference in the names (livre or pond for kilogramme, litron or kan for litre, aune or el for metre).

In Antwerp these old weights and measures are occasionally used:

:

The commercial pond 4701734 kilogs.

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The aune 695048 metres.

The last of corn = 40 hectolitres.

EXAMPLES.

1. Direct. London-Antwerp (Brussels).

(1) £7256, at 3 mos. 25·33, 3 mos. 25·151⁄2. Discount,

2 p.c., 2 p.c.

(2) ̄ Fl. 1658-75, at 3 mos. 25-29, 3 mos. 25'18. Discount, 1 p.c., 1 p.c.

(3) £7256, short 25.19.

(4) Fl. 7569, at 3 mos. 25.164. Discount, 1 p.c.

2. Indirect. London-Brussels (Antwerp).

(1) Through Paris, short 25.23, 3 mos. 98.75.

(2) Through Berlin, 8 days 20-40, short 123.50.

(3) Through Rotterdam, 3 mos. 12·2ğ, 3 mos. 209.70. Direct rates, 3 mos. 25:34, short 25.19. Discount, 2 p.c., 1p.c.

Minimum payments for £1250. Fr. 8596?

THE NETHERLANDS AND LUXEMBOURG.

Moneys and Bullion.

1 florin or guilder = 100 cents.

1 fl. is also 20 stivers, still used in the London rate of exchange but not in the Amsterdam.

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The ryksdaaler (still in circulation) 50 stivers = 21 Fl.

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From 1847 to 1872 the standard was silver, with the silver florin weighing 10 grammes 945 fine as unit -thus the kilogramme fine silver = fl. 105.82.

In 1872 silver fell rapidly and the coinage of silver was suspended, and at last gold was coined conjointly with the legal currency of silver coins owing to the rapid fall in the foreign exchanges which were then favourable.

The new standard coin is the 10 florin-piece weighing 6720 grammes (wigtjes) 900 fine, containing 6'048 grammes fine gold.

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Fl. 12.1071.

Thus the Mint Par is £1 Also the ratio of gold to silver is 1: 15625 (or 60-35d. per oz. in London).

Thus the currency of Holland is a gold standard with the former silver coins as legal tender-that is, the étalon boiteux is in force but no inconvenience has been felt owing to the foreign exchanges being in favour of Holland, and .. adjusting themselves as on a purely gold standard.

In Luxembourg the moneys are 1 franc-100 centimes, as in France or Belgium.

Assay reports are in millièmes.

The bullion weight is the kilogramme.

Bar gold and silver are quoted in florins per kilog.

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