fends a fleet to fea with While these tragedies were acting in different places of the Mary. kingdom, the queen, who was deeply affected with the lofs 1558. of Calais, was willing to make one effort to repair it. Philip had advised to try to feize Breft. For that purpose, she put to The queen fea a fleet of one hundred and twenty fhips ", commanded by the lord Clinton ", who landed at Conqueft, and burnt that out fuccefs. fmall town, but the country rifing upon the English obliged Godwin. them to retire to their fhips, with the lofs of fix hundred of Burnet. their men *. The whole country being in arms to oppofe, a xv. p.448. fecond defcent, and fresh troops daily arriving in thefe parts, Stow. the English admiral, who had only feven thousand Strype. thought it not proper to engage in any new action, and returned. Such was the benent the queen reaped from this expenfive armament. She was now fenfible, that the continua ments, fire, and famine, to be near four hundred. But the author of the preface to bishop Ridley's book De Caena Domini, who, according to Bale, (de Script. p. 684, 731,) was William Wittingham, affirms, that in the two firft years of the queen's perfecution, there were above eight hundred put to the most cruel kinds of death for religion. The reafon of this diverfity may be, that no exact lift was kept, at the time of the perfons committed to the flames, but the accounts of them were afterwards gathered by feveral perfons, according to the beft intelligence they could receive from their friends, throughout the feveral parts of the kingdom. However this be, it is generally acknowledged, that there were burnt five bishops, one and twenty divines, eight gentlemen, eighty-four artificers, one hundred hufbandmen, fervants and labourers, twenty-fix wives, twenty widows, nine virgins, two boys, and two infants. Sixty-four more were perfecuted for their religion: whereof feven were whipped, fixteen perished in prifon, and twelve, were buried in dunghills. It is obfervable, that the perfecution raged moft in Bonner's diocese, and in Kent. For, as Heylio reckons it, in all the province of York, there was but one brought to the ftake; and but three in the four Welfh dioceffes. In t' ofe of Exeter, Wells, Peterborough, and Linceln, there is mention but of one a-piece; of two in that of Ely, and of no more than three a-piece at Briftol and Salifbury: in these of Oxford, Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford, none at all. u Goodwin fays, one hundred and w Edward Fynes, lord Clinton and Saye. Rymer. Moftly Flemings, who were too greedy of plunder. Stow, p. 634.1 tion A&t. Pub. Thuanus. Mary. tion of the war would procure her no advantage, and readily 1558. confented to a negotiation then propofed for a peace between France, England, and Spain. Cambray was the place apA peace ne- pointed for the congrefs, which was opened in October ". gotiated at Cambray. Burnet. Thuanus. ment meets. The parliament meeting the 5th of November, the queen demanded affiftance to continue the war, in cafe the negotiation should mifcarry. The house of commons was fo little The parlia- inclined to grant her request, that he was obliged to fend the The queen chancellor and ten other lords to lay the ill ftate of her affairs demanding before them, and pray them to haften the neceffary fupplies. a fupply of This follicitation producing fome effect, the commons debated, that and the two fellowing days, upon a fubfidy. But the queen's death put an end to the confultations. money is put off. Her death. Pole's death and charac ter. Godwin. Burnet. Queen Ma She had been fome time afflicted with a dropfy, which being much increafed the beginning of November, carried her off the 17th of the fame month, in the 43d year of her age, after a reign of five years, four months, and eleven days. Cardinal Pole followed her within fixteen hours. He was a prelate of a sweet and moderate temper, who would have been glad to bring back, by fair and lawful means, the Englifh to their ancient belief, but approved not the methods of fire and fword. This gave his enemies room to represent him as a little inclined to the proteftant religion, or at leaft, as one of too tender a difpofition for that time. Neither the queen, nor Philip, nor the pope, nor Gardiner, nor the bishops fubftituted in the place of the ejected proteftant bishops, were perfons to be guided by his moderate maxims. Accordingly, Pole was never confulted on religion, though in all other affairs the queen placed a great confidence in him. Pope Paul IV. was his fworn enemy. It was he who by his flanders prevented his afcending the papal throne on the death of Paul III. though he was elected in the conclave. From that time, believing Pole could not forgive him fuch an injury, he never ceafed doing him ill offices. And when he was himself pope, he often gave him marks of his enmity. It is even pretended, that when he recalled him from his legation, to put Peyto in his room, he intended to punish him feverely for having been too gentle to the proteftants, But Philip and Mary took him into their protection 2. The exceffive bigotry of queen Mary is evident from the ry's charac- hiftory of her reign. To this the joined a temper cruel and vindictive, which the endeavoured to confound with a zeal for tex. The English plenipotentiaries were, and dean Wotton. Burnet, t. iii. p.265. the earl of Arundel, the bishop of Ely, Pole was buried at Canterbury. Mary. 1558. religion. But when it was not poffible to unite them, fhe plainly showed, fhe was inclined to cruelty as well by nature as zeal. She had the misfortune to be encouraged in this difpofition by all who approached her. King Philip was naturally morofe. Gardiner was one of the moft revengeful men living. Bonner was a fury; and the other bifhops were chofen from amongst the most cruel and barbarous of the clergy. This was the quality by which alone a man was thought worthy of the epifcopal dignity. The perfecution therefore against the proteftants in this reign has nothing which ought to feem ftrange. Dr. Burnet fays, Mary had a Tom. ii. generous difpofition of mind. It were to be wifhed, he had P. 240. given us fome paffages of her life, where this generofity appeared. For my part, I find but one action to approve in her whole reign. This was her rejecting the Spanish ambaffador's project, to make herself abfolute at the expence of the laws and liberties of the nation. She difcovered no great capacity in the government of her dominions; and the lofs of Calais, though there was not fomething more odious, would be an everlasting blot upon her reign. a Nath. Bacon concludes her charac-" acted according to her principles, and ter with faying, "The worft that can "fo lived an uncomfortable life, shaped " be faid of her, is this, that she was a bloody reign, and had but a dim "ill-principled: and the beft, that he "conclufion." P. 151. BY an indenture of the firft of queen Mary, a pound weight of gold, of the old standard, was coined into thirty-fix pounds; and a pound weight of filver, eleven ounces fine, was coined into three pounds by tale. The gold coins of this queen, are, Sovereigns at 30s. HalfSovereigns at 15 s. Angels at 10 s. and Half-Angels at 5s. apiece. -The money before her marriage has her Head half-faced, crowned, MARIA D. G. ANG. FRA. Z. HIB. REGI. Reverse, the Arms of France and England quartered, VERITAS. TEMPORIS. FILIA. (Fig. 1.) Thofe after her marriage have only her Head as before, but her Hufband's Name in the legend, VOL. VII. PHILIP. N Mary. PH LIP. Z. MARIA. D. G. REX. Z. REGINA. Reverse, POSVIMUS. DEVM. ADIVTO. NOS.-Her Sovereign, (called by Mr. Evelyn, a Ryal, and which, he fays, was fcattered at her coronation) has, on one fide, the Queen in her Robes, with Crown, Scepter, and Ball, fitting upon her Throne; at her Feet a Portcullice, MARIA. D. G. ANG. FRA. Z. HIB. REGINA. MDLIII. Reverfe, a large full blown Rofe, filling up the Space, with the Arms of France and England, quartered in the Center, A. DNO. FACIV. EST. ISTVD. Z. EST. MIRA. IN. OCVL. NRIS. The Angel is on the Reverfe, the Queen's Arms in a Snip, with a Crofs for the Matt, and the Star and Letter M. on each fide, infcribed, A. DNO. FACTVM. EST. ISTVD. Camden mentions a Crown of Gold of this Queen, whereon was, MVNDI. SALVS. VNICA.-The Silver Moneys of Queen Mary are, Shillings, Six-pences, and Groats; to which bifhop Nichoifon adds, Half Groats, and Pennies; but Thorefby fays, he never faw or heard of any of these laft. Upon the Shillings of Philip and Mary are both their Heads facing each other under a Crown, PHILIP. ET. MARIA. D. GR. ANG. FR. NEAP. PR. HISP. 1554Reverse, the Arms of Spain and the Queen's, impaled, crowned, and XII. POSVIMVS. &c. There is another fort of theie Shillings, wanting the Date. (See Fig. 2.) Another, PHILIP. ET MARIA. D. G. REX. ET. REGINA. ANG. Reverse, as the former. The emperor Charles V. refigning Spain to his fon Philip in 1555, occafioned an alteration in Philip's ftyle, his and the queen's title, being now upon the Great Seal, Rex & Regina, "Ang. Hifpaniar. Franc. utriufque Sicilie," &c. The Irish Shilling, before the Queen's marriage, gave her Head crowned, MARIA. D. G. ANG. FRA. Z. HIB. REGINA. Reverfe, a Harp betwixt M. and R. all crowned, VERITAS. TEMPORIS. FILIA. MDLIII. 16 THE The Reign of Queen ELIZABETH: containing the T 23. ELIZABETH. HE death of Mary, tho' foreseen, ftruck the coun- Eliz. fellors and minifters with aftonishment. They were 1558, all of the prevailing religion, and had advised, or at concealed for Burnet. leaft approved, the perfecution which the proteftants lately Queen Magroaned under, and now in all likelihood the proteftants were ry's death going in their turn to govern. Mary's death was therefore fome time. concealed for fome hours, to give time to confult what was to Camden. be done. But as the parliament was fitting, it was not in their power to decide any thing concerning the fucceffion, especially as it was clearly fettled by the will of Henry VIII. authorized by an act of parliament which had never been repealed. Their confultation therefore ended only in a mef- The parlia fage to inform the parliament of the queen's death. This ment inwas all that could be done on the occafion. The news was Camden. firft communicated to the houfe of lords, who immediately Burnet. N. 2 confi formed of it. |